Poetry must rhyme (rhyme), that is, in poetry, the vowels of words at the end of certain sentences are required to be the same or similar. Since there have been some changes in the phonological system of Chinese characters since ancient times, there have been two phonological systems, ancient and modern, so the phonological system of poetry is generally divided into two situations.
One is to rhyme according to the ancient phonology, and the other is to rhyme according to the phonology of modern Chinese.
In the practice of poetry creation, there are not a few poets who use ancient rhyme and new rhyme. As far as the current actual situation is concerned, the former is slightly more than the latter. If you follow the ancient rhyme, you can bet on the poem "Ping Yun Shui". If you write ancient poems, you can also rhyme with neighbors. Words generally rhyme according to Linz Zheng Yun. According to the modern phonology, all poems should rhyme according to the New Rhyme of Chinese. There is no need to distinguish between modern rhyme, ancient rhyme and rhyme, because New Rhyme of Chinese has only fourteen rhymes, which is already very broad. A little wider, it will be infinitely wide. Rhyme is actually that simple, but there are still some details to pay attention to. Today, I want to talk about some personal views on the most easily overlooked problems and solutions in the process of rhyming collision, rhyming extrusion and rhyming continuous reading.
Before talking about rhyme collision, rhyme extrusion and rhyme connection, let me briefly introduce "rhyme eight rings". The so-called "rhyming eight precepts" of the ancients are: one abstinence from rhyme, two abstinence from rhyme, three abstinence from rhyme, inverted rhyme under temptation, five abstinence from rhyme, six abstinence from rhyme, seven abstinence from rhyme and eight abstinence from rhyme.
Falling rhyme is also called rhyme foot. It is not allowed to rhyme with a word in another rhyme part and the original rhyme part of a poem. The rhyme used in the first sentence of a metrical poem is not a rhyme, because the first sentence is dispensable, so it is allowed to be lenient. This kind of situation is called "solitary geese out of the group". Some people also use rhyme in the last sentence of rhyme, which is called "Lonely geese enter the group". Personally, it is reasonable to think that "solitary geese leave the group" is lenient; There is no basis for the generosity of "solitary geese entering the group" Of course, the conclusion or connection of a poem is the most important, and whether it can express the artistic conception is often at the end. For the sake of artistic conception, in order not to damage the meaning because of rhyme, it is not bad to come to the group once in a while. But it's best not to abuse it. After all, it's not the same as "the lonely geese are out of the group". As for the rhyme of some intermediate sentences, it is absolutely not allowed.
Rhyme is commonly known as "hanging rhyme". Just to rhyme, I reluctantly chose a word in the rhyme department that is inconsistent, incoherent and irrelevant to the whole sentence. This is not good.
Re-rhyming refers to repeating a word as a rhyme, which is also not allowed.
Inverted rhyme is rhyme. Turn normal words upside down. For example, "wind and rain, succession, freshness, generosity, suffering, exquisiteness, participation in business, harp" and so on, it is very awkward to write it backwards. Use whatever you are used to, and you can't deliberately reverse the word order of your habits for rhyme.
Dumb rhyme rhymes with words with ambiguous tone and meaning. Not all flat words are suitable for rhyming. Some words don't look like it, and their voices are not loud, so don't use them reluctantly, or the whole poem will feel depressed. "If you want to make a good poem, you must first choose rhyme. Those who are dumb and lazy give up cheaply. " This is what teacher Yuan Mei taught us for reference.
Unusual rhyming refers to rhyming with uncommon words. For example, how much do you know about the word "stubbornness" by Sharpin Liu Ma? Another example is the word "Qi" in Shang Ping's power. Is it remote? Some people like to find some uncommon words to show off. In fact, he didn't know that he was showing off a poetic disease. Old Yuan Manmei said: "Dear Du Liren, you don't have to rhyme, you must use it, but you look down on it." .
Squeezing rhyme is also called "committing rhyme" and "taking rhyme". The use of rhyming words in this poem makes this sentence difficult to read. However, the overlap related to rhyme is a rhetorical device, not a squeeze rhyme.
Polyphony is a kind of poem in which words with the same or similar meanings appear repeatedly. For example, put the word "worry" first, then put the word "worry"; Bet the word "flower" and then the word "yuan"; Put the word "Xiang" and then put the word "Fang". This rhyme should be avoided as much as possible. It's the same as rhyme
In addition to the above "rhyming eight precepts", there are actually two kinds of rhyming situations that will also cause some harm to the rhythmic beauty of poetry. That is "collision rhyme" and "rhyme", among which "collision rhyme" is the most harmful.
