Battle of Constantinople: * * hit Christ hard.

One: The Empire first met the Ottoman Ottoman Turkish Empire (1299-1922), which is generally called the Ottoman Empire. It is a multi-ethnic empire established by Turks (Turks first moved to Central Asia, then moved to Asia Minor, originally a small Turkic tribe), named after the founder Osman I, and its influence spanned Asia, Europe and Africa during the heyday of Ottoman national strength. The territory it controls extends to the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the east, the Strait of Gibraltar in the west, Sudan and Yemen in the south and Austria and Slovenia in the north, covering most of the territories in the Balkans, the Middle East and North Africa, with a vast territory. The Ottoman Empire, located at the intersection of eastern and western civilizations, has been controlling the core network of land transportation and trade between the east and the west for six centuries. In the outward expansion of the empire, it directly promoted the third spread of * * * religion in the world, and it was the world leader of * * * in15 ~19th century. After the Ottoman Empire destroyed the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire), Constantinople became the new capital. /kloc-in the 6th century, Suleiman I came to power, and its national strength became stronger and stronger, and its territorial scope reached its peak in the 7th century. The Ottoman Empire was the only * * * power that could challenge European countries from 15 to 19, but it flourished and declined. From the19th century, its national strength tended to decline, and it was split by the Allies in the First World War. 1922, Kemal led the uprising, repelled European forces, established the Republic of Turkey, and the Ottoman Empire was declared dead. Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire (another translation: Byzantine Empire) (395-1453), that is, the Eastern Roman Empire (17th century, Western European historians introduced the title of "Byzantine Empire" to distinguish the ancient Roman Empire from the medieval holy Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire * * * experienced 12 dynasties and 93 emperors, which was the longest-lasting monarchy in European history. Theodosius I (346 -395), the emperor of the Roman Empire, divided the empire into two parts before his death, so that his two sons could each inherit one part, and the eastern part was the Eastern Roman Empire. The territory of the early Byzantine Empire mainly included the Balkans, Syria, Egypt, etc., plus a part of the Caucasus. After continuous expansion, during the period of Emperor Justinian, western North Africa, Italy and southeastern Spain were all included in the imperial territory. In 554, after defeating the Frankish kingdom, the Byzantine Empire reached its peak. Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) is the capital of the Byzantine Empire. 1453 On May 29th, Sultan II of the Ottoman Empire led an army to capture Constantinople, and the Byzantine Empire, which lasted for more than one thousand years, was declared dead. 2. Overview Scan Constantinople, built on the promontory surrounded by the "Marathi-Bosporus Strait", the whole city is built according to the terrain and presents a triangle as a whole. The Golden Horn Bay (also known as Chalik Bay) is about 7 kilometers long in the north, Marmarahi in the south and Bosphorus in the east. The Golden Horn Bay in the north of the city, for Constantinople, has almost no defensive pressure from the perspective of military preparedness. In addition, there are strong fortifications in the coastal areas, the entrance of Jinjiaowan is blocked by chains, and the land in the west has two thick walls and a trench outside the city. In a word, from the point of view of defense, Constantinople is in a dangerous position, with complete fortifications and easy to defend but difficult to attack. The Battle of Constantinople in A.D. 1453 was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, and it was also a key battle for the Ottoman Empire to perish the Byzantine Empire. In addition, as far as the battle itself is concerned, the Battle of Constantinople is a typical castle offensive and defensive battle that can be recorded in the history of war, and it is also a very powerful battle in the history of world war. 3. Battle development process 3. 1 Initial storm strategy To1At the beginning of the 5th century, the Byzantine Empire was once strong and the empire was declining. At this time, the only territory actually controlled was Constantinople and several nearby cities, plus the isolated Peloponnesian region (the connection with the empire was cut off by the Ottoman Empire). From 65438 to 0452, with the surrounding areas successively captured by Ottoman troops, Constantinople was actually an isolated city, facing the possibility of being besieged at all times. At the beginning of 1453, Sultan II of the Ottoman Empire (145 1 ascended the throne) led more than 70,000 infantry, more than 20,000 cavalry and 320 warships, and adopted the strategy of encircling Constantinople by land and sea in an attempt to quickly seize and occupy Constantinople and completely destroy it. On April 2nd, 1453, * * * II's army camped outside the city. He planned to attack the Western Wall of Diodo, a complex defense system composed of walls and trenches, and the only western area of Constantinople without water