Wang Shouren (1472-1529), Han nationality, was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang. His courtesy name was Bo'an, his nickname was Yangmingzi, and he was known as Mr. Yangming in the world, so he was also called Wang Yangming. The most famous thinker, philosopher, writer and military strategist in the Ming Dynasty of China. The master of Lu Wang's philosophy was not only proficient in Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, but was also able to lead an army in battle. He was a rare all-around great Confucian in Chinese history. He was awarded the title of "Xian Confucian" and was enshrined in the 58th place in the east veranda of the Confucius Temple.
Wang Shouren (October 31, 1472 - January 9, 1529), courtesy name Bo'an, nickname Yangming, posthumous title Wencheng, was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang. Because he once built a hut in Yuyao Yangming Cave and named himself Yangmingzi, he was called Mr. Yangming by scholars. Later generations generally call him Wang Yangming, and his theory is known as "Yangmingology" in the world. Wang Yangming was born in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. At this time, there was political corruption, social unrest, and academic decline. Yangmingzi tried to turn the tide and save people's hearts. He invented the "study of mind and body", advocated the teaching of conscience, and cultivated the benevolence of the unity of all things. Yangmingzi was not only the master of the Song and Ming dynasty's spiritual studies, but also made great achievements in his life, so he was called the "Three True Immortals". His academic thoughts have had an important and far-reaching influence in China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Southeast Asian countries and even the world. He was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang during the Chenghua period of Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty. His father, Wang Hua, won the first prize in Xinchou (1481), the 17th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty. Wang Shouren moved to Peking (Beijing) with his father. "History of the Ming Dynasty" records that Wang Shouren was named Wang Yun when he was born, but he could not speak at the age of five. A senior monk told Wang Hua to change his son's name to Wang Shouren. Wang Hua did as he was told, and then Wang Shouren spoke. Wang Hua was very strict with his son's tutoring. Wang Shouren studied literature and martial arts very hard when he was young, but he liked playing chess very much and often delayed his homework for this. Although his father repeatedly scolded him, he never changed his mind. In a fit of anger, he threw the chess piece into the river. Wang Shouren was shocked and realized immediately, and he immediately wrote a poem to express his ambition: Chess is a joy all day long, but the pain of being strictly loved is once lost. Soldiers who fell into the river were not saved, and generals drowned and died together. A horse travels thousands of miles and goes with the waves, just like an elephant wanders into three rivers and follows the waves. The sound of the cannon and the earthquake in the sky suddenly startled Wolong to worry. Wang Shouren has been smart since he was a child and is very studious, but he is not limited to the Four Books and Five Classics, but also likes other books. His thoughts are also quite eccentric, and many private school teachers have always been unable to understand him. There is a limerick he wrote that illustrates his thinking: When the mountain is near and the moon is far away, I feel that the moon is small, so I say that the mountain is larger than the moon. If a person has eyes as big as the sky, he will see that the mountains are high and the moon is wider. According to research, the author Wang Shouren was twelve years old at the time. This poem is called "Moon-covered Mountain House". It is Wang Shouren's first poem that has been passed down through the ages.
