Whether in the usual exam or the college entrance examination, the appreciation of ancient poetry expression skills is a kind of examination questions that candidates attach great importance to scores. In addition to objective factors, the examinee's subjective lack of relevant knowledge is also an important reason for losing points. Therefore, the accumulation and storage of relevant knowledge should be the premise and key to solve the problem of appreciation of expression skills. Although there are many types of expression skills of ancient poetry, we can still give it a general classification from some angles. For example:
1. expression. Generally, there are five ways of expression: narration, discussion, explanation, description and lyricism. Appreciation of ancient poetry usually involves lyricism (direct and indirect lyricism) and description (positive description and side description). In addition, there are narratives (mostly used in narrative poems) and arguments (mostly used to point out the theme of poems).
2. Rhetoric methods: there are mainly metaphor, analogy, pun, duality, exaggeration, metonymy, questioning, thimble (mostly in songs or words) and so on. Its characteristics and usage are roughly the same as those in modern literary works.
3. Other commonly used expression techniques: contrast, which directly expresses the mind, expresses feelings through scenes (scene blending), expresses feelings through objects (voice or symbol through objects), expresses feelings through things, expresses reason through scenes, satirizes the present through the ancient times, combines the reality with the reality, combines the dynamic and static, and contrasts (dynamic and static contrast, sadness and music contrast or sadness and music contrast).
Some of the above categories overlap, such as "direct lyric" in the first category is another way of saying "direct expression of feelings" in the third category; In the third category, "borrowing scenery to express feelings (including scene blending), borrowing things to express feelings, borrowing things to express feelings, and integrating scenery" all belong to the first category of "indirect lyric". When appreciating, if there is no clear appreciation type or angle in the topic, we only need to express it according to one type or from one angle.
According to the proposition of the college entrance examination in recent years, we can find that the focus of the college entrance examination is lyricism, contrast, contrast, truth and falsehood, combination of static and dynamic, irony from the past, metaphor, analogy and duality.
Second, relying on the text, introducing "flowing water from the source"
The number of ancient poems can be described as the sand in the Ganges River, so we can't have much time to enjoy them on a large scale. Therefore, it should be an effective means and method for us to carefully select important and representative poems for key appreciation. When choosing this kind of poems, we should not ignore the classic text poems in textbooks, they should be our first choice.
In fact, some important types of expression skills in ancient poetry can be seen in almost all textbooks. Scenery is the most common way to express feelings, and other types are not uncommon, such as "expressing one's feelings directly" in Li Qingzhao's Slow Voice (this time, how to get a sad word), and "contrast" in Du Fu's "Climbing Yueyang Tower" (I have heard about Dongting Lake for a long time, and now I finally boarded this building), Wang Wei's. "Bixing" in Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow (Huma abandoned the trees in the pond after going to see the river, but still tired of talking about soldiers), "Bixing" in Li Yu's Yu Meiren (asking how much you can worry about is like a river flowing east), and "Contrast" in Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia (. When we appreciate them, we can regard them as "model" poems and try to appreciate them carefully.
Of course, we can do further work on this basis-tick off and appreciate the poems with the same expressive techniques in textbooks, such as Stone City and Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Linghuaigu, which also use the technique of "borrowing the ancient to satirize the present", and "Mountain Residence in Autumn Night", like Li Ping, adopts the technique of "combination of dynamic and static". It can also be linked from text poetry to extracurricular poetry. For example, Du Fu's "One Night in a Foreign Country" uses the technique of "writing sadness with joy", and Su Shi's extracurricular articles such as "Butterfly Love Flowers, Flowers Xie and Red Apricot" also use this technique, so we can "merge similar items" with them-this kind of "link" the in-class and extracurricular activities, through the use of similar expression skills in different poems.
Third, explore the setting of college entrance examination questions and seek inspiration from the answers.
The topic setting angles of ancient poetry appreciation and expression skills can be roughly divided into two categories: one is "small angle" and the other is "big angle".
1. "Small angle" topic. This kind of question has a small "entry point" and the exam is highly targeted. The stem requirements clearly stipulate appreciation from specific aspects of expression skills. For example:
① Sichuan Volume in 2008: What rhetorical devices are mainly used in this Yuan Sanqu? Try to appreciate it.
② Jiangxi Volume in 2008: Please appreciate this poem from the perspective of the relationship between reality and reality.
National Volume 1, 2007: Please appreciate this word from the perspective of "scenery" and "emotion".
④ Hubei Volume in 2006: How does Farewell in Late Spring blend into the scenery? Please give a brief evaluation.
The examination objectives of this kind of questions are very clear, and the stem clearly tells candidates to appreciate them from the perspectives of rhetorical methods, reality, scenery, emotion and emotion in the scenery. When answering questions, you only need to analyze and explain according to the relevant expression skills and the specific content of the poem.
2. "big angle" topic. Such topics are often "general" and have no specific angle requirements. The keywords that appear in the stem of the question are usually broader concepts such as "expression technique", "expression effect", "artistic technique" or "technique". For example:
①2008 Shanghai Volume: Appreciate the expressive effect of "Snow" and "Zhu" in combination with the whole poem.
