1. Read the following Tang poem and then answer this question. (Jiangsu Volume of College Entrance Examination in 2008)
Climb the Phoenix Terrace from Nanjing.
Lipper
There used to be a phoenix on the phoenix platform, and the phoenix went to Taiwan, only Jiangdong returned.
Martial arts flowers were laid on deserted paths, and the number of relatives and friends in the Jin Dynasty has become a famine.
Three mountains and a half fall outside the blue sky, and Egret Island is wet.
There is always a traitor in power, like covering the sky, and Chang' an is depressed when he can't see it.
Note ① Yishui: also known as "Ershui".
(1) Summarize the contents of the couplets and necklaces of this poem respectively, and talk about what emotions the poet embodies in them.
This is a "nostalgia" poem, which describes what the author saw and felt when he boarded the Phoenix Tower in Jinling (Nanjing). The couplets of "Wu Gong Que Jing Wu, Jin Yi Gu Chen" are a kind of historical feelings-to understand this sentence, we must grasp the key words such as "Burying a secluded path and ancient hills", which contains Li Bai's unique historical feelings; "Three mountains and a half fall out of the sky, Egret Island is a water" is a description of reality. Contrast between ancient and modern times, expressing the author's sense of ups and downs in ancient and modern times.
Reference answer (1) The parallel couplets are about places of interest in the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, and the neck couplets are about the beautiful natural scenery of Jinling. It embodies the vicissitudes of personnel, the eternity of nature and the feelings of the rise and fall of the Six Dynasties.
Read the following poem and then answer this question. (2008 National College Entrance Examination Volume 1)
Four sets of songs on the river (3)
Pandalin
Xishan Tonghu Point ②, Chibi Hidden Dragon Palace.
The shape wins three countries, and the waves flow all over the world.
Shaming boxing keeps herons, and the sea is wide and the sky is wide.
I admire the fisherman most, returning to the boat in the rain.
Note (1) Pan Dalin (about 1057- 1 106): Zhai Lao, a native of Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei), is good at poetry and has traveled to Chibi with Su Shi. ② Xishan: in the west of Ezhou, Hubei, the mountains are deep and secluded. 3 boxing heron: refers to the appearance of an egret curled up on one leg when sleeping. (2) From the whole poem, what kind of life does the author yearn for? Please analyze it briefly.
To analyze and solve this poem, we should use annotations to understand its content. The first two couplets began with nostalgia-the author came to the places where ancient heroes such as Xishan and Chibi fought for hegemony and military strategists fought for each other, and could not help but imagine that heroes in history were all-powerful and made great achievements, but the water that rolled east like this is gone forever. Third, look back at the real scene in front of you: overlooking the beach, I feel that my eyes are bright, because there are many egrets living there; Looking up at the vast sky, it seems that the geese flying high in the clouds seem to be moving backwards. Finally, the couplet sent a sigh of emotion: What I admire most now is the angler on the river, driving home in a canoe in the misty rain after fishing, listening to the rain and playing the awning leisurely.
Yearning for seclusion. (1) the first two couplets of this poem, the author from the immediate situation, into nostalgia, thinking about Battle of Red Cliffs's personnel, now in? So he sighed that "waves and currents can do a lot". (2) In the last two couplets of the poem, the author admires the leisure of Sulu and Hong Fei, and then seems to see a fishing boat, which is related to the sigh of "the waves beat all the work in the world", so he puts forward the "most admired fisherman" and wants to drive a boat home in the misty rain!
Read the following two poems and then answer this question. (Jiangxi Volume of College Entrance Examination in 2007)
Jinling Wang Wan
Gaochan
Once accompanied by floating clouds,
I still accompany the sunset with the autumn sound.
There are infinite painters in the world,
You can't draw it if you are sad.
Tu Jinling
Wei Zhuang
Who says sad painting can't be done?
Draw people's hearts and pursue feelings.
Look at the six pictures of the southern dynasties.
Lim is full of Leng Yun.
Note: Gao Chan and Wei Zhuang were both poets in the late Tang Dynasty.
(1) These two poems are both about "sadness". Why is the poet sad?
(2) One of the two poets said, "You can't paint with sadness", and the other said, "Who said you can't paint with sadness?" . Please make a brief analysis of this in poetry.
