Albright. Diu Lei? Dulle, 147 1- 1528)?
German painter, printmaker and woodcut designer. ?
As a teenager, he studied with his father. He showed a special talent for painting. At the age of 13, he was able to draw his portrait realistically. /kloc-when he was 0/9 years old, the portrait he painted for his father fully showed his mature sketching skills. Can it be compared with Da? Finch echoed in the distance. Later, in the painter Vogmut (Michaaeel? Wolgemut) worked for three years. Vogmut's big studio is also for Diu Lei's godfather, printer and publisher Anton? Koberg (Anton? Koberger) makes woodcut illustrations. At that time, this largest factory had a great influence on Diu Lei. His first contact with bronze art was in his childhood, and this lasting impression played a decisive role in his later printmaking. After the division, the young painter walked out of the studio, traveled along the Rhine River to major industrial cities in Germany, visited Frankfurt, and visited Cologne and Basel. The four-year study tour has played a decisive role in the formation of the painter's world outlook and artistic development. Diu Lei, 23, is already an influential artist. During this year, he and the daughter of a musician in his hometown, Grace? Huang Yi got married, and since then, Diu Lei has been working independently as a jeweler and painter. ?
During the period of 1485, German education was on the eve of reform under the influence of humanism, and Diu Lei entered a public primary school in Nuremberg. According to the tradition of his family, the father apprenticed his son in his own workshop and wanted to train him as a jeweler. Diu Lei was trained in painting for the first time in the workshop and soon became proficient, which became the basis of his artistic activities. In order to learn the decorative arts necessary for jewelry technology, Diu Lei further began to copy the artist's figure paintings and also copied Martin? Sangur's sculptures, etc. It created conditions for him to become an artist. At the age of thirteen, Diu Lei carved his first self-portrait with a silver needle and wrote: "1484 When I was a child, I painted myself in the mirror." His second year's pen-and-ink painting "The Virgin Mary and the Angel on the Throne" is one of the second earliest works, which has been preserved to this day. ?
In the process of learning painting, Diu Lei was very interested in the character structure and painting rules, so he asked his father to allow him to become a painter. His father obeyed his son's wishes and sent him to the painter Michael near Nuremberg. Valgemmert studio, the contract stipulates that the apprentice will be three years. Diu Lei copied the teacher's works, gradually learned a variety of painting skills, and began to study nature, human body and plants, and began to try to create. At the same time, he also carefully studied the deployment and application of color. Therefore, when his apprenticeship expires, he will be able to create according to the artistic rules. Diu Lei, 23, officially set up a studio near her home and began to paint portraits. ?
Later, Diu Lei completed the first great masterpiece-the woodcut group painting "Revelation". This Revelation originated from the mysterious fantasy of old Christianity in Nero Dynasty of Roman Empire. He produced a set of 15 immortal works, which showed the helpless horror and disappointment of mankind at the end of the fifteenth century due to the arrival of the end of the world. At that time, Germany was in the struggle between the bourgeoisie and craftsmen, between farmers and feudal lords, between hunger and exploitation, and the passionate feelings of the people eventually developed into numerous religious, political and revolutionary mass movements. Diu Lei wants to endow the visions in Revelation with realistic images and give them suggestive power. Several of the paintings openly criticized the ruling forces, and he gave his opinion to everyone's conscience. ?
Since the publication of Revelation, Diu Lei has been among the glorious ranks of contemporary great artists. Frederick invited him to draw a second altar painting. 1498 Diu Lei is full of energy and confidence in popularity. Painted a self-portrait in luxurious clothes. (Existing Madrid Prado Exhibition Hall1519 In March 2004, Diu Lei painted a portrait of her mother two months before her death. In this charcoal painting, he created the most vivid and touching work in his life, which is the only portrait of Diu Lei's mother that has survived to this day. /kloc-When his mother died in May, 0/7, he wrote a few words on the painting: "This is albrecht? Diu Lei's mother died at 2 pm on Tuesday before 15 14 prayer week, at the age of 63. " Explain his respect and love for his mother all his life. ?
From 1490 to 1507, he traveled to Basel, Strasbourg and Venice and visited Giovanni, whom he admired for a long time. Bei Lini? Beligni). He not only tried to strengthen his artistic knowledge, but also began to study mathematics, geometry, Latin, classical literature and so on. His contact with scholars is more frequent and closer than that with artists. 15 12 became maximilian the great (emperor? Maximilan)' s conductor painter. Later, he went to Antwerp, Brussels, Marion, Keren, Middlesbrough, Bruges and Ghent, and was well received. 152 1 7 returned to his hometown and his health deteriorated, but he still insisted on writing until his death. ?
Diu Lei is a representative figure of the Northern Renaissance. At that time, Germany was in the darkest period in history. The confusion of ideas and beliefs, famine and plague (Black Death) mercilessly claimed a lot of lives and social contradictions intensified. This makes German culture and art weak, which is nothing more than a serious downturn. At the same time, European countries, led by Italy, have stepped out of the Middle Ages and entered a period of political, economic and cultural openness and prosperity, and the glory of humanism has illuminated the European continent. Therefore, as a German artist, Diu Lei can only pursue and spread the advanced ideas of "modern" Europe in a backward country that represents the past. ?
