Soren kierkegaard, a melancholy Danish philosopher, said that the only way to transcend death anxiety is to experience death.
1 is partially dead, so what?
Do you have a feeling that you want to leave, but you want to stay and want to leave? Jimmy Durante
Facing the abyss of death, we should be responsible for a meaningful life.
Some people are at a loss because of too many possibilities: our bodies with limited time can't handle the infinite choices in daily life and imagination. There is too little time and too much to do.
Only by daring to experience the anxiety that life will not last forever can we experience transcendence and reach infinity. In the words of gestalt psychology, non-existence is the necessary soil for existence, so that we can see existence. Only when we are willing to give up our illusions and admit our loss, helplessness and fear can we get rid of our ego and false sense of security and prepare for Kierkegaard's so-called "leap of faith".
Schopenhauer's view of death is really interesting. He believes that life is a process of constant death. If you seriously think about the past, you will find that it is a dead warehouse, and the events in it no longer exist-gone forever, irreversible and completely dead.
Schopenhauer said that our greed for life is because we have a strange "will to live", which runs counter to our ultimate interests and prevents us from embracing our real destiny-death.
He said that death is a welcome relief.
He quoted Byron's poem as proof: Count the happy moments in life and the days that are not eroded by pain, and you will know that no matter who you are, you are better off never being born.
He has read the translation of Buddhist scriptures in early Europe and agrees with the Buddhist view that all beings suffer. However, like a Buddhist, he thinks it doesn't matter whether he is bitter or not, because the ordinary world is just an illusion. The real thing is what he called "will", which is the power to make the whole universe and everything in it work. She is blind, irrational and aimless. In short, what is there to be pessimistic about? What brings us problems is not the truth at all.
For Schopenhauer, living in this fantasy world, individual experience is separated from transcendental will and begins to have his own life.
Without non-existence, there is no existence; Similarly, without existence, there is no non-existence. And this existence and non-existence will conflict with each other. This is a basic cosmic war.
If you want to know existence clearly, you must ignore it. To the extent that you only treat existence as existence and treat existence as existence, all metaphysics is the same. -martin heidegger's Time and Existence.
If I let death into my life, accept it and face it squarely, I can get rid of the fear of death and the triviality of life-then I can be myself freely. -From Socrates to Sartre: Philosophical Exploration.
? Heidegger emphasized that only humans will realize that they will eventually die, and cats are unaware of it.
Death consciousness is unique and important to the human situation, and the human situation is also our situation. But many people will suppress this sense of death and make it blurred. In other words, we live in a rejection of death.
In Heidegger's view, such a life is not life at all. If we don't realize the impending death, we can't fully realize life.
He believes that the anxiety of expecting death will not only interfere with life, but also bring "unshakable happiness".
The worst news for Heidegger may be that our souls will live forever.
Heidegger believes that people should live in the shadow of death.
Mahatma Gandhi once said, "Live as if you were going to die tomorrow. Study as if you will live forever. "
This is exactly the same as the famous saying of james deen, a movie star who died young: "Follow your dreams as if you will live forever. Cherish life as if you were going to die today. "
In rob reiner's comedy The Bucket List, two terminally ill 60-year-old men escaped from the cancer ward to finish what they had to do before they died. This is not a soul search, but a life facing death. The protagonists in The Bucket List are not artificial characters who want to live like death, but are really dying.
But for Heidegger, it makes no difference: we are all going to die, and it doesn't matter when we die.
Sartre believes that the meaning of death lies in "self-reliance always became complete freedom in the past."
Jean-Paul's "self-behavior" refers to human consciousness, and he calls it "self-behavior" because it is not a thing. If it is a thing, it will become "free".
Sartre means that human beings have no "essence" and no predetermined purpose.
Sartre believes that an important difference between man and rubber duck is that man can choose what kind of person he wants to be, thus creating his own essence.
But the key point is that human beings are self-made, self-created, not comfortable, not created for a specific purpose.
Or, at least, human beings should always be so free to create themselves. However, most of us have an annoying habit, that is, what we want to be-not a table, a chandelier on the wall or a bathtub, but a human role, for example, we will take our occupation, nationality or reputation on the golf course as our identity. In this way, we will become unreal and become walking dead. Sartre's famous waiter is like this. He thinks that being a waiter is his essence. Young people are too stupid to see the possibility of freedom, that is, the possibility of surpassing themselves.
This possibility will always exist until he dies. When we die, we will become things and then have an indelible essence, that is, dead bodies.
The second part is eternity, which appears inadvertently
? Does eternity exist in the great afterlife? Or is it lurking around us? If so, who has time to achieve eternity?
Eternity is now, not after death as people think.
Tillich is an expert in existential Christian theology. He believes that immortality is not an endless life extension season after season like the American drama Law and Order. In the eyes of Tillich and Heidegger, it is no different from hell.
In fact, eternity is in every moment, a fragment of time. Eternity is an instant, an eternal present.
Humans are different from stones. They can look at the time and the whole situation, including the end of life, so as to experience anxiety and despair.
Therefore, for Tillich, eternal life is not an endless life, but a life that lives in the eternal present.
? Koenigsberg said: "Time is nature's way to prevent everything from happening at the same time."
We shouldn't confuse "jumping out of time" with "disturbing the time sequence", which is a popular narrative method and has also been used in the movies "Souvenir" and "Mulholland Road".
Although reversing the time sequence will lead to confusion of cause and effect, how to construct memory is still in the structure of linear time. And jumping out of time is to regard the whole time dimension as only one dimension.
Ludwig wittgenstein wrote in his influential book Philosophy of Logic: "If we don't understand eternity as an infinite continuation of time, but as eternity, then those who are alive at this moment will live forever."
Ludwig's "eternity" seems to mean: "It has nothing to do with the time dimension, or it is outside the time dimension." The "present" of our existence has no timeliness, and it is not a "part" of time. Ludwig concluded that eternal life belongs to those who are alive at this moment.
Psychologically and spiritually, it may be difficult to reach the eternal present. We are usually so absorbed in the past or looking forward to the future that we never take the time to live in the present.
Zhi Nuo, the proposer of the paradox of Achilles and the tortoise race, thinks that time can be divided infinitely.
In the words of Michael Flynn, a contemporary British playwright and wise man, "Ah, now! This strange time is the strangest time in history, and this time will always be now ... when you read the word "now", "now" has become history. "
Fortunately, william james provided a more practical understanding of "now". He is a trustworthy pragmatist,1American philosopher and psychologist in the late 9th century. He called the present "specious present", which refers to our misunderstanding of the present, that is, the present is small but has content, short but lasting, but it does not actually exist. Now is just the boundary between the past and the future. There is no real existence between the past and the future, at least not now. In other words, "now" is a subjective idea, and we use it to record our experience of time.
The mystic poet william blake wrote: There is a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a flower, infinity in the hands, and eternity in an instant.
Don't enter a beautiful night gracefully. Old people will roar and burn in their twilight years, and face the disappearance of light with anger and resentment.
Dylan Thomas
The third part is immortal, old-fashioned method-soul train
Thales regards the soul as a force to promote the movement of the body.
Plato painted a panoramic view of the soul. He made a triple distinction between soul: reason, passion (or will) and desire. Reason is the highest, it can communicate with eternal ideas and forms, such as beauty, wisdom and triangle. Plato thinks that