This paper analyzes Gao Chan's "Watching Night in Jinling", and describes the poet's feeling of vicissitudes after he boarded the city head of Jinling (now Nanjing) on an autumn night and saw a picture of "clouds falling". Wei Zhuang's "Jinling Map" is a painting. After reading six paintings describing the history of the Southern Dynasties, the poet was deeply touched and wrote this poem. Both poets expressed their deep worries about the reality of the late Tang Dynasty through the past events of the Six Dynasties. Appreciating these two poems, we can't ignore the annotation content, so that we can know people and discuss the world.
Reference answer (1) The poet was sad for the decline of the Tang Dynasty. (2) These two poems express the same thoughts and feelings from different angles. By looking at Jinling in the evening, the author of Gao Shi gives birth to a sense of sadness from images such as sunset and autumn sound. The poet thinks that this kind of deep sadness is invisible to painters in the world. The author of Wei's poems thinks that the painter's use of images such as "Old Wood" and "Leng Yun" is enough to show his sorrow for the decline of state affairs. Therefore, sadness can be painted.
Difficulty strategy
The following contents, the first point focuses on the usual review preparation, and the second and third points focus on the problem-solving methods in the examination room.
First, classification, grasp the content characteristics of similar poems
Classification review of poems is an effective way to prepare for "evaluating the ideological content of ancient poems and the author's attitude", because although there are a large number of ancient poems, the ideological content of poems is varied and the author's attitude is colorful, and the same type of poems still has some characteristics of "* * *". As long as the characteristics of these "* * *" are mastered in the usual review and the types of poems to be examined in the exam are determined, the problem-solving will undoubtedly be more targeted.
The "procedures" for the classification and appreciation of ancient poetry are roughly as follows:
1. classification. That is, poems are roughly classified according to their content characteristics: (1) "farewell" category; (2) "Nostalgia" category; (3) "Homesickness" category; (4) "Landscape and Pastoral" category; 5) "frontier fortress" level; [6] the category of "philosophy"; Once a "satire" class; Be someone else.
2. Material selection. That is to say, for each of the above eight types of poems, choose ten poems, five poems in class and five poems after class, and replace some types of poems in class with similar poems after class, so as to ensure that at least five poems are selected after class.
3. explore. Review can be divided into eight periods, one period can complete the analysis and induction of a kind of poetry content; Or divided into eight groups, each group is responsible for the analysis and induction of a poem. Advocate cooperative inquiry and try to complete it through collective discussion.
4. Show. After the query is completed, the query results of various poems or groups are displayed. Individuals can take the initiative to speak, or groups can send representatives to introduce to the class.
This learning method of classified appreciation and cooperative inquiry can greatly arouse students' enthusiasm and the review effect is obvious.
For example, comments on "nostalgic" poems:
① Poetry selection: Nian Nujiao reminisces about the past at Chibi (Song, Su Shi), Yong Yule at Jingkou Pavilion (Song, Xin Qiji), Gui Zhixiang at Jinling (Song, Wang Anshi), Stone Town (Tang, Liu Yuxi) and Shuxiang (Tang, Du Fu). (Five songs in and out of class)
② With the help of textbooks, related materials, reference books or network resources, analyze and explore the contents of these poems.
(3) There are three "* * *" features in this kind of poems: a. Expressing the author's worries about the current situation through nostalgia; B) To express the author's feelings that he has no way to serve his country and his ambition is not paid through nostalgia; C admonish the rulers (or "the world") to learn from history and remember the past.
Through such analysis, discussion, induction and arrangement, we have a more comprehensive grasp of the content of "homesickness" poems. In the future exams, once you determine that the poems you appreciate belong to the category of "homesickness", it is not difficult to grasp their ideological content and emotional attitude.
Second, from the "point" and "face", we can dig the meaning of poetry.
As a standardized topic of ancient poetry appreciation in the college entrance examination, it generally follows the basic law of literary appreciation, that is, "words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from texts." Therefore, starting with "point" and "face" should be a feasible way for us to appreciate ancient poetry. The "face" here refers to the ideological content of poetry and the author's views and attitudes; The "emphasis" here mainly includes the "key points" of the following contents:
Key words. Refers to the most vivid words in a poem, which can best reflect the author's thoughts, opinions and emotional attitudes, usually verbs or adjectives. For example, the word "Noisy" in Song Qi's famous sentence "The branches of red apricots are noisy in spring" personifies the blooming spring apricots, and the vibrant scene is vividly and interestingly displayed before our eyes. Obviously, the author's love for spring and nature is naturally revealed through the word "noisy". Another example is the word "sorrow" in Li Bai's "Climbing the Phoenix Tower in Nanjing". In 2008, a cloud rose between the light of heaven and me, hiding his city in my melancholy heart, which laid the emotional tone for the whole poem and pointed out the direction for our answer.
