What we usually write fluently in vernacular Chinese is generally called new poetry, which is modern poetry. There are also ancient poems rich in ancient meanings, but they are not written according to the rules, which are generally called ancient styles. Ancient style generally has no strict requirements for composition and rhyme.
Rhyme usually refers to seven laws, five laws and so on. And there are four, five and seven quatrains.
Basic knowledge of prosodic poetry:
(1) rhyme
Rhyme is also divided into five words and seven words, each word is limited to eight sentences, and more than eight sentences are called "excluded rhythm" or "long rhyme" Rhyme, like quatrains, appeared in the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, but the meter was incomplete. It was not until the period of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty that the seven laws were formed.
Rhyme is usually rhymed in a flat tone. The first sentence, the second sentence, the fourth sentence, the sixth sentence and the last sentence all rhyme. The first sentence can rhyme or not; If you don't use rhyme, the last word of a sentence is usually ambiguous. Like quatrains, the even arrangement between metrical poems requires that the beat be even and staggered in one sentence; The first and second sentences, the third and fourth sentences, the fifth and sixth sentences, and the seventh and eighth sentences are evenly matched; Between the third sentence and the second sentence, between the fifth sentence and the fourth sentence, and between the seventh sentence and the sixth sentence, it is flat and flat.
Rhyme must also talk about antithesis, and every two sentences are called couplet: the first two sentences are called first couplet or opening couplet, the third and fourth sentences are called parallel couplet, the fifth and sixth sentences are called neck couplet (also called abdominal couplet), and the seventh and eighth sentences are called tail couplet. Among them, antithesis must be used in couplets and necklaces, that is, the phrase structure and part of speech in the two sentences should be the same, paired with each other, and opposite to each other like the ancient guard of honor. The couplets and necklaces of regular poems are two couplets.
For example, Wei Zhuang, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, wrote two sentences in the middle of the seven laws, "boating in Nanxi on a snowy night":
┌ There is a strong wind blowing in Yushu on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
The couplets are straightforward.
└ A pool of bright moon bathed in the silver beach.
(Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping VIII
┌ I met a fisherman because I sought a field trip.
The neck joints are flat and even.
Gengwanshang restaurant
Let's leave now. Let's leave now.
Among them, the phrase structure of the antithesis sentence is that the two sides of the strait and the strong wind blow the Yushu, and the phrase structure of the antithesis sentence is that the beach, the bright moon and the silver sand are all three phrases composed of two words, two words and three words, which are very neat. Let's look at its part of speech: "two banks" is a phrase composed of the numeral "two" and the sentence "shore", and "one beach" in the next sentence is also composed of the numeral "one" and the noun "beach". "Yan Feng" and "Yue Ming" are phrases composed of adjectives that modify nouns. The verb-object structure of "blowing Yushu" and "basking in silver sand" is also composed of words of the same part of speech.
There are 40 words in five-character poems and 56 words in seven-character poems, and there are basically no duplicate words. This is the general rule of metrical poetry, but the overlapping words such as "leaves fall like waterfall foam, but I think the long river always rolls forward" in Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain, and the contemporary absolutization such as "the pool of light is uncertain and the sun is dry at the beginning" in Li Shangyin's "Sentence is right" still conforms to the rhythm.
What I said above is the basic knowledge of learning to write poetry. Of course, if you just write for fun, you don't have to be so serious! But from my personal study habits, I am a serious person, especially about study: I hope I can know what I have learned and why. First of all, we must clarify its requirements. As for whether it can be done, it takes time, depending on our own time and interest.
In classical poetry, there are ways to write poems, as well as regular poems and ancient poems (also known as ancient styles). The specific requirements are:
(2) Exclusion method
Exclusion is a rhythmic poem with more and more sentences. Generally, there are only eight paragraphs, but the arrangement is not limited by the number of sentences. You can start with ten paragraphs or go to one or two hundred paragraphs. For example, Du Fu's Huai Huai uses 100 rhyme (200 sentences).