defense projects. On April 6, the Ottoman army stormed Constantinople from the west, using cannons, siege hammers and catapults to storm the city walls. At the same time, measures such as filling fortifications and trenches, erecting ladders, and digging tunnels under the city walls were also used. Although the Ottoman army launched an all-round attack, the siege process was not as smooth as expected by * * * II, but it was fruitless for a long time. Because it takes a lot of time for the cannon to load ammunition, the Byzantine defenders can repair most of the damage after each shelling, so although the cannon attacked the city wall for several weeks, it still failed to blow out the gap. At the same time, the fleet of * * * II was blocked by the Hengjiang chain set by Byzantium, so it was impossible to enter the Golden Horn Bay. Therefore, the strategy of attacking Constantinople from the sea could not be implemented, which not only reduced the overall defense pressure of the Byzantine Empire, but also increased the Ottoman Empire. Coupled with repeated setbacks in tunnel tactics, it cannot play its due role. Byzantine engineers designed and dug some tunnels to let the defenders enter the tunnels to destroy the enemy; During this period, an engineer of the Ottoman Empire was captured and tortured, and he gave up all directions of his tunnel. Soon, these tunnels were destroyed These problems exist largely because * * * II overestimated the siege efficiency of his own army and underestimated the resistance will of the Byzantine Empire. Even though Constantinople is an isolated city without friendly support from foreign countries, Emperor Constantinople ·Xi· Pale Augustus (translated by Pariolleau Gus) led the soldiers and civilians in Constantinople to fight bravely and fought bloody battles against the enemy, which not only directly crushed the westward offensive of the Ottoman army on the land battlefield, but also successfully broke through the blockade of the strait by the Ottoman army. 3.2 The storm was frustrated, the strategic change was frustrated, and the army suffered heavy casualties. * * * II decided to change his strategy and stop blindly storming. In order to bypass the defensive chain at the entrance of Golden Horn Bay, first of all, he bribed Genoese businessmen to enter Golden Horn Bay through Galatia (controlled by Genoa) in order to implement the land and water attack strategy. Then 50,000 troops were mobilized to lay a log taxiway with a length of 1.5 km between Bosphorus Strait and Jinjiaowan. Eighty light sailboats were towed to the shore of the Strait overnight, climbed over the hill, and then slid into Jinjiaowan from the slope. At the same time, a pontoon bridge was set up at the narrowest part of Jinjiaowan, and artillery was placed on the bridge. On May 29, everything was ready, and the Ottoman army once again launched a general attack on Constantinople from land and sea. In the direction of Golden Horn Bay, use artillery to destroy fortifications and bombard defensive ships; In the land direction, the general attack is divided into three waves, and the weak enemy consumption strategy is adopted. The first wave of attack was carried out by auxiliary forces with poor training and equipment. Although they failed, they also achieved their strategic goal, because their role was to consume and weaken the garrison. The second wave of offensive, mainly launched by Anatolians, concentrated on a section of the wall of Belaknai in the northwest, which was severely damaged in the previous shelling. The third wave of offensive, carried out by tens of thousands of elite new troops led by * * * II, attacked from the west. In the initial stage, the defenders were able to use their fortifications for lasting resistance. However, with the advance of the war, Genoa, the general in charge of the defensive task, was seriously injured in the battle and left the position of the city wall, which eventually caused panic and confusion of the defenders and led to the collapse of the psychological defense line of the defenders, which eventually led to the collapse of the defense line of the position. Finally, * * * II led the army to attack the castle from many places. In the face of the enemy troops flooding into the castle, the Byzantine emperor Constantine ·Xi· Pale Augustus refused to surrender, took off the purple imperial robe symbolizing imperial power, and led the defenders to make a final defense, fighting bloody battles and defending the castle to the death. However, in the end, due to being outnumbered, Emperor Constantine ·Xi· Pale Augustus and his men died in street fighting, and the castle was finally captured, thus ending the Byzantine Empire that lasted for thousands of years. Four: After capturing the castle, 4. 1 Plunder Constantinople with all one's strength. Later, * * * II followed the military habits of all parties at that time and allowed his men to openly and violently plunder in the city. At the same time, Austrian soldiers divided the people into different grades according to the slave market price, and some old people and babies with no auction value were killed on the spot. He promised his army that they could plunder the city for three days after it was broken. He also threatened Constantine ·Xi· Pale Augustus that if he resisted, the civilians in the city would face violence and plunder after the city was broken. 