1. Rhyme, rhyme and the influence of rhyme on rhythm.
1 rhymes. Even the last word of a blank sentence (we call it "white foot" to correspond to "rhyme foot", such as the third sentence of the four verses) uses the same vowel as the rhyme foot. Generally speaking, if there is a rhyme collision, the rhyme of the whole poem lacks change, and it is sticky and astringent to read, which is not suitable for this situation. Such as the moon marks in the forest, the clouds and winds are sparse, and the bamboo shadow is low. Tears in the dream, the night falls downstairs and the spring sounds. This poem is lively and basically good. But we always feel uncomfortable when reading. This is because the word "washing" at the end of the third sentence here has a "hard injury" of "striking rhyme" As soon as the word "Xi" came out, the word "Xi" behind it was completely suppressed. When I was reading there, I felt relieved that I couldn't understand the rhythm of the word "West". Another example is a poem entitled "Sanmenxia Hydropower Station" written by a netizen recently: lonely and desolate, with tears in his eyes, and being pitied several times. Why not fry and burn incense? Cure my Yellow River and Wan Li Orchid. In terms of structural arrangement, wording and sentence making, it is still very good and has a high intention. However, the "resentment" in the first sentence and the "case" in the third sentence have a serious rhyme phenomenon, which reads like a jingle and destroys its aesthetic feeling.
(2) Squeezing rhyme: what is squeezing rhyme has been explained before, and now I will give an example to illustrate it. For example, where we met, the grass grew and the warblers flew, and the cliffs piled up thousands of peaks. Where is his date? A pine tree on a cold stone. The scene description of this poem is in place and the artistic conception is good. But it is based on the second winter rhyme of the above sound, and the words "feng" and "feng" are also in the second winter rhyme, which is "squeezing rhyme" However, it should be noted that the word "Rong Rong" is a reduplication and does not belong to "squeezing rhyme".
(3) Rhyme: that is, the rhyme feet of two adjacent rhyming sentences use homophones as rhyming words. Li Anyun is also known as the "Choir". Rhyme is harmful to the rhythm of this poem, especially in seven verses. Therefore, poets also pay more attention to the creation of the four wonders. So it is difficult to find examples of "rhyme" in ancient quatrains. Relatively speaking, there are many rhymes in metrical poems. For example, the back of Tang Guo has become the shadow of white grass, and the riverside is a familiar green suburb. Castanopsis kawakamii forest prevents the sun from singing wind leaves and cage bamboo smoke drops. General Fei, counting the children for the time being, frequently talked about the new nest. Others make more mistakes than others, and they are lazy and have no intention of joking. -Du Fu's Cheng Tang, in which "nest" and "ridicule" are rhymes.
I combine the collision rhyme, squeezing rhyme and couplet rhyme in the Eight Rings of Rhyme with other faults, and call them "Ten Commandments of Rhyme". Strictly speaking, "Ten Commandments of Rhyme" is a high-level requirement for poets and a rhyming skill. The problems pointed out in the Ten Commandments do not violate the general rules of rhyme in poetry, nor are they rigid rules in poetry creation. However, they do harm the beautiful and harmonious rhythm of poetry, and sometimes even cause serious "hard injuries". Therefore, in order to write a good poem, these problems are basically to be overcome. Overcoming is avoiding.
Second, the method of cracking rhyme, rhyme and rhyme.
At all times and in all countries, some poets, lyricists and critics who have deeply studied phonology have made many useful explorations. Unfortunately, they only asked for the prevention of these injuries, in other words, they just told us that such injuries could not happen, without further summarizing how to "treat" them once they appeared, so that they could be "injured" without "hurting". Because the situation in poetry creation is very complicated, sometimes "injury" is inevitable. If you insist on avoiding it, you may hurt your meaning because of the rhyme and prose. Therefore, there must be a remedial measure to eliminate their harm as much as possible. This problem is very profound, and to solve it, the author needs to have considerable ability to control words. Below, according to my many years of creative experience, combined with the successful experience of the ancients in creative practice, talk about my personal views.
(1) The "hard injury" that should be avoided. As I said before, the problems in rhyming with the Eight Rings are basically to be avoided. Specifically, it is necessary to refrain from falling rhyme, combining rhyme, overlapping rhyme, inverted rhyme, dumb rhyme, strange rhyme and complex rhyme. Because these problems generally do great harm to the rhythmic beauty of poetry and cannot be solved at all. Because their harm is not only phonology, but also artistic conception, grammar and visual beauty. However, compared with other situations, "squeeze rhyme" and "couplet rhyme" do little harm to rhythm, and have no harm to artistic conception, grammar and visual beauty. Although "striking rhyme" does great harm to rhythm, it does no harm to artistic conception, grammar and visual beauty, just like "squeezing rhyme" and "couplet rhyme". More importantly, sometimes these problems seem inevitable. What should we do when it becomes inevitable? Is there any way to reduce or even eliminate its harm to the rhythm of poetry? This is what we will discuss next.
