The Development of Modernist Literature
(1) symbolism:
Symbolic meaning:
Symbolism is the earliest and most influential literary school in the western modernist literary movement, which is divided into two periods. Early symbolism was very popular in France in the second half of the19th century. After the First World War, late symbolism came into being, and in the 1920s, late symbolism reached its climax.
2. Symbolism has distinct characteristics: creating morbid "beauty"; Express the inner "highest truth"; Use symbolic hints; Construct images in hallucinations; Use musicality to increase the effect of meditation. It develops the artistic characteristics of early symbolism, opposes superficial lyricism and straightforward preaching, advocates the unity of emotion and reason, and expresses the beauty and infinity of the ideal world through symbolic suggestion, image metaphor, free association and musicality of language.
3. Representative writers: Valery, Rilke, Pound, Ye Zhi and T S Eliot.
Main writers and their works:
1, T.S. Eliot, England: Wasteland (1922)
2. Valery, a French poet: The Graveyard by the Sea (1926) ponders the meaning of life, praises the endless cosmic movement, and expresses the joy beyond the consciousness of death. Philosophical meditation blends with novel and symbolic images, with harmonious and beautiful phonology and profound artistic conception.
3. Irish poet and playwright Ye Zhi: In Sailing to Byzantium, Ye Zhi won the Nobel Prize in Literature of 1923 for "expressing the whole national spirit".
4. maeterlinck: The Jade Bird (1908, Titil, Mitil, Bai), a representative writer of symbolic drama, symbolizes happiness, and its theme is to praise people's pursuit of happiness and light.
5, Brock: Russian "extremely sincere poet", "Twelve" (long poem)
Imagism (a variant of symbolism);
1. Imagist poetry is characterized by clarity, accuracy, concentration, concreteness, non-lyricism and irrationality. Emphasis is placed on expressing the poet's intuitive image, but the author's intuitive feelings are not directly revealed, but implied through the image.
2. Representative: Pound of the United States, subway station (typical imagery poem)
Seclusion (another school of poetry originated from symbolism);
1, by Weng Garetti.
2. Representative writers (two disciples of Ongarrett): quasimodo and Montalais.
(2) Expressionism:
1. Expressionism is an important modernist school popular in European and American literature from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1930s around the First World War. Originated in Germany, it started with painting and then spread to literature.
2. Walden, a German critic, first published a painting review in Crazy Biao magazine, stressing that it is necessary to break through the external appearance of things and express the inner world, and replace "performance" with "performance".
3. The characteristics of expressionism: abstraction; Deformation; Use of masks; The illusion of time and space; Pay attention to the acousto-optic effect; Symbolism and absurd techniques. Its theoretical program is "art is expression, not reproduction", and it is argued that literature should not reproduce objective reality, but should express people's subjective spirit and inner passion. It is meaningless to accurately describe the external form of things by expressing the essence of things through appearances. His poems are passionate, eloquent, vigorous, lyrical and exaggerated, and often concise. Dramas and novels often use abstract symbolism to express profound philosophies and themes.
4. The pioneer of expressionism is the Swedish writer Strindberg. His plays such as Ghost Sonata put ghosts on the stage, allowing the dead, ghosts, the dead and the living to appear at the same time.
Main writers and their works:
1, in the poem:
Austrian tracker and Warve (friends of the world and each other), Heim and Bain in Germany.
2. In drama:
O 'Neill in America: Emperor Jones (1920), in which the author integrates expressionist artistic techniques into his own creation, forming a unique model of O 'Neill's expressionist drama. Hairy Ape (192 1) is subtitled "Eight Comedies of Ancient and Modern Life". Hero: Jank
Strindberg, Sweden: Go to Damascus and Ghost Sonata.
3. In the novel:
Kafka in Austria: the representative of expressionist novels. Castle (19 15) and metamorphosis (19 15).
(3) Stream of consciousness novels:
1. Stream-of-consciousness novel is a novel that rose in the west in the early 20th century (1920s). It mainly shows the flow of people's consciousness and shows the trance and chaotic spiritual world. It is believed that literature should show the stream of consciousness of characters, especially the subconscious activities, and the stream of consciousness of people follows "psychological time" rather than physical time.