This talented boy is going to introduce modern culture to Germany by himself. However, his curious and questioning eyes and his Christian fingers show that, unlike the Italian Renaissance's joyful view of the world between people and the Dutch Renaissance's stubborn concern for the outside world, the German Renaissance will stare at people with a little bitterness. This will make him a maverick avant-garde full of contradictions. ?
As a Renaissance man, Diu Lei believed that artists must observe nature deeply and try their best to discover the secrets of the universe in order to reveal and express beauty. But at the same time, he insisted on his semi-medieval belief that artists and their art should be the tools of God. When Michelangelo used the statue of David (150 1-kloc-0/504) to show the perfection and rebirth of human beings, Diu Lei created the etching print "San eustace" (1501) with the same superb technique, showing the scene where martyrs met miracles. However, his masterpiece at that time was the woodcut group painting of Revelation, which was created earlier, and the content and expression style were more obvious with the characteristics of Gothic educational portrait. ?
Like leonardo da vinci, Diu Lei has a scientific mind, so he studied mathematics and perspective deeply and wrote many notes and works. In perspective and human anatomy, he created many paintings reflecting social reality. He also studied architecture and invented an architectural system. Diu Lei is also an art theorist, who has written Introduction to Painting and Principles of Human Anatomy. He freed German art from the influence and bondage of Gothic art, and moved towards the realistic art road under the guidance of humanism. He pushed the naive printmaking art to a perfect new stage. He supported the religious reform movement at that time, sympathized with the peasant war, and took the initiative to be the leader of the religious reform movement Martin? Luther's pamphlet drew prints and illustrations, and ended his creative path with the design of the peasant war memorial. ?
The accuracy of his sketches of animals and plants can be completely comparable to that left by Leonardo da Vinci, but at the same time he is convinced of the existence of various monsters recorded in the Revelation. Therefore, Diu Lei is not only a painter, but also a mathematician, mechanic and architect. He once founded the theory of fortifications. ?
He traveled nonstop all his life, and his footprint and vision were almost unmatched at that time, but he always retained the ignorance and narrowness of some farmers. He believes that reason and knowledge will make people become noble beings, but he has a deep understanding of human imperfections. ?
He came from a medieval craftsman family and lived in a country with the lowest status as an artist, but he became the most independent and proud artist in Europe at that time. As the "father of self-portrait", he was the first painter in Europe who was attracted by his appearance and identity, thus becoming the pioneer of Rembrandt. He has more or less realized that art will make him immortal, but he has been pursued by the idea of approaching death all his life and can't get rid of the fear that his body will disappear. As far as artistic style is concerned, although he is the pursuer and disseminator of Italian Renaissance art, the German tradition in which he lived makes his art retain a little legacy of medieval Gothic, and at the same time, it is surprising to show some baroque characteristics at first. ?
Diu Lei's works include woodcut prints and other prints, oil paintings, sketches and sketches. Among his works, printmaking is the most influential. He is one of the best woodcut and copperplate artists. His main works include Revelation, Cataclysm of Christ, Little Suffering, Men's Bathroom, Sea Monster, Prodigal Son, Great Destiny, Adam and Eve, Knight, Death and Demon, etc. His watercolor landscape painting is one of his greatest achievements, and the atmosphere and emotion of these works are extremely vivid. ?
/kloc-at the end of 0/523, Diu Lei began to write an autobiography, which not only reviewed his life, but also described his parents, his seventeen brothers and sisters and his own life experiences. Only one of his younger brothers was still alive at that time. ?
1525, Diu Lei's important book "Course of Surveying Art" was published. Therefore, he became one of the first-rate art theorists in the Renaissance. 1526 is the year when Diu Lei created outstanding portraits, such as Ishmas? Fan? Rotterdam became his greatest masterpiece. ?
1527, the second scientific book "the principle of building a city" was published. From 65438 to 0528, Principles of Human Anatomy came out, which is the crystallization of his 27-year research on human anatomy. Unfortunately, he didn't see the great influence of this work. 57-year-old Diu Lei returned from the Netherlands, weak, repeatedly plagued by illness. This once brilliant cultural superstar suddenly fell on April 6, 1528. ?
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According to contemporary writings, when recalling Diu Lei's appearance, he wrote:?
"He has a vivid face, bright eyes, what the Greeks call a four-cornered nose, a long neck, a broad chest, a waist-tied abdomen, well-developed thighs, strong and symmetrical calves, and a gentle appearance. Someone has seen his fingers as beautiful as chopped green onion, and his humorous behavior is even more intoxicating, making the audience feel that there is nothing more melancholy than when he ends his speech. He knows astronomy, geography, philosophy and aesthetics like the back of his hand, not only knowing, but also dictating. " ?
Even if this reputation is exaggerated, it is enough to explain the image of Diu Lei as a genius in the eyes of his contemporaries. ?
Diu Lei's most famous work is Hand, which was later renamed the Hand of Prayer, and its influence exceeded any other works.