Wang Shouren’s former residence (20 photos) He used Zhuge Liang to describe himself and was determined to make a career. After that, he studied hard and made great progress in his studies. He became more and more proficient in riding, archery, and the art of war. In the twelfth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1499), he passed the Jinshi examination and was awarded the title of head of the Ministry of War. At that time, everyone in the court knew that he was a learned man, but Zhang Zhong, the eunuch in charge of military affairs, believed that Wang Shouren was appointed as a scribe to the head of the military department, so he despised Shouren. Once, he forced Shouren to shoot an arrow in public, hoping to make a fool of himself. Shouren declined repeatedly, but Zhang Zhong refused. Shouren had no choice but to pick up his bow and arrow, bend the bow, and shoot three arrows. All three arrows hit the red heart. The whole army cheered, which made Zhang Zhong very embarrassed. Wang Shouren served as the chief of the Ministry of War for three years. Because he opposed the eunuch Liu Jin, he was sentenced to forty by the imperial staff in the first year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (1506) and was demoted to Yi Cheng in Longchang (the seat of Xiuwen County) in Guizhou. After going through twists and turns on the way to Longchang, he successfully escaped the pursuit of Jin Yiwei, and finally achieved enlightenment in Longchang. After Liu Jin was executed, he was appointed as the governor of Luling County and became the Shaoqing of Nantaipu Temple. At that time, Wang Qiong was appointed Minister of the Ministry of War. He believed that Shouren had extraordinary talents and recommended him to the imperial court. In the eleventh year of Zhengde (1516), he was promoted to the censor of Youqiandu and succeeded him as governor of southern Jiangxi. He mounts his horse to govern the army and dismounts his horse to govern the people. He is a civilian official who controls military talismans. He combines civil and military strategies. He is smart in his work and uses troops quickly. For suppressing the peasant uprising and quelling the "Chenhao Rebellion", he worshiped the Minister of the Ministry of War in Nanjing and was granted the title of "Xinjian Bo". Later, he was banned because of his outstanding achievements, so he resigned and returned to his hometown to give lectures. He founded academies in Shaoxing and Yuyao to preach "King's Learning". In the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), he was again assigned as governor of the military affairs of Guangdong and Guangxi. Later, his lung disease worsened and he begged to return home. He died of pneumonia in a boat in Nan'an, Jiangxi Province on November 29, 1528 (January 9, 1529).
Childhood life
Wang Yangming was born in a scholarly family on the 30th day of the ninth lunar month (1472), the eighth year of Chenghua reign of Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty. Portrait of Wang Shouren
< p>A family of officials, whose distant ancestor was Wang Xizhi, the great calligrapher of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His father, Wang Hua, won the first prize in the 17th year of Chenghua (1481) and later became the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel in Nanjing. According to the Chronicle, on the eve of his birth, his grandmother dreamed that someone was sending her son from the clouds. When he woke up from the dream, Wang Yangming happened to be born, so his grandfather named him Wang Yun. The villagers also called the place of his birth Ruiyun Tower. However, he was still unable to speak when he was five years old. One day, a senior monk passed by, touched his head and said, "What a good boy, it's a pity that he revealed it", which meant that his name "Yun" revealed the secret of his birth. His grandfather suddenly came to his senses and changed his name to Shouren, after which he began to speak. This story is a bit mythical, but it can be seen from this story that he did not show intelligence and talent in his childhood. When he was ten years old, his father was the top scholar in high school. Wang Yangming went to Beijing with his father. When he passed by Jinshan Temple, his father had a gathering with friends. At the banquet, someone proposed to write a poem in praise of Jinshan Temple. Everyone was still thinking hard, but Wang Yangming had already completed it: "A little Jinshan is bigger." Like a fist, breaking the sky under the water in Weiyang. Drunkenly leaning on the wonderful high platform, the jade whistle blows through the cave where the dragon sleeps."The four people were all amazed, and asked him to write a poem about a mountain house that covers the moon. Wang Yangming recited it casually: "The mountain is close and the moon is far away, and the moon seems small, so they say that this mountain is larger than the moon. If a person has eyes as big as the sky, he will see mountains and small moons even wider. "Exhibiting extraordinary imagination and profound cultural literacy. When he was studying in the capital at the age of eleven or twelve, he asked his private school teacher, "What is the first-class thing? The teacher said, "The only way to get a rank in the imperial examination is to study." He said at that time: "I'm afraid the first thing is not to study to get the rank, but to study and learn to be a sage." Despite this, he has never followed the rules since he was young, and all records They say he was "bold and unruly" since he was a child. For example, after his mother died when he was 13, he bribed a witch to trick his stepmother, so that she treated him well. At that time, he traveled to the border, practiced horseback riding and archery, and read various secrets of military art. When he met guests, he often used the fruit core formation method as a game.
