1. Main works
In his creative activities in the past 70 years, Tagore wrote more than 50 poems, 12 novellas, 100 short stories, more than 20 plays, a large number of works in literature, philosophy and politics, and also created more than 1500 paintings and more than 2,000 songs, including 65,438.
/kloc-after 0/3 years old, Tagore published long poems such as Wild Flowers and Poet's Tales. From 188 1 ~ 1885, lyric poetry collections such as Sunset Song, Morning Song, Painting and Song, as well as dramas and novels were published. Drama and novels are mainly epics and past books, and poetry is full of romanticism. 1886, the publication of the poetry collection "Rigid and Soft" marked that he entered a period of facing life and real life directly on his creative road. Yearning in the Heart is his first mature work, and his unique style has begun to take shape. During this period, he also wrote the plays "King and Queen" and "Sacrifice", opposing the restoration of the privileges and backward customs of Brahman priests. The 65438+1990s was the heyday of Tagore's creation. Starting from 189 1, satana, edited by him, published more than 60 short stories, including Moya Moya, which mainly opposed feudal oppression and exposed unreasonable phenomena in real life. Five lyric poems, short philosophical poems 1, poetry anthology 1 and story poetry anthology 1 were published. The narrative poem "Two Mu of Land" in Colorful Collection is the highest embodiment of the author's democratic thought. Starting with Examples, he began to write poems in Bengali dialect. Most of the poems in his second English-translated collection of poems, The Gardener Collection, are selected from the works of this period.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Tagore suffered personal misfortune, and the grief and sadness of losing his wife, daughter and father were recorded in the poetry collections Memories, Children and Ferry. He also wrote two novels, Little Sand and Shipwreck. 19 10, the novel "Gora" was published, which reflected the complex phenomenon in Indian social life and shaped the image of a soldier who fought for national freedom and liberation. Praise the patriotic enthusiasm of new Hindus and their confidence in the freedom of the motherland, but also criticize their thoughts of maintaining the old tradition; The dogmatism and worship of foreign things and flattery of some people in Vatican society have also been whipped. During this period, he also created symbolic dramas "The King" and "Post Office" and satirical drama "Stubborn Fortress". 19 10, the Bengali poetry collection "Chittaglia" was published. Later, when Tagore lived in London, he translated some poems from "Chittaglia", "Ferry" and "Dedication" into English. In 19 13, the English version of "Chittaglia" was published, and Tagore became. He entered another creative climax, and published poems such as Garland of Songs, Ode, White Crane, Escape, novella Four People and Family and the World. In the 1920s, Tagore continued to write, publishing dramas such as Mokdotara and Red Oleander, novels such as Controversy, The Last Poetry and some poems. In 1930s, he published the novels Two Sisters, Garden and Four Chapters. Drama "Wheels of the Times" and "Kingdom of Cards"; Poetry "Once again", "Marginal Collection" and political lyric poem "Buddha's Ritual". 194 1 In April, he wrote his last words, the famous Crisis of Civilization, accusing the British colonial rule and expressing his firm belief in national independence.
2. Ideological development and artistic achievements
Tagore was born in an era of rapid change and was influenced by traditional Indian philosophy and western philosophy. But the most basic and core part of his world outlook is the traditional pantheism in India, that is, "the unity of Brahma and Me". In Colorful Collection, he first put forward the concept of "God of Life". His devotion to God is combined with his love for life, country and people. But it also casts a strong mysticism on his poems. In addition, he advocated the spiritual civilization of the East, but did not obliterate the material civilization of the West. All these make his thoughts full of contradictions, which are manifested in his creation. Throughout Tagore's life thought and creative development, it can be roughly divided into three stages: ① From childhood to around 19 10, he actively participated in anti-British political activities, praised national heroes, preached patriotism and advocated great national unity in India. ② He lived in seclusion to 19 19 and actively participated in the national movement again. His patriotic enthusiasm faded slightly, and his poems with strong political content were replaced by poems with mysterious meanings. These poems were also influenced by western symbolism and aestheticism and advocated love and harmony. ③ From the Amritsar tragedy in 19 19 until his death, he began to care about politics and actively participated in the national liberation struggle. His works are full of political passion, broad vision and great concern for the world and mankind. It can be said that Tagore's life's creation has both "Bodhisattva's compassion" and "King Kong's glare". Influenced by Indian classical literature, western poetry and Bangladeshi folk lyrics, most of his poems are rhymed and unabridged free poems and prose poems. Influenced by western novels, his novels are innovative, especially the combination of poetry and painting to form a unique style.