2. It is characterized by symbolic suggestion, inner monologue, free association and other creative methods of stream of consciousness, and formed a spectacular modernist literary school in Britain, the United States, France and other countries in the 1920s and 1930s.
3. Stream-of-consciousness novelists use different artistic techniques, but their artistic features are the same: "The writer quits the novel"; The plot was diluted; A lot of inner monologues and free associations; Time-space alternation and psychological time; Symbolic suggestion and contrast association; Innovation and change in language use.
4. The representative writers are Joyce of Ireland and Woolf of England, Proust of France and Fokker's sodium of America.
Explain in detail:
1, Inner Monologue: Stream-of-consciousness novels directly express thoughts and feelings, and express the original ecology of psychology, which is disorganized and logical. Writers quit novels, pay less attention to subjective intervention, and pay attention to the performance of character consciousness activities themselves.
2. Stay on an object for a while in a free association way. Any external stimulus can interrupt the previous thinking process and start new thinking.
3. Subjectivity and randomness are very strong, which often breaks the limitation of time and space and has great leap. They organize the process from the psychological structure, while most traditional novels unfold the plot in the passage of time and space.
4. In terms of content and theme, traditional novels are often omniscient, while in stream-of-consciousness novels, the writer's status declines, the reader's participation is strengthened, the typical characters are not portrayed, and the plot is diluted by the consciousness of the characters.
Representative writers and their works:
1, Joyce in Ireland: Dubliners, portraits of young artists.
2. Wolff in Britain: spots on the wall and going to the lighthouse.
3. Proust, France: "Memories of Time Past"
4. Faulkner in America: The main representative of "Southern Literature" created a unique "Yorknapatafa lineage".
The Sound and the Fury (1929) reflects the decline of Compson, a prominent family in the south. The novel creates a composite stream of consciousness method, which makes the use of stream of consciousness to explore the inner life of characters reach a new height. This paper focuses on Quentin's abnormal psychology and Bangui's unconscious activities of insanity. Characters (the eldest son Quentin, the second son Jason, the youngest son Bangui and daughter Katie)
(4) Surrealism:
1 and rose in France in the 1920s, which developed from Dadaism. 19 19 Dadaist poets: Brighton (founder), Aragon (* * * producer, socialist realistic works, anti-fascism) and Ai Lvya who published the first surrealist manifesto.
2. They believe that literature does not reproduce reality, but expresses "surrealism", that is, "absolute reality transformed from fantasy and reality", which is the unity of reality and non-reality. In order to describe surrealism in content, they oppose the thinking activities of logical reasoning, praise the subconscious and dreams, and even regard literature as the product of dreams, subconscious and even insanity. Emphasizing fantasy and despising reason has become an important symbol of his aesthetics. They advocate writing people's subconscious, dreams and coincidences, and put forward "automatic writing method" as a creative method to express the above contents.
2. Main writers and their works: Najia by Brighton, Parisian Country by Aragon, Ode to Peace by Ai Lvya, Drowning Man and Su Bo.
(5) Existentialist literature:
1 Existentialism originated in France in 1930s and reached its peak after World War II. It is the most powerful and popular literary trend of thought in modernist literature.
2. Existentialism literature is produced on the basis of existentialism philosophy, which promotes existentialism philosophy in the form of literature. Its characteristic is that reason is more than image; The core is "existence precedes essence", "the world is absurd" and "life is painful and can be freely chosen". Only through free choice can we find a way to survive.
3. "Absurdity" and "pain" are the basic themes of existential literature. The world is absurd and life is painful. On the one hand, it describes the absurdity of the capitalist world, on the other hand, it shows people's misfortune and destruction, as well as loneliness, disappointment and fear.
4. As far as art is concerned, firstly, existential literature contains philosophy in its image. Second, the use of expression techniques is eclectic, combining tradition with modernity.
5. Existentialist writers mainly include Sartre in France, Camus in France, Beauvoir and Mailer.
Main writers and their works:
1, Camus, France: outsider (1942), plague (1947, Dr. Leo).