Reference answer "snow" is a metaphor for white hair. Compared with "Zhu", it produces strong color contrast. Implies the poet's sigh of aging before he is old. This kind of lamentation is combined with the sadness of missing guests, cold food and being an official expressed in the whole poem, which makes the poet's sigh about aging more profound.
②2007 Zhejiang Volume: Please briefly appreciate the expressive techniques and language features of these three works.
Reference answer (1) Liu Shi's Comparison between the Past and the Present is full of emotion and profound meaning, which embodies the characteristics of epic. ⑵ The tailoring of Tang poetry by Wu Ci expresses the hidden pain of national subjugation, tenderness and sadness, and highlights the true charm of graceful ci. (3) Zhao Qu concluded with discussion, revealing the rise and fall, lively and straightforward, with a strong flavor of Sanqu.
③ Jiangxi Volume in 2006: What means does the poet use to express the theme of his works? Try to make a brief analysis of the whole poem.
The whole poem emphasizes friendship. By means of metaphor, metaphor and symbolism, the poet compares "the river does not return to the bridge" with "walk no matter what the wind and rain", and compares "friendship" with "crossing the mountain stream", giving symbolic meaning to "crossing the mountain stream" and "storm", thus expressing the theme that friendship lasts forever and can stand the test of wind and waves.
④ Fujian Volume in 2006: What are the artistic features of the three or four sentences in this poem? Please analyze it briefly.
In terms of artistic techniques, the biggest feature of Sansi sentence is to express emotion by borrowing scenery. By describing the colors of moss, mangroves, rain and the moon, the poet endowed the objective scenery with strong subjective colors, created a cold atmosphere, and expressed sadness, loneliness and homesickness.
This kind of topic is more difficult to appreciate than the above, because there are no specific types of expression skills, so the answer is very uncertain, and the answer may be any one or even several types of expression skills. Such as: ① including metaphor and contrast; (2) including metaphor, scene blending, allusions, discussion, etc. (3) including contrast, metaphor and symbol; (4) mainly borrow scenery to express emotion. This kind of question type often brings great blindness to candidates' answers.
In the examination room, there are many reasons why candidates lose points in the appreciation of ancient poetry expression skills-either answering irrelevant questions or putting on airs; Or the explanation is not in place, or the analysis is not thorough; Or the procedure is not standardized, or the elements are incomplete. Especially when answering "big angle" type questions, candidates have relatively more questions, and sometimes even "one careless move will lose the game", that is, once the expression skill type is answered incorrectly, it will often lead to "bull's head is not right."
To solve these problems, it should be an effective method to pay attention to the analysis and exploration of the college entrance examination questions in the usual review and get some useful enlightenment and help from them. Because relatively speaking, the life system and the setting of answers of college entrance examination questions are more scientific and standardized, and the characteristics of the questions, the mode of answering questions, the way of cutting in and even the arrangement of words are worthy of our analysis.
Test of key and difficult problems
1. Read the following poem and answer this question.
flat
(Song) Rao Jie
Panasonic Chai Men is covered with green moss, and only butterflies fly in pairs.
Two bees are as big as cocoons, which should be the flowers in Qianshan.
Please appreciate this poem from the perspective of "reality".
Read the following poem and then answer this question.
spring chill
the Chen Dynasty
In February, Baling was windy, and the cold spring was not over.
Haitang blushed without hesitation and drizzled independently.
Note: This poem was written in the spring of the third year of Emperor Gaozong Jianyan, when the Southern Song Dynasty was in turmoil. Nomads from even trapped in qingzhou, xuzhou, attack chuzhou, swept jiangbei. Gaozong fled from Yangzhou to Zhenjiang and then to Hangzhou. At this time, in order to avoid the chaos in Yuezhou, the author borrowed a temporary residence in Scholar's Academy in Houpu, calling himself the "Garden Master".
What does this poem mainly express? Please analyze it briefly.
3. Compare and read the following Tang poems and Yuan songs, and then answer this question.
Midnight Wu Ge
Lipper
There is moonlight in Chang 'an, and all the families in Yi Dao are there.
The autumn wind blew Yi Dao's voice, and every household remembered the people guarding the border.
Oh, when will the Tatar army be conquered and when will my husband come back from the long battle! ?
Lv Zhong Yingxianke
Zhang Kejiu
After a storm comes a calm, the bright moon is in the sky. Chou-heung Courtyard anvil pestle, 23, 10 million sound, smashed away, regardless of people's sadness.
What's the difference between the two works in lyrical techniques?
Appreciating the expressive skills of ancient poetry (answer)
1. The first three sentences are actually written like this: Under the pine shade, Chai Men locked a courtyard with moss, and the butterflies in pairs kept flying, and the bees flew in with heavy pollen on their legs. These are the sights before us. The last sentence is empty: the world in front of the mountain is full of flowers, which is an imaginary scene. Virtual reality and reality are intertwined into a secluded picture full of spring and vitality, revealing the author's love for nature. 2. Mainly adopt the method of expressing meaning by supporting things. By describing that Haitang stands proudly in the drizzle at the expense of uglifying rouge, the author shows his risk-averse spirit and detached personality. 3. Li's poems express his yearning for the scenery; Zhang Qu aroused the resentment of the homesick woman by describing the autumn scenery and the sound of breaking clothes.