Abraham's grandson is called Jacob (also known as Israel). According to Genesis, after Jacob fought with an angel all night, he got the title of Israel, which means "the warrior of God". ), Jacob gave birth to twelve sons (whether there are twelve sons is unknown, but according to expert research, the Hebrews have twelve tribes, and the twelve sons are actually the leaders of the twelve tribes in Hebrew). One of the twelve sons is named Yue Se. He was loved by his father, so his brothers were jealous. They sold him to an Egyptian businessman, but then by luck, Yue Se became prime minister in the palace of Egypt. When there was a famine in Canaan and his brothers went to Egypt to borrow food, Yue Se turned good for evil, and then all the Hebrews moved to Egypt. During the 3 years of living in Egypt, it happened that the pharaohs of the New Kingdom were trying to create an Egyptian empire and looking for an unprecedented number of slaves to maintain the operation of the domestic economy. Most of the Hebrews became slaves and suffered various servitude. At this time, Moses, a Jew, led his compatriots out of Egypt after a struggle with Pharaoh. After crossing the Red Sea, the Israelites settled near Mount Sinai for more than forty years, looking for ways to go to Canaan. On the way home, Israel's life was extremely difficult, and many wars broke out, and people's hearts began to fall apart. Under the guise of the commandments of the Lord God, Moses launched a "Puritanism Movement" against the apostate Hebrews, claiming that the Lord taught him ten commandments on Mount Sinai as a covenant between the Lord and the Hebrews, that is, the "Moses Ten Commandments".
Hebrew civilization was born in the land called Palestine today, which was called Canaan in ancient times. Hebrews are the ancestors of Jews today. However, in the ancient world, the Hebrews played a relatively unimportant role in politics, and its civilization was not as prominent as that of Egypt and Mesopotamia. However, between 12 and 4 BC, the Hebrews founded a religion-Judaism, which had a great influence on the formation of early Christianity and Islam. People regard Hebrew civilization as one of the sources of Western European civilization. Jews still play an important role all over the world. To this day, the Jewish issue is still an important issue in world affairs. Therefore, the Hebrews are of extraordinary importance in history. People perished in the Western Roman Empire
Hebrew civilization was born in the land called Palestine today, and this place was called Canaan in ancient times. Hebrews are the ancestors of Jews today. However, in the ancient world, the Hebrews played a relatively unimportant role in politics, and its civilization was not as prominent as that of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
however, between 12 and 4 BC, the Hebrews founded a religion-Judaism, which had a great influence on the formation of early Christianity and Islam. People regard Hebrew civilization as one of the sources of Western European civilization. Jews still play an important role all over the world. To this day, the Jewish issue is still an important issue in world affairs. Therefore, the Hebrews are of extraordinary importance in history. Hebrews are ancient Jews. Their ancestors wandered from the Euphrates River valley to Canaan (present-day Palestine) around 2 BC, and the locals called them "Habirus", meaning people from the other side of the river; Later, he became a Hebrew with one sound. Around 1 BC, they called themselves "Israelites" because it is said that their ancestor Jacob was named Israel by God. Legend has it that Jacob wrestled with an angel at night until dawn, and the angel told him to change his name to Israel.
His descendants are teeming with teeth, forming two tribal alliances in Palestine. The northern one is called Israel, with a large number of people and a large and fertile territory. The name of the south is Judas, with a small number of people and a good land. Around the time of reunification, David of the tribe of Judah became king, conquered all tribes and established a unified kingdom, which made the country unprecedentedly strong and its culture prosperous. However, after the death of his son Solomon, the kingdom was divided into two parts: Israel in the north and Judah in the south, which died in Assyria and New Babylon, and the Chinese were either captured or exiled in foreign countries.
People call these displaced people Jews. This title is the meaning of the adherents of the Jewish national subjugation. At first, it was derogatory. Later, when it became a custom, the title came down. From then on, they struggled to death, and when the last uprising against the Roman Empire failed in 135 AD, the history of "Hebrews" ended and turned into the history of "Jews".
History Editor
Ethnic Origin
The Hebrews were originally a branch of the Semitic people. Sumerians originated in the south of the Arabian desert, and at first they were nomads who lived by water plants. They have migrated to Mobei on a large scale three times and entered the famous crescent land. It was in these three northern expeditions that various cultures of this cradle of human civilization were absorbed and Hebrew culture with its own characteristics was formed.
the first northern expedition (around 3 BC) moved from southern Arabia to Mesopotamia, and came into contact with Sumerians, resulting in the Babylonian culture. The second northern expedition (around 2 BC) started from Ur along the Euphrates River to Harlan, and some people went west and south from Harlan to Canaan, the western end of the fertile land of Crescent Moon. In the eyes of nomads, this is a blessed land where milk is dripping. However, there are mountains covered with snow all the year round, and there is also the lowest land in the world. The climate is constantly changing and the rainfall is insufficient. Famine will occur every few years.