2. French Sartre: Nausea (novel), The Road to Freedom (novel), The Wall (collection of short stories), come to a bad end (drama), Fly (drama), Confinement (drama, indicating that others are hell) and Courtesy Prostitute (drama).
3. Beauvoir, France: "Female Guest" and "Second Sex"
4. Mailer: "American Dream"
(6) Absurd drama:
1, Theatre of the Absurd is an anti-traditional drama school that rose in France in 1950s and then quickly became popular in other European and American countries.
2. The Absurd School was named after the Theatre of the Absurd written by Martin Esslin, a famous British drama theorist, in 1962.
3. The characteristics of absurd drama: absurd and abstract theme, absurd world and meaningless life; Fragmented stage image; The bizarre props function makes the intuitive artistic characteristics of drama play to the extreme. In content, it shows the irrationality of the world and the absurdity of life; In terms of artistic techniques, it broke the traditional dramatic structure, and highlighted the fundamental theme of the absurdity of the world as a whole with illogical plots, fragmented characters, mechanically repeated dramatic actions and boring language with a disjointed preface. There is no complete plot, no drama conflict, fragmented stage image and reversed character language. The world it represents is absurd, life is painful, and the relationship between people cannot be communicated.
4. France Yunescu is the founder of the Absurd Drama, and the performance of his one-act drama "The Bald Singing Girl" marks the birth of the Absurd Drama.
Main writers and their works:
1, British Pinter
2. Albee, USA
3. Beckett, France: Waiting for Godot
4. French adamov
5. Genoa, France
6. Uniscu, France: Bald singer (1949, Mr. and Mrs. Smith and Mr. Martin), chairman (1959) and rhinoceros (1958).
(7) New Novel School:
1, formed in France in 1950s, became one of the most important novel schools in France and the West after World War II. Also known as anti-fiction or rejection.
2. They think that the world is absurd, nihilistic and unreal, that traditional novels fool and deceive readers, and that novels mainly describe the times and the past with characters' personalities and emotions. Oppose the tendency of traditional novels, and advocate that writers copy the existence of the absurd world intact without giving it any meaning or emotional color. The new novel abandoned the plot and characters and pieced together scattered fragments. Replace people with things and create a pure writing style. Advocate readers to participate in the creation and reconstruct the characters and plots of the novel.
3. Representatives are Alain Robbe-Grillet, Michelle Bouthors, Natalie Sarot, claude simon and Duras.
Main writers and their works:
1, sallot: the first to write a new novel.
2. French Simon: The Father of the New Fiction School, The Wind (won Nobel Prize in Literature in 1985) and Flanders Highway.
3. Rob-Gerye, France: voyeur: won the "critic award" of France 1995, eraser (1953, DuPont, Granada, Varas, writing political murder).
(8) Black humor:
1, "black humor" is a modernist novel genre popular in the United States in the 1960s. Named after a collection of black humor compiled by American writer Friedman.
2. "Black humor" is a literary method to express the tragic content in the form of comedy. Black refers to the terrible and funny objective reality, and "humor" refers to the mocking attitude of a purposeful and willed personality towards this reality. When humor is added with black, it becomes a kind of humor that shows despair. Western critics call it "humor under the gallows."
3. The artistic features of black humor:
It is a kind of humor that can't laugh or cry. Its central content is a mixture of tragic content and comedy form, which shows the absurdity of the world, the alienation of society to people, the confusion after the rational principle is shattered, and the futility of self-struggle. In the face of all this, people cynically distance themselves from reality with a humorous attitude towards life, so as to safeguard the dignity of the victims, which is called "black humor".
"Anti-hero" characters: The spiritual world of characters tends to split and become an "anti-hero" with double colors of tragedy and comedy. Their absurd words and deeds allude to social reality and express the author's views on social problems.
The narrative structure method of "anti-fiction": express the confusing plot through hints, comparisons and symbols. Breaking the rational time sequence, speeding up the rhythm jump, the plot lacks logical connection, often mixing narrative real life with fantasy memories, and mixing serious philosophy with gag. The brushwork is full of irony, and language often breaks the general grammatical rules and inherent collocation habits.