(2) The methods of cracking rhyme collision, rhyme squeezing and rhyme linking.
Let's discuss how to eliminate the damage to the rhythm of poetry when there are inevitably phenomena such as "rhyme collision", "rhyme crowding" and "rhyme connection" in poetry. The rhyming sentences in the poem are called "rhyming sentences". For rhyme sentences, if the focus of the whole poem is on the last word, that is, rhyme, such rhyme is called "dead rhyme" On the other hand, if the reading sentence of the whole poem focuses on other words before rhyme, such rhyme is called "living rhyme" Generally speaking, when the rhyme foot is "dead rhyme", rhyming, squeezing rhyme and couplet rhyme will hurt the rhythm of poetry and form a "hard injury"; However, when the rhyme foot is "lively rhyme", rhyme collision, rhyme squeezing and rhyme linking will not do much harm to the rhythm of poetry, or even be completely harmful. For example, the last three sentences focus on "low", "wash" and "west" respectively, and the rhyming collision of the word "wash" will inevitably cause serious harm to the whole poem. On the contrary, if we try to make the rhyme foot "live rhyme", then no matter how we bump, squeeze and rhyme, it will not do much harm to the rhythm, or even not at all. For example, the rain in Sky Street is crisp and crisp, but the grass color is far and near. This is the most beautiful season of the year, far better than the late spring of the green willow. -The word "Chu" in Han Yu's poem "Four Wonders in Early Spring and Spring Rain" collides with rhyme, but we don't feel the harm of rhyme, and we still feel that the whole poem is fluent and catchy. The key point is that the focus of the second sentence "near but nothing" falls on the fifth word "near", while the focus of the last sentence falls on the word "full", so the rhyme of these two poems becomes "living rhyme". The whole poem successfully avoids the harm caused by rhyming collision. It is not difficult to see that the fundamental solution to the quality of poetic rhyme lies in understanding what is "living rhyme" and what is "dead rhyme". If there are more "lively rhyme" sentences in your works, even if there are some injuries, they may be harmless and will never constitute a "hard injury" in poetry. But if your work is full of "dead rhyme" sentences, it will cause "hard injury" to poetry, and any harm will be harmful.
What are the ways to make "living rhyme"?
There are two ways:
1, shift the focus of reading sentences, so that the focus of reading sentences of the whole sentence falls on words other than rhyme. This is the most important and commonly used method. I have already said it, so I won't say it again.
2. Try to use open rhyme and less closed rhyme. For example, the word "late cigarette residue" feels awkward to read. Although the two words "smoke" and "can" do not belong to the same rhyme, they are only adjacent rhymes, but they are similar to the damage caused by "squeezing rhyme". However, the robbery in Late Smoke Cold is very refreshing, and "cold" and "disability" belong to the same rhyme. Why do homonyms have different phonological effects? The point here is that "residual" represents a process, but it is also an stressed word, so that the pronunciation is over before the meaning of the sentence is fully developed in the mind. In this way, the harm of "squeezing rhyme" to sentence reading is highlighted. And "cold" is just a feeling and an opening word. Meaning and sound develop synchronously in the mind, so the harm of "squeezing rhyme" does not exist. Therefore, stressed words as rhyme feet are easy to become "dead rhyme", while stressed words as rhyme feet are easy to become "living rhyme", which brings completely different phonological changes to the subsequent development of the whole poem.
For example, there are only a few mountains between Guazhou, Jingkou and Zhongshan. Jiang Nanan spring breeze is green, when will the bright moon shine on me? -Wang Anshi's "Four Unique Boating in Guazhou" first looks at the word "Zhongshan is only separated by several mountains". Because the word "mountain" is used before rhyming, it is not rhetorical repetition, and it is more harmful than using a word with the same rhyme, so it is more serious than the general rhyming phenomenon. However, because of the word "shore" at the end of the sentence, it is a very serious rhyme, but we do not feel the harm of rhyming, and still feel that the whole poem is fluent and catchy. First, because the last "shore" is an opening syllable. Secondly, the poet not only made the rhyme "mountain" in the last sentence into a living rhyme, but also used "give it back to me" in the fourth sentence, shifting the focus of reading sentences from the word "return" in the rhyme, and the rhyme became a living rhyme. In this way, the harm of rhyme is invisible. As mentioned earlier, rhyme is particularly destructive to rhythm, so the ancients paid special attention to it when creating quatrains, and it is difficult to find examples of rhyme in the quatrains of the ancients.