Guizhou Longchang Enlightenment
Wang Yangming was in Zhengde, Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty. In the first year of the year (1506), because he opposed the eunuch Liu Jin, he was banished to Longchang, Guizhou (70 miles northwest of Guiyang, the seat of Xiuwen County) as a postmaster. Living together with Bo, Miao and Liao gave him a new understanding of the central idea of ??"The Great Learning". Wang Shouren believed that the heart is the root of all things, and everything in the world is the product of the heart (the heart is the reason). My nature is self-sufficient in the Tao, and it would be a mistake to seek reasons for things from it. "Historically known as Longchang Enlightenment. In the quiet and difficult environment of Longchang, Wang Yangming reflected day and night based on his experiences over the years. In the middle of the night, he suddenly had an epiphany. This is the famous "Longchang Enlightenment". He During this period, he wrote "All Beings in the Dragon Training Field". Many of his disciples were confused by his theory of "nothing outside the heart, nothing outside the heart". They asked him for advice: The flowers and trees in Nanshan bloom and fall by themselves. What does my heart have to do with it? He replied: "Before you look at this flower, this flower and your heart will die together. When you look at this flower, the color of the flower suddenly becomes clear to you. Then you know that this flower is not in your heart. " He himself narrated this somewhat legendary enlightenment seven years later: Shouren had done a lot of work in his early years and was addicted to the habit of poetry. Although he knew a little about engaging in serious studies, he suffered from the confusion of public opinions and was tired and confused. You can enter, because you seek advice from the old masters and commentators, and you are happy to have the understanding in your heart, thinking that the learning of the sage is here! However, in the teachings of Confucius, there are often gaps in the teachings, and the daily use of measures is often missing. I have doubts. Later, when I was demoted to Longchang and lived in a barbaric place, I was moved by my endurance, and I suddenly felt enlightened, experienced and explored, and then I realized the Five Classics and Four Classics, and I was like crossing the river and releasing it into the sea. . Then he lamented that the way of the saint is as smooth as the road.
Pinging down Jiangxi
In the twelfth year of Zhengde (1517), civil unrest broke out in the mountainous areas of southern Jiangxi and the junction of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong. The mountain people built strongholds in the mountains and built their own troops. The local officials had no choice but to report to the Ming Dynasty. The Ministry of War recommended Wang Shouren, who was the censor of Youqiandu at the time, to patrol Jiangxi to suppress the civil uprising.
< p>In the first month of the thirteenth year of Zhengde (1518), Wang Shouren pacified the tribe of Chi Zhongrong (Chi Dahuan) and petitioned for the establishment of Heping County and the construction of a county school. In March, Shouren arrived in Jiangxi and took up his post. The uprisings in Xinfeng and other places were suppressed. In July, Wang Shouren reported that the war had caused great damage, so he petitioned the imperial court for permission to recruit troops. In October, Wang Shouren led his troops to attack Chongxi, which was the strongest. Lan Tianfeng and Xie Zhishan's army in Zuoxi, Yi County, joined forces in Zuoxi. In November, Wang Shouren sent envoys to recruit troops and defeated Lan Tianfeng's troops. It was during these two years of war that he took control.Capturing King Ning
The greatest military achievement of Wang Shouren's life was to quell the rebellion of King Ning Zhu Chenhao in Nanchang. Wang Shouren will go to Fujian to suppress it. During the bandit period (there was no large army), the troops he led had just arrived in Fengcheng when King Ning Zhu Chenhao suddenly raised his troops to rebel. Therefore, Wang Shouren actively prepared for war, allocated military supplies, repaired equipment, and then issued a proclamation against the bandits, announcing King Ning's crimes and demanding all places. Raise troops to serve the king. At that time, what Wang Shouren was most worried about was that Ning Wang Zhu Chenhao would send his troops eastward to occupy his old capital Nanjing. If Nanjing was lost, Ning Wang would have the capital to claim the throne and also gain geographical advantages, so it would not be easy to eliminate him. Wang Shouren bluffed and used false information to disrupt King Ning's sight in the city, forcing him to make a wrong judgment and believe that all armies had formed an encirclement situation. At the same time, he used counter-intentional tactics and ordered people to sneak into Nanchang with wax pills to make King Ning suspicious of himself. King Ning was indeed fooled by his subordinates' strategy of attacking Nanjing. He hesitated for half a month and did not dare to attack Nanjing. Wang Shouren took advantage of this opportunity and made preparations to defend Nanjing, making King Ning want to attack Nanjing. It was impossible. In July, King Ning led 60,000 people to capture Jiujiang and Nankang, and crossed the Yangtze River to attack Anqing. At this time, Wang Shouren had mobilized 80,000 troops (mainly militiamen and farmers from various places), known to the outside world as 300,000. Wang Shouren summoned his subordinates to ask how to retreat from the enemy. Someone pointed out that Anqing should be rescued. Wang Shouren said: "Now Jiujiang and Nankang have been occupied by the enemy. If we cross the river to rescue Anqing from Nanchang, we will be attacked from both sides. Nanchang is now empty, and our army is full of energy and can defeat it in one fell swoop. When the enemy hears that Nanchang has been lost, they will definitely return to rescue them. If we attack them at Poyang Lake, we will definitely win.