The arrangement of rules is the same as that of general metrical poems, with five or seven words in each sentence, and the upper and lower sentences are combined. Except the first couplet and the last couplet, no matter how many sentences there are in the middle, every couplet is dual, just like rhyme couplet and neck couplet. Other advanced metrical forms, such as rhyming, leveling and sticking, are also similar to metrical poems.
(3) Classical poetry (also known as the old saying)
After the form of metrical poetry was established in the early Tang Dynasty, later poets still did not give up the use of classical poetry while creating metrical poetry. They inherited the realistic writing methods in various periods since the appearance of The Book of Songs, which not only made them more proficient in writing skills, but also reflected the social life at that time more widely than in the past. For example, Li Bai's Difficult to Go to the Sky, Du Fu's Farewell to the Old and Welcome to the New, Gao Shi's Yan Ge Xing, Cen Can's The Journey to the West, Bai Juyi's Charcoal Man, Han Yu's Rock Breaking, Li He's Dream of Red Mansions, etc.
The form of classical poetry is extremely free. Except rhyme, all the metrical rules that modern poetry needs to abide by are unconstrained in classical poetry. It can be seen from the ancient poems of the Tang Dynasty that the skills of using legal sentences were becoming more and more mature at that time. Therefore, ancient poetry has been written in a flat and scattered way, and sometimes antithetical sentences are used, which is different from ancient poetry before the appearance of modern poetry.
Usually what people don't want to write according to the rules is called archaism, but archaism also rhymes.
Basic requirements of prosodic poetry:
First, temperament requirements
That is, the most important requirement for metrical poetry, the main requirements:
1, the sentence is even (refers to the word unit in the sentence);
2. Even and flat sentences in couplets are relative (especially the second, fourth and sixth words can't be wrong), otherwise they are called wrong, which is the taboo of metrical poetry;
3. Adjacent sentences in couplets are the same (especially the second, fourth and sixth words can't be wrong), otherwise it is called pasting, which is also not allowed in metrical poems; Rhyme also has special requirements for flat tones, mainly as follows:
First, there is a law of "sticking to the right" in the leveling of regular poems. "Right" means opposition, which has been mentioned above and will not be repeated here. "Sticky" means flat and sticky; The fluency of the second word of the subsequent sentence should be consistent with that of the previous sentence. Specifically, the third sentence should adhere to the second sentence, the fifth sentence to the fourth sentence, and the seventh sentence to the sixth sentence. The five-law flat format and seven-law flat format mentioned above all conform to this law. Look at Chairman Mao's Long March. "The Red Army is not afraid of the expedition, and Qianshan is just idle. Wuling winds through the waves, and Wumeng walks away with mud balls. Jinsha River is warm in the clouds and cliffs, and Dadu Bridge is cold with the cross rail. I like the snow in the mountains, and I will open my eyes after the three armies. " The word "water" in the second sentence is not pronounced, and the word "ridge" in the third sentence is not pronounced; The word "Meng" in the fourth sentence is flat, and the word "Sha" in the fifth sentence is also flat; The word "Du" in the sixth sentence is not pronounced, nor is the word "Xi" in the seventh sentence pronounced. It can be seen that the rules of "posting" are very strict. The function of matching is to diversify the timbre. If it is not "right", the level of the upper and lower sentences will be the same; If you don't "paste", the horizontal lines of the front and back couplets will be almost the same. Understanding and adhering to the correct principles can help us recite Pingping's lyrics (that is, the format). As long as you know the level of the first sentence, you can recite the level of the whole article. Understanding and adhering to the correct principles can help us understand the level of long law. No matter how long the law is, it is only in accordance with the rules of sticking to the hierarchy. Violation of adhesion rules is called loss of adhesion; Violation of the correct rules is called mismatch.
Second, the taboo of "loneliness" in metrical poems. Loneliness is the taboo of metrical poetry, so the poet should pay attention to avoiding loneliness when writing metrical poetry. In the five-character "Pingou" sentence pattern, the first word must be flat; If you use the word "slander", you are alone. Because in addition to rhyme, there is only one flat word left. Seven characters are the expansion of five characters, so in the sentence pattern of "occasionally flat, occasionally flat", if the third word is even, it is also called loneliness. If the first word of five words and the third word of seven words must be ambiguous, then remedial measures must be taken (see below).