Robin Delanat? Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) is a Bengali poet, writer, artist and social activist in India. Born in Calcutta, a family with profound cultural upbringing, his father was a famous religious reformer and social activist, and his six brothers were also committed to social reform and Renaissance. Tagore hated formal school education since he was a child, and his youth was spent by family education and hard self-study. 1878 went to England to study law, and then transferred to London University to study English literature and western music.
Tagore showed his talent in his childhood. He was only 14 years old when his patriotic poem "Temple Fair of Hindus" (1875) was published. 1880, Tagore became a professional writer at the age of 19. From 188 1 to 1885, he published a collection of lyric poems, including Song of the Sunset (1882) and Morning Song (1883), as well as plays and novels. These early injuries are characterized by more dreams than reality and full of romanticism.
The 1990s was the heyday of Tagore's creation, and Yearning in the Heart (1890) was his first mature work. The publication of the famous poem Two Mu of Land (1894) marked Tagore's transformation from religious mysticism to profound humanitarianism. The poems of this period include Golden Sailboat (1894), Colorful Collection (1896), The Fifth Collection of Lyrics and A Collection of Stories (1900). In addition, he has written more than 60 short stories, including Suba (1893), Moye (1892) and To be or not to be? "(1892) has been included in the world's outstanding short stories.
190 1 year, Tagore founded a school to transform society and engaged in children's education experiments. 19 12, this school has become an international university for cultural exchange in Asia. Due to the British separatist policy in Bangladesh, India set off the first climax of the national liberation movement in 1905. Tagore took an active part in this movement and wrote many patriotic poems. This period is the most brilliant period of his creation. He published eight poems in Bengali and eight poems in English, among which "Gitanjali" won the world reputation for the poet. Important poetry collections in this period include Gardeners Collection (19 13), Crescent Moon Collection (19 15) and Birds Collection (19 16). 19 10, Tagore published the epic novel Gora and the symbolic drama The King.
19 19, India launched the second national liberation movement. In order to seek the road of national liberation, he traveled all over five continents and delivered many famous speeches. The outstanding achievements in this period are political lyric poems, which are collected in Africa Collection (1937), Marginal Collection (1938), Birthday Collection (194 1) and other works.
Tagore wrote more than 50 poems, 65,438+02 novels, 65,438+000 short stories, more than 20 plays, and a large number of literary, philosophical and political works, travel notes and books. In addition, he is a musician and painter with profound attainments. He composed more than 2000 songs and 1500 frames of paintings, among which the song "The Will of the People" was designated as the national anthem of India.
In his artistic career of more than 60 years, he inherited the excellent traditions of classicism and folk literature, absorbed the rich nutrition of European romanticism and realism literature, achieved perfection in his creation, made brilliant achievements, and became a generation of cultural giants. 19 13, "because his poems are sensitive, fresh and beautiful; This poem was written with superb skills and expressed in English by himself, which made his poetic thoughts a part of western literature and won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The British government conferred a title on him.
194 1 April, this prodigy, the founder of modern Indian literature, wrote his last words, the crisis of civilization. On August 7th of the same year, Tagore died in his ancestral home in Kolkata.
magnum opus
Poetry Collection: Poems of Twilight, Morning Song, Yearning in My Heart, Two Mu of Land, Golden Sailboat, Colorful Collection, Poems of Stories, Suba, Moya, To be or not to be? "and so on.