Key sentences refer to sentences that can best summarize the ideological content or feelings of poetry, usually lyrical or argumentative. For example, in Wang Changling's "Parting with Xin Jian at Furong Inn", "There is a piece of ice in the jade pot" shows the author's great ambition; In Zhu's reading thought, it is proposed to draw nutrition from books and enrich and improve himself. This kind of poems have the function of making the finishing point in poetry, and they can all be said to be key sentences in poetry. By mastering these sentences, we can quickly and accurately understand the ideological content of this poem and the author's emotional attitude. For example, a question in Volume One of the National College Entrance Examination in 2008: "What kind of life does the author yearn for from the whole poem?" As long as we grasp the sentence "I admire fishermen most", it is not difficult to write an answer similar to "longing for seclusion"
Poetry title. The titles of many poems play an important role in prompting the types and contents of poems, such as the word "farewell" in "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou", which indicates that the poem belongs to "farewell" poetry; The "visit to the ancient times" in Vietnam's Visit to the Ancient Times shows that it is a poem of "nostalgia for the ancient times"; Frontier fortress and joining the army show that this kind of poems should be "frontier fortress" poems Having made this clear, our answer will be targeted. For example, when answering the question "What are the upper and lower parts of the word", Chongqing Volume of the 2008 college entrance examination can write the answer "The first part is about the present farewell scene, and the second part is about the place where friends are going" in combination with the content characteristics of farewell poems. On the contrary, if you ignore the topic, sometimes you may blindly answer questions because you lose the focus of thinking, such as appreciating Zhu's Random Thoughts on Reading. If you don't understand the topic, it is difficult to grasp the theme of this poem as "talking about reading"
Image. Image is an emotional object, the crystallization of the poet's aesthetic creation and the carrier of the poet's emotional thoughts. In China's ancient poems, many images often contain specific meanings. Such as: loose, often containing compactness; Indus is often bitter; The waning moon often means dispersion; Willow, expressing the feeling of parting, also contains the meaning of retention; Rhododendrons usually mean desolation and sadness. Usually preparing for the exam to strengthen the accumulation of this knowledge, and interpreting the content of poetry and the author's emotion with the image of poetry as the starting point in the exam can often get satisfactory results. For example, in the 2008 college entrance examination, the topic of appreciation of Shandong ancient poetry was to appreciate Qin Guan's "Tang Dynasty in Painting": "Falling red and spreading a pool, clear and drizzling. The apricot orchard is withered, the cuckoo is crying, but it is helpless to return to spring. Outside the willow, the building is painted alone, and the branches are twisted by hand against the railing, so that the flowers glow silently under the oblique light. Who knows this? " The topic (1) is: "How to express helplessness in the description of uptown scenery?" As long as we grasp the images such as "falling red", "light rain" and "cuckoo" when answering, it is not difficult to find that the author expresses the helplessness of hurting spring by depicting the scene of last spring.
Notes. All the information in the appreciation of ancient poems in the college entrance examination should be regarded as effective information, including comments. Annotations are generally explanations or hints related to the content of poetry, such as title, author, dynasty, writing background, etc. In many cases, they play an important role in solving our problems. For example, the Jiangxi volume of the 2007 college entrance examination is a comparative appreciation of Gao Chan's Looking at Jinling Night and Wei Zhuang's Jinling Map, and briefly introduces the authors: Gao Chan and Wei Zhuang, both poets in the late Tang Dynasty. In response to "these two poems are all about sadness, why are poets sad" and "one of the two poets said" sadness can't be painted "and the other said" who said sadness can't be painted? " Please make a brief analysis of this in combination with poems. "We can't ignore the role of annotations, because two poets in the late Tang Dynasty expressed their feelings in these two poems.
Third, with the help of expression skills, try to figure out the content and emotion of poetry.