During a catastrophic famine, Jacob's family fled to Egypt and settled in Goshen area near the Nile Delta for 3 to 4 years (17th century BC to 13th century BC). Their teething population increased day by day, causing envy and suspicion among Egyptians, so they tried to enslave and persecute them. Under the leadership of Moses, they fled Egypt and returned to Canaan. This is the third northern expedition (in the middle of 13th century BC). This northern expedition conquered many Bedouins and struggled in the desert for more than forty years before entering Canaan. After more than 1 years of struggle, it gradually assimilated and merged with local farmers in Canaan. At that time, there were not only Canaan culture in Canaan, but also Phoenician culture, Syrian culture, Egyptian culture and Babylonian culture. Later, there was the culture of non-lux people who entered from Crete in the Mediterranean, and their culture was systematic in Greece. In Canaan, the Hebrews dealt with many nationalities, languages, scripts, religions, arts and customs, and merged in the struggle to create their own unique Hebrew culture.
the establishment of a kingdom
after the establishment of the kingdom of the Hebrews (in 128 BC, about Zhou Wenwang, China), slavery flourished and culture also entered a stage of great development. The reign of David and Solomon (1 BC-933 BC) was the golden age of Hebrew culture. At that time, the national situation was unprecedentedly strong, the economy was prosperous, the construction was extensive, temples and palaces were built, and a huge band was formed, which produced a large number of lyric poems, philosophical poems and brilliant historical records. Since the kingdom split (933 BC), Judah in the south and Israel in the north foolishly killed each other, and the country's power was declining. Under the eyes of its strong neighbors, it was in great danger of the kingdom. So prophets-social reformers came into being. They dared to take the risk of being killed, stepped forward and condemned the cruel exploitation and perversion of rulers and rich people as spokesmen of gods and people. Prophets all have the temperament of poets. They are enthusiastic, sensitive, sharp-eyed, talented and courageous. Isaiah and Jeremiah, the most fierce prophets, died. Their works full of poetry and indignation are treasures of Hebrew cultural heritage.
Hellenistic period
In the 2nd century BC, during the Hellenistic period, Antioch IV of the Greek regime wanted the Jews to be Hellenistic, exercised tyranny, and forced them to eat sacrificed pork that they had never eaten. Eleazar, a staunch old man, refused to eat. The enemy pried open his mouth and stuffed pork. He would rather die than surrender, spit it out and walked to the execution ground automatically. The old priest who is in charge of sacrifices is his old friend. He secretly said to him, I use mutton instead of pork. If you eat it like pork, you can avoid death. He said: "This kind of deception is not suitable for people my age. People will think that I have given up my faith at the age of 9, and I have only lived a little more time, but I have brought humiliation and shame to myself. I will also set a bad example to young people, go astray, and live such a big age in vain. " He died heroically, setting an example for the youth and leaving glory for the nation. Another mother and seven sons also died in this way. Six sons died. When it was the younger son's turn, the enemy thought that the mother loved her youngest son the most, so she asked her to persuade her younger son to obey and eat pork. The mother struggled for a while and said to her younger son in Hebrew, "Die as bravely as your six brothers, and I will bring you back together when I come back to life." When the youngest son died, the mother went straight to the execution ground and died.
In 7 and 135 AD, when the Jews failed in the last two anti-Japanese wars against the Roman Empire, the defenders of the last camp, Masada and Fort Bertard, all committed suicide, and no one surrendered. Such national integrity, although defeated, is still glorious.
The failure in 7 AD, the capital Jerusalem was destroyed, the temple, the center of national thought, was destroyed, the Bible was burned, Jewish etiquette was abolished, and there was no political power, no land, no culture, and the country was broken without mountains and rivers. The failure of 135 years led to even worse disasters. Jews were killed and deported and scattered around the world for more than 17 years. After living in exile for more than 1,7 years without the motherland and legal protection, people were driven, killed and insulted everywhere. However, with the monotheistic beliefs and laws handed down by Moses as the link, they still have an immortal national soul in spirit. After going out and standing firm, they can still recover the characteristics of Hebrew and Hebrew culture through hardships, return to their ancestors' base areas, and establish a new state of Israel, and have the conditions and modernization.
Influence editors
Born in sorrow, they died in happiness, and the history of Hebrew culture can also prove this. From the King of Judah (586 BC) to the last failure to resist Rome (135 AD), the Hebrew culture has been well developed after more than 7 years of struggling. The collation of ancient documents, the maturity of Judaism, and the new influence of Persian and Greek cultures have brought about new changes in Hebrew culture and produced Christian culture, which has influenced the whole world.
The glory of Hebrew culture The Hebrew nation is a small and peculiar nation. In terms of territory, it is only as big as Hainan Province, the smallest province in China. But culture, like our country, has a long cultural history. They have a valuable ancient library, the Bible, which has been handed down, and ranks as one of the four most far-reaching ancient literature libraries with China, Indian and Greek masterpieces. The Bible is shared by people all over the world. It was destroyed by Rome in 7 AD and forced into exile in the world for nearly 2, years, but now it has miraculously revived the country. Its people's cultural quality is still very high, and there are outstanding figures in various cultural fields, such as Marx, Einstein, Freud, Heine, Kafka, etc., and their continuous achievements are invincible.
Hebrew priests, prophets, rabbis, etc. have constantly encouraged them and urged them not to forget the God of Asia and the laws and traditional commandments of Moses, as a link to maintain national life.