This is moral.
Heller, an American writer, is regarded as a banner of "black humor". There are vonnegut, Pynchon, Bath, donald barthelme and French Vian.
Main writers and their works:
1, American Heller: catch-22.
2. vonnegut: representative works Slaughterhouse No.5 and Cradle of Cats (1963, Bockonon, mccabe).
3. Pynchon: Gravitational Rainbow
(9) magic realism:
1. Magic realism refers to a genre in Latin American novel creation in the mid-20th century. Originated in 1930s and 1940s, it became the mainstream of Latin American novel creation after 1960s. Its rise is called "the explosion of Latin American literature". The representatives are asturias of Guatemala, Carpentier of Cuba, Ruerfer of Mexico and Marquez of Colombia.
2. Magic realism is a creative method to express the reality of life through the illusion created by "magic". Magic is the way, and expressing the reality of life is the purpose. Hiding reality with magical things shows readers a world in which subjective time and objective time are mixed and the space of subjective and objective things loses its boundaries. In art, a large number of supernatural factors are introduced into realistic description. Miracles, hallucinations, dreams and even ghost images appear in the plot of the novel, and the time sequence relationship is often disrupted. The narrative is full of leaps and bounds, and sometimes the scene is symbolic, showing distinct hell and national characteristics. It is a successful example of the combination of "transplantation" and "root seeking". It is not only a profound exploration of reality, but also a serious reflection on history; It not only seeks the roots of mainland traditional culture, but also widely absorbs European and American modernism. The first person to use the term "magic realism" in Latin America was Venezuelan writer Petrie.
3. The symbol of real maturity is Pedro Paramo, a novella by Mexican writer Rulfo.
4. In 1960s, magical realism in Latin American novel creation became an upsurge, which was marked by Marquez's novel One Hundred Years of Solitude.
Main writers and their works:
1, Rulfo: Pedro Paramo (1955).
(10) Futurism:
1 is a literary trend of thought and school in the modern west, which rose in Italy at the beginning of the 20th century. Its founder, Italian marinetti 1909, published the Manifesto of Futurism in French le figaro, and the Manifesto of Futurism Literature in the following year, which further publicized his thoughts. It is believed that the rapid development of the 20th century has fundamentally changed the world, and machines and technology, speed and competition have become the main features of the times. Futurism should have a sense of modernity, praise enterprising sports and machine civilization, and praise the beauty and strength of speed. He thinks that the previous culture is decadent and can't adapt to today's times, and puts forward to abandon all cultural heritage and be dissatisfied with the existing order.
2. Literary theme theory: mobilize all artistic means, concentrate on expressing things and people in motion, and praise the sense of movement, strength and three-dimensional sense dynamically.
3. Art form: Futurists advocate completely abandoning traditional techniques.
Main writers and their works:
1, Mayakovski's long poem: clouds in pants.
2. Apollinaire, France: the first "ladder" poetry form.
(1 1) Dadaism:
1, a school of modern western literature. 19 15 A small art group, headed by the French poet Stern submachine gun Zara from Romania, was born in Switzerland during the First World War. It was named after the word "Dada" in a cafe in Zurich, which means it is purely accidental, meaningless and useless.
2. The extreme rebellious psychology towards cultural traditions, real life and artistic laws reflects the depressed psychology of some young people in Europe during World War I and the state of finding a way out.
2. Representative writers: Bretton and Su Bo.
(12) "The Beat Generation":
It is a popular literary genre in the United States after World War II. Screenwriters are mostly young men and women, and their personalities are bold and unrestrained. It is famous for being unruly. They used homosexuality, jazz, drugs and alcoholism to escape from reality, challenged decent society and traditional American values, and put forward the conclusion that "indulgence is liberation" and indulgence is legal. They express their dissatisfaction with decent society with eccentric inward self-exploration and so-called "exquisite" attitude of downward sinking, and carry out pathological resistance to society.
Main writers and their works:
1, Jack Kerouac: small towns and metropolises
2. Ginsberg: Howl