"Wang Shouren
Due to a lot of propaganda work, he falsely claimed that a large number of troops were attacking the city, but Nanchang actually failed to attack the city. After a two-day pause, Wang Shouren sent his generals in five directions to attack Ning who returned to support Nanchang. King Ning's army divided into four groups and set up ambushes along the way. After the battle, King Ning's army was quickly attacked from both sides and was divided into several parts. Later, he was ambushed and suffered a heavy defeat. King Ning retreated to the Bazinao area. Miao, hurriedly mobilized the elite troops from Jiujiang and Nankang to attack. Wang Shouren sent several armies to fight and capture Nankang. This battle was very fierce, and it was a critical battle. The army retreated for a while, and Wang Shouren's general Wu Wending was killed immediately. He ordered the troops to fight to the death and finally defeated the enemy. The enemy retreated to the Qiaoshe area and formed a square formation. King Ning rewarded the soldiers with gold, silver and jewels, and rewarded them with a hundred gold coins for the charge, and a thousand gold coins for the wounded. , asking them to fight to the death. However, Wang Shouren saw the flaw in the phalanx of King Ning's army, and he decided to follow the example of the Battle of Chibi and set fire to the ship. The next day, King Ning's officials gathered together and held a "morning meeting" on the ship. Wang Shouren's army arrived, loaded small boats with grass, set fire to the wind, and burned King Ning's auxiliary boat. The palace officials from Princess Lou down to the royal family and the civil and military officials jumped into the water one after another. King Ning's flagship ran aground and was unable to move, so they hurriedly changed to small boats to escape. , was overtaken and captured by Wang Yangming's subordinate Wang Mianbu, and other civil and military ministers of King Ning were also imprisoned. Soon, Nankang and Jiujiang were also captured by the army, and the rebellion of King Ning was completely subsided in only thirty-five days. Wang Shouren was known as the "Military God of the Ming Dynasty" for this reason. Later, Ming Wuzong went to war under the pseudonym of "Governor-General Military Affairs Mighty General Commander Zhu Shou". Jiang Bin had evil intentions and instigated Wuzong to fight King Ning and captured him himself. Wang Yangming treated the eunuch Zhang Yong with emotion and reason, explaining that more people would die if he did so. The final result of the coordination was to let Ming Wuzong go to Nanjing, and then release Prince Ning to make the emperor happy.
Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi
In 1527 (the sixth year of Jiajing reign of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty), Wang Shouren was the governor of the military affairs of Guangdong and Guangxi, and defeated the local armed forces of the Yao and Tong ethnic minorities. He was awarded the title of Guanglu Doctor and Zhuguo for his merits. , Xin Xin Bo, hereditary, a year's salary of one thousand dan, but neither the iron certificate nor the year's salary was paid.
Died of illness and returned home
After the Guangdong and Guangxi campaigns, Yangming's lung disease worsened. On January 9, 1529 (November 29th, the seventh year of Jiajing reign), Wang Shouren died of illness in a boat in Nan'an, Jiangxi Province. On his deathbed, the students around him asked him what his last words were. He said: "This heart is so bright, what else can I say! ". After his death, he was given the posthumous title of Wencheng, and was later granted the posthumous title of Xinjian Hou. He was enshrined in the Confucius Temple in the twelfth year of Wanli.