First of all, we must be good at guiding students to master basic appreciation methods. As the saying goes, it is better to teach a man to fish than to teach him to fish. In Chinese teaching, I mainly focus on the following five aspects:
1. Taste the expressive "poetry eye" or "question eye". For example, in Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream", "Last night it rained and the wind blew, and I couldn't get rid of the wine left in my deep sleep. I asked the person behind the curtain, but I saw that the crabapples were still the same. Do you know? Do you know? They should be green, fat, red, and thin." The whole word "Poetic Eyes" is "Green, fat, red and thin" is very expressive. Its expressive power is not only reflected in the vividness and appropriateness, such as using the word "fat" to write leaves, which not only means many and big, but also can be associated with the moist and bright shape, which is very accurate and concise; it is also reflected in the emotional integration, such as using "" The word "thin" is used to describe flowers, which not only has the appearance of being young and small, but also conveys a feeling of pity and pity. It matches the sentiment of the whole word and expresses a sentimental and sad mood.
Another example is Jia Dao's "Inscribed on Li Ning's Residence", "The neighbors are living together, and the grass path leads to the deserted garden. / Birds stay in the trees beside the pond, and monks knock on the door under the moon. / Cross the bridge to distinguish the wild colors, and move the stones Move the cloud root. / I have been here for a while, and I live up to my promise. "The word "you" in the title is "Tieye", which is the key to understanding the whole poem. Each couplet of the whole poem is closely linked to the word "secluded", and the first couplet describes the "secluded" of the residence: living in a corner, quiet and no one, the grass paths are quiet, and the deserted gardens are sparse. The chin couplet and the neck couplet describe the "secretness" of the environment: the chin couplet sets off the tranquility with the sound, the birds are chirping on the trees by the pool, and the old monk knocks gently on the door under the bright moonlight, all of which further highlight the tranquility of the environment; the neck couplet When writing from night to day, I still focus on the environment, but my field of vision is much wider. I cross small bridges and walk around boulders. Along the way, everything is quiet and wild, and the poet's inner joy arises spontaneously. The last couplet reveals the poet's yearning for a secluded life.
It can be seen that to read poetry, grasp the "poetry eye" and the "question eye" are the key.
2. Analyze the ideological content of the poem. To correctly understand the ideological content of ancient poetry, the most fundamental thing is to learn to know people and the world. As Mr. Lu Xun said: "If you want to write an essay, it is best to take into account the entire article, the author's whole person, and the social state in which he lives. , this is more conclusive.” For example, in Li Qingzhao’s “Like a Dream”, we must connect it to the background at that time: Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng had a deep relationship, but “not long after they got married, Mingcheng went on a long journey, and Yi Anshu. "Can't bear to say goodbye" (Liu Yisheng's "Song Poems"), and analyze each question and answer, it is not difficult for us to understand the sentimental feelings of this poem, including the regret of loving flowers and cherishing spring, and the beauty of beauty that is easy to grow old. Sadness, but also the annoyance of missing someone, a few strands of melancholy and twists, "there are countless twists and turns hidden in the short frame". Therefore, when evaluating ancient poetry, one must learn to know people and the world, and grasp the tone and theme of poetry as a whole, which is the foundation for appreciating ancient poetry.
3. Explore the wonderful use of typical sentences. Ancient poems often quote allusions and use verses to arouse people's imagination with rich connotations. To appreciate ancient poetry, one must understand the origin and meaning of allusions and transformed verses, and discover the wonderful uses of allusions and verses in ancient poetry. For example, in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow", "The spring breeze has passed for ten miles, and all the shepherds and wheat are green." That is to say, Du Mu's poem "Ten Miles of Spring Breeze on Yangzhou Road" is used. The use here creates a sharp contrast between the prosperity of Yangzhou City in the past and the current depression, which makes the present more nostalgic. Exploring the wonderful use of classic sentences is the basis for accurately understanding ancient poetry.
4. Understand the expression effect of rhetorical techniques. In ancient poetry, due to the needs of image and lyricism, various artistic techniques are often used to express, the most important of which are metaphor, rise, personification, exaggeration, duality, repetition, foil, etc. The expression effect of these techniques is grasped , you can better understand the image of the poem and understand the author's feelings. For example, in He Zhizhang's "Ode to the Willow", "The jasper is as high as a tree, with thousands of green silk ribbons hanging down. I don't know who cut out the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors." The author abandons simple and intuitive description methods and breaks the traditional way of chanting things and expressing aspirations. The idea, unique imagination and clever metaphors create a novel image with a unique romantic color for us. The first sentence uses "Biyu" (referring to a beautiful girl named Biyu in Yuefu's "Biyu Song") as a metaphor for a tree, which makes the poem start with a brand-new image that is fascinating. The second sentence describes the thousands of weak and drooping branches of the willow tree, just like the green ribbons draping on the girl's body. The ribbons are used as metaphors for the willows, highlighting the soft and drooping characteristics, vividly painting the silk-like image of spring willows, giving people a sense of vitality and beauty. . The last two sentences contain a question and an answer, once again using clever metaphors to praise Chunliu. One "thin" and one "cut", the slender, soft, fresh and lovely leaves of the new willow are carefully and vividly depicted, revealing the author's surprise and praise. "The spring breeze in February is like scissors", the spring breeze is likened to the scissors in Jasper's skillful hands, turning virtual reality into reality, which is a strange imagination. He Zhizhang compared the willow tree to a graceful and graceful girl, painted a vibrant spring scene, and expressed his praise for the vitality of spring. Therefore, when appreciating ancient poetry, one must understand the rhetorical techniques and the specific images they refer to, in order to correctly understand and grasp the profound connotation of the poems.