India in the early 20th century was a British colony. Political oppression and economic exploitation plunged the people of this ancient country into poverty and ignorance. In order to wake up the sleeping giant, two great men came into being. One is Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the national liberation movement, and the other is Robin Delanat, the greatest cultural giant in modern Indian history? Tagore (1861-1941). Tagore is versatile and talented. He is not only a master of literature and art, a knowledgeable philosopher, an outstanding social activist, but also an educator who is determined to innovate. His life's contribution not only has epoch-making significance in Indian history, but also has great influence in the world. Tagore has exerted a wide and far-reaching influence on all aspects of Indian culture. The most outstanding performance of his genius is probably his amazing creative quantity. /kloc-started writing poetry at the age of 0/2. In his writing career of more than 60 years, he has created a large number of works, including thousands of poems and 1200 lyrics, and composed music for most of them. Novels 12, more than 200 short stories, 38 plays, and many papers and memoirs, letters and travel notes about philosophy, literature and politics. In addition, he has created more than 2,700 paintings. He left an unusually rich cultural heritage to India and the world. 19 13, "because his poems are sensitive, fresh and beautiful; These poems are not only superb in skills, but also expressed in English by himself, which makes his poetic thoughts a part of western literature. " Tagore was awarded the highest honor in Nobel Prize in Literature by Swedish Academy, becoming the first Asian writer to win this honor. After 55 years, Yasunari Kawabata of Japan won this title again. Tagore is famous in the world. His poems are rich in genre and theme, fresh and meaningful; The novel has novel style and strong appeal; There are many kinds of dramas, full of philosophical meaning; Songs are tragic and touching, or majestic and eclectic. In people's impression, Tagore appeared as a great "singer and philosopher". Let's turn our attention to Kolkata, West Bengal, where Robin Delanat was born on May 7th, 186 1. Tagore family and rabbi's childhood Tagore family's original surname is Taker (the honorific title of Bangladeshi, meaning "saint"), and Tagore is its English variant. Robin Delanat's grandfather, Devalka Nat, "Prince". At the same time, he is also a thinker and cultural celebrity. At that time, many progressives' reform movements were strongly supported by him. Debendra Nath, the heir of "Prince", has different social enthusiasm from his father. He introspected and devoted himself to the study of philosophical and religious works. He has three different qualities: profound faith in religion, sensitivity to art and shrewdness in practical work. For the more famous son, his influence is undoubtedly far-reaching. His gentleness, dignity and generosity earned him the reputation of "Maha Bridge" (meaning "Great Sage"). Debenderanate has a big family. He has 15 children. After the daughter got married, the son-in-law also lived in his house for a long time. In addition, there are some relatives and many servants. Children grow up in an environment of complete freedom and strict family education, religious piety and enjoying a good life. This family inherited the Indian cultural tradition that my father loved and was deeply influenced by western culture. It often holds philosophical and religious seminars, poetry recitals, regular performances and concerts arranged from time to time. Famous poets, actors, musicians and scholars often become guests. "Maha Bridge" allows children to freely develop their own specialties, fully express their opinions without restrictions, and has an extremely open attitude. Robin Delatrey was born in such an environment, and in the process of forming his character, he absorbed wisdom and beauty from this environment. "The torrent of the Indian Renaissance surged around him." . As the youngest son of his parents, Robin Delanat, nicknamed "Rabbi", became the favorite object of every family member. But he is not spoiled by each other. On the contrary, the lifestyle of this family is very simple. According to religious regulations, children are not allowed to wear shoes and socks until they reach 10 years old. Rabbi went to four schools in Zhong Da, but he didn't like them. He hates the education system that ignores personality, hates the cage-like classroom that is far away from nature, and can't tolerate the hostile attitude and brutal corporal punishment of teachers. He likes the gardens, ponds, spring and white clouds outside the school. Later, he went to Oriental College, Teachers College and Bangladesh College, but he didn't finish his studies. He later devoted himself to educational innovation, which was not unrelated. In contrast, the influence of family on him is extremely obvious. Rabbis' rich knowledge of history, literature and science comes from their fathers and brothers. The Tagore family made great contributions to the national liberation movement in India and the winter Renaissance in Bangladesh. Stevie Quindera Nath, a talented poet and philosopher, once introduced western philosophy to India. Sadiyan Dranath, another historian, was the first Indian to enter the British Indian government. He knows many languages and has translated and published many classical works in Sanskrit and Bengali. Sister Svaner Living Goddess is the first female writer to write a novel in Bengali. My brother Jotilling Delanat became a musician, playwright, poet and journalist. As a rabbi, he was 65,438+03 years old, appreciated and encouraged his talents, and directly led him to the literary world by establishing the literary magazine Bonotti Monthly. In addition, Katie Barry, the wife of Jotilyn Delanat? Dai Wei is an elegant and generous woman. She devoted herself to the rabbi and arranged a beautiful and elegant environment for him. She has almost become the ideal figure of the rabbi, and there is a romantic attachment between them. Rabbi spent the happiest and most comfortable days in his life in such a family atmosphere.
Tagore chronology
186 1 was born on May 7th.
1878, studying in Britain,
1880, returned to China to specialize in literary activities.
190 1 An experimental school for children's education was established in Saint Nikitan.
1884 ~1911year, as the secretary of Brahma society.
1924, visited China.
194 1 year, he wrote his last words, The Crisis of Civilization.
194 1 died on August 7th.