Let's explain the solution with a rhyme of seven rhythms: the grass is far from blooming in the New Year, and the guests get lost for a long time. I don't know where the rain is, but the spring breeze only reaches the west of Muling. The lonely city is empty, and there are no birds singing in three households. Do you remember whether you are in the south of the Yangtze River? There are five willows in front of you. -In the first two sentences of Liu Changqing's Seven Laws to Send Friends to Anlu, the homonyms "Qi" and ""rhyme. However, the author used the word "far" in the first sentence, and changed "far" into "living rhyme". This avoids the harm of rhyme. Similarly, the word "zhi" and the word "low" in the last sentence are not homonyms, but they belong to adjacent rhymes, and their influence on phonology is similar to squeezing rhymes. And the closer to rhyme, the more obvious the damage when rhyme is squeezed. Here, although the word "Ji" is the focus of this sentence, it seems that the "low" of the rhyme is made into a vivid rhyme, but because the word "Ji" is also the same as the vowel of "Zhi", but the tone is different, "Zhi" and "Low" belong to adjacent rhymes, reading the "low" at the end still feels sticky and not refreshing.
The above is the general method of cracking rhyme, squeezing rhyme and rhyming, and I hope it will inspire everyone. It should be pointed out that the specific situation is sometimes very complicated, and you can't be stuck on a post without knowing how to change. For example, squeezing rhyme means using words that rhyme with rhyme in sentences. If you use the same word, does it rhyme? Of course. In my opinion, if this word is not used regularly and repeatedly, and it cannot form a circular musical effect, it is rhyme, which is one of the most serious and extreme situations in rhyme. In addition, generally speaking, the closer the rhyming words are to rhyme, the greater the damage. But if they are linked together, they are not rhyming, but overlapping in rhetoric. Sometimes they don't seem to be connected, but they are connected in a special way, such as "taking a look". It is a special word formation, which is actually the same as "take a look", except that a meaningless word is added to adjust syllables, which can be regarded as an overlap, not a simple rhyme phenomenon. Furthermore, as we said, the collision of rhymes is harmful and should be avoided in general. If it is inevitable, then the rhyme words on the rhyme feet must be as vivid as possible. If you can't do lively rhyme, can you do it in a similar way, shift the reading center of the sentence with rhyme, and dilute the phonological effect of the word with rhyme, which sounds less harsh? Of course, there is no way. For example, the word "Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan" mentioned above is very eye-catching, very audible and carries a heavy weight in the sentence. It is the key point and the most important thing to read sentences. It also effectively weakens the phonological effect of the word "shore", thus further eliminating the harm of rhyming collision. Because of this, the poet left us a farewell song.
What phenomena should be paid attention to in poetry rhyme? In the rhyme of poetry, there are some phenomena, such as bumping rhyme, squeezing rhyme, inverted rhyme, continuous rhyme, double rhyme, compound rhyme, dead rhyme, three-yin rhyme, rhyme, rhyme and so on, which will affect the harmony of rhyme rhythm at the end of poetry, especially in the creation of classical metrical poems. So these should be avoided as much as possible.
(1) Rhyme collision: In a poem, the sentence that should not rhyme according to the law ends with a hyphen, and the vowel at the end is the same as the vowel at the rhyme foot, which affects the aesthetic feeling of rhyme.
(2) Squeezing rhyme: The vowels and rhymes of disyllabic words (generally 2, 4 and 6 words) in poetry are the same, which is also one of the taboos in poetry creation. In addition, if the vowel of the sixth word is the same as the rhyme, it constitutes a double rhyme, and if the vowel is the same, it constitutes a double tone, which needs to be avoided.
(3) Inverted rhyme: A regular disyllabic word is inverted for rhyme. For example, a river becomes a river, and although the same meaning is expressed, the axe marks are obvious.
(4) Rhyme: Rhyme is two adjacent rhyming sentences with homophones as rhyming words.
(5) Rhyme: Rhyme words that appeared in the poem appear again and are used as rhyme feet, which is called rhyme.
(6) Complex rhyme: words with the same meaning and rhyme, such as "Fang" and "Xiang", belong to Yang rhyme, while "Worry" and "Sorrow" belong to Youyun. This kind of words rhymes in a poem, which is called compound rhyme.
(7) Dead rhyme: If the reading sentence of the whole poem focuses on the last word, such a poem is called "dead rhyme". On the other hand, if the sentence reading of the whole poem focuses on other words before rhyme, such a poem is called "living rhyme"
(8) Yin San Yunping: If all three rhyming words in a poem are Yin Ping, it will also hurt the rhyme sense of the poem. (9) Rhyme: randomly pick a rhyming word to make up the number, and its meaning has nothing to do with the whole poem. (10) Rhyme: Poetry often rhymes because of inaccurate pronunciation, or because of the influence of dialects. (1 1) Rhyme: Poetry rhymes because I don't know that the same Chinese character has different meanings and different sounds belong to different rhymes.