Third, the "difficult to survive" in metrical poems. Every flat and irregular sentence is called an embarrassing sentence. Use the word "embarrassed" in front and "save" in the back. The so-called "salvation" means compensation. Generally speaking, the flat sound is used in the front where it should be used, and the flat sound must be compensated (or often compensated) in the back. The specific ways of "rescue" are extremely complicated, and we don't need to know them one by one.
4, clean feet, don't step on the feet (refers to the white feet and rhyme feet are the same)
For detailed leveling requirements, please refer to the post of Staring at the Tide.
Second, the antithesis requirements
The first couplet and the last couplet can be right or wrong, and the middle couplet must be right and must be right.
Refers to the same number of words, the same word order, the same part of speech, the same meaning or relative in the corresponding place.
Confrontation must be combined with leveling, preferably leveling.
Third, rhyme requirements.
1, even the sentences must rhyme.
2. The first sentence can be pledged or not. Generally, the first sentence of the first couplet does not rhyme, and the first sentence of the first couplet does not rhyme. The first sentence doesn't rhyme, with more than five words and less than seven words.
Generally speaking, the level of phonology is the most.
4. rhyme to the end
5. clean feet
6. Don't rhyme with the same word repeatedly, and don't rhyme with homophones continuously.
7. No rhyme refers to the rhyme on the white feet that should not rhyme, even if the levels are different.
8. Try to avoid rhyming (words with the same vowels are used in inappropriate places)
Fourth, the requirements of composition.
In the structure of a poem, metrical poetry should be "a link between the past and the present".
Make sentences in pairs, connect in pairs, transfer in pairs, connect in pairs, and merge in pairs.
Classical poetry:
Speaking of classical poetry, we must first solve a problem, that is, what is classical poetry. In my opinion, the so-called classical poetry of China refers to one of the most subtle and concise styles of expressing thoughts and feelings peculiar to China language.
This definition includes three aspects.
First of all, it is a style of expressing thoughts and feelings. As we all know, generally speaking, there are four literary genres: poetry, prose, novel and drama. Poetry is one of them. Then, since it is one of the styles, it must have the characteristics of the general style, that is, pay attention to the layout of the article. In poetry creation, we call it composition. In the layout of the essay, waves, clues, veins, etc. What poetry should have, like other styles, is the key to handling it well.
Second, it is a rhythmic style. This makes poetry suddenly different from other literary forms. So in my opinion, if it doesn't rhyme or rhymes incorrectly, it can't be classified as poetry. Of course, in the early days of poetry, some unformed words, modern new poetry (especially some things being explored) and works translated from foreign words cannot be compared because of fundamental cultural differences, so there is no need to argue or discuss them. Based on this, if we want to embody the beauty of music and festivals in poetry, we must pay attention to meter. Therefore, meter is the life of China's classical poetry.
Third, it is the most subtle and concise. Poetry and prose are both styles of direct calligraphy emotion. But poetry is the most concise and implicit. This distinguishes prose (including essays). Implicit and concise, is to be achieved through language. Therefore, the skills of expression and the vividness and accuracy of words are one of the basic skills we need to master.
The creation of rhythmic poems
The so-called composition is the way a poem seeks the layout of an article.
There are * * * eight sentences in the rhyme, and two sentences are couplets. According to the position of each couplet, it is commonly known as the first couplet (the first two sentences of the poem), the parallel couplet (the third and fourth sentences), the neck couplet (the fifth and sixth sentences) and the tail couplet (the seventh and eighth sentences). In addition to the normal rules and posting requirements, the middle two pairs of couplets are required to be checked. Sometimes because the first couplet has been antithetical, the couplet can be wrong, which is called stealing spring style. But the neckline must be suitable.
Rhyme pays attention to the transition from inheritance to integration. This is true of regular poems, and so is quatrains. Generally speaking, the four tasks of transition are divided into four parts. Therefore, the first couplet can also be called the first couplet, and the parallel couplet is called the continuation couplet. The neck couplet is the turning couplet and the tail couplet is the ending couplet.