4.2 Calm comes first. Although * * * II kept his promise and allowed the army to plunder within a limited time, he immediately changed his mind after seeing the destruction of important buildings in the city, because he didn't want to accept a completely destroyed city, especially those with historical value. As a result, the time-limited looting permit was abolished after 24 hours to prevent the continuation of those destructive acts and avoid greater and more serious damage. Unfortunately, even in the past 24 hours, a large number of residents in this city have been plundered, robbed or enslaved. 4.3 After the Ottoman army surrendered to the castle, many prominent residents in many small towns in Constantinople expressed their willingness to surrender to * * * II. According to the tradition of * * *, this is voluntary submission and sincerity, so the residents and churches in these villages and towns are not only protected by the Ottoman army, but also enjoy the exclusive protection of the elite new army of * * * II. 4.4 After the overall situation of the new imperial capital was calm, * * * II entered the city, held a parade ceremony and enjoyed the flowers presented by local residents. At the same time, Constantinople became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire, and St. Sofia Cathedral was changed to a * * * * temple. In the eyes of * * * II himself, he is the heir of the Roman emperor and pretends to be Caesar of Rome, but in the eyes of others, he is more like a conqueror. 5. Reasons for the Battle of Constantinople 5. 1 Political Needs * * After he ascended the throne, in order to show his prestige, military and political ability, he sent troops to annex the emirate of Galemans and extended the peace agreements with Venice and Hungary, which made the aristocratic class of the Ottoman Empire show a certain degree of conviction. However, his strategic goal is Constantinople. Constantinople is the legendary imperial city. Conquering it can build a high personal prestige and become a hero of * * *. Even Christians will regard it as a powerful emperor. Therefore, for * * * II, the capture of Constantinople can not only consolidate the ruling power, but also suppress the nobles and officers who made resistance when they ascended the throne. 5.2 Religion needs Christians to rule Constantinople for a long time. Constantinople can be used as a frontier base to split the Ottoman Empire, and it can also be used as a symbol for Western Christians to show their military strength. The capture of Constantinople can not only eliminate these threats, but also spread the religion of * * * to the west based on Constantinople and expand its influence. 5.3 Economic Benefits Constantinople, located in the land hub of East-West trade, is in an extremely advantageous position. If we acquire Constantinople, we can control the land throat of East-West trade, which means huge economic benefits. 5.4 Military Security Constantinople has a superior geographical position, easy to defend but difficult to attack, and outstanding military security value. As the capital, it is an excellent choice in terms of security. 6. Historical influence of the Battle of Constantinople 6. 1 European confession. The Byzantine Empire has perished, and Europe is deeply repenting. After the demise of the Western Roman Empire, Byzantium protected and continued the western cultural heritage, made the Mediterranean brilliant and promoted the development of the western economy. Most importantly, Byzantium, with its superior geographical position, acted as the guardian of the European continent, allowing Europeans to develop with peace of mind. With the demise of the Byzantine Empire and the collapse of the firewall, how should they face the gloomy future? 6.2 Disaster in Europe The fall of Constantinople was a catastrophe in the eyes of Europeans at that time. First of all, religion can firmly control the bridgehead to the European continent. Secondly, it was the * * * religion that completely defeated Christianity, and the Christian faith suffered heavy losses. The glory of the Crusaders once became a historical bubble. For the Orthodox Church, the demise of the Byzantine Empire led to its direct loss of the status of survival and development, and from then on it could only take root in a remote place, which was particularly tragic. Thirdly, the prosperity of the Mediterranean no longer exists, and the glory of the past belongs only to history. 6.3 Positivist scholars generally believe that the fall of Constantinople marks the end of the old medieval era and represents the end of the old religious order in Europe. Secondly, many Greeks fled to western Europe to take refuge, bringing knowledge and books of Greek and Roman traditional culture to the local area, thus promoting the Renaissance. Thirdly, the battle of Constantinople directly promoted the widespread use of artillery and gunpowder. Finally, the fall of Constantinople led to the interruption of the main land trade routes connecting East and West, and Europeans had to consider the possibility of going to Asia by sea, which finally indirectly contributed to the discovery of the new continent by Europeans. In any case, in the next two hundred years, the Ottoman Empire haunted the hearts of Europeans like a nightmare, and helplessness became the heart disease of Europeans: 15 14 years, the Ottoman Empire conquered Persia, Syria and Egypt; 1526, the Ottoman Empire perished the Kingdom of Hungary.