The ideological content and emotional attitude of some poems are mainly expressed by means of certain expression skills, such as metaphor, allusions, contrast and so on. Therefore, grasping the expressive skills of poetry and analyzing its expressive characteristics are also effective ways to appreciate poetry. For example, in the college entrance examination in 2007, the second topic of Zhejiang ancient poetry appreciation was Wu Ji's poem "One Man is Full in January": "The Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty are sad for the ages, and they still sing backyard flowers. In the past, Xie Wang, the swallow in front of the hall, flew to whose house? Suddenly a dream, the fairy muscle wins the snow, and there are piles of crows in the palace. Jiangzhou Sima, a tearful shirt, is the end of the world. " This word is translated from the poems of three poets in the Tang Dynasty: in Du Mu's "Bo Qinhuai", "A business woman doesn't know how to hate her country, but still sings flowers in the backyard across the river"; In Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Xiang, "Lao Wang Xie Yan flew into the homes of ordinary people"; "But who among them cried the most? , this Jiujiang officer. "My blue sleeves are wet" in Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip. If we don't grasp the implications of the three allusions when solving the problem, it will be difficult for us to understand the author's "the loss of home country, the sorrow of being an official, and the sorrow of similar life experiences".
What is particularly worth mentioning is the expression of "writing sadness with joy". In ancient times, most lyric poems expressed their feelings with pleasure, but some poems expressed their sadness with pleasure. When we interpret this kind of poems, we should not be confused by the beautiful scenery in the poems and misunderstand the author's true feelings. For example, Li Bai's "Visiting Yue Gu": "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned home. Maids are like full spring palace, but only partridges fly today. " This poem expresses the ups and downs of sigh (sadness) with the lively and prosperous scenery (music scene) of "soldiers return home in fine clothes and maids are like flowers in Man Chun Hall"; In One Night in a Foreign Country, "the stars are low, the Ye Ping is boundless, the moon surges with the waves, and the river flows" (a magnificent and open scene) conveys the poet's lonely and sad feelings.
Test of key and difficult problems
1. Read the following Song Ci and then answer this question.
Shengchazi
Youyou Rosa
Xin Qiji
According to the shadow line by the stream, the sky is at the bottom of Qingxi. There are clouds in the sky and people are in them. Who and Yu? Empty valley sounds clear. It's not a ghost or a fairy, but peach blossom water.
Contact the author's life and understand "who sings who and Yu?" The meaning of the sentence "empty valley has sound"
Read the following two Tang poems and then answer this question.
Jane Zheng Mingfu is traveling in the west.
Lipper
The clear and turbulent sound returned to the stream,
Green bamboos are flying around the pavilion.
Cool, cool,
Rest and park when you are alone.
Miss the past (3)
Du Mu
Li Bai wrote a poem about Shuixi Temple, and the ancient wood belongs to a castle in the rock.
Half awake and half drunk for three days, red and white flowers bloom in the rain.
Note Du Mu has been wandering in the south for a long time because of his frustrated official career. A Journey to the Past is the third in a series of poems written several years later to recall that journey.
(1) Du Fu's poem that best summarizes the characteristics of "Shuixi Temple" is:
(2) One of the two poems can represent the author's mood when he visited Shuixi Temple. Please find it out and explain it briefly with the author's experience.
3. Read the following Song Yuan, and then answer this question.
Guangdong Jing Tian yarn
Lu Qing anzhong
Zhang Kejiu
Moss trees are rustling, clouds and autumn waters are far away, and Momiji cottage is small. Who has been there? Tanmei people cross the bridge.
An analysis of the meaning of "Tan Mei people crossing the bridge".
Evaluate the ideological content of ancient poetry and the author's viewpoint and attitude (answer)
1. The author "sings" and asks "Who and Yu", hoping earnestly for a harmony. However, there is only "voiceless" in Empty Valley, which shows the author's loneliness. This kind of loneliness not only refers to the lack of traveling companions, but also refers to the loneliness caused by the lack of response to one's own ideas (or "anti-money ideas"), which reveals the aversion to the author's ambition. 2.( 1) Ancient trees return to castles in rocks. (2) "Alone" and "half awake and half drunk for three days". Li Bai experienced ups and downs, wandering in the rivers and lakes for a long time, and the good places were "guest stops"; Du Mu's career was frustrated and he drifted for a long time. When facing the scenic spot, he "swam half awake and half drunk for three days". Both of these poems show that the author wants to dissolve the depression of political frustration into beautiful scenery that people can never forget. The word "Mei" here refers to Lu Qing, a reclusive friend. The author calls himself "Mei Ke", which not only praises Lu Qing's noble character, but also shows the deep friendship between the author and Lu Qing, and also expresses the author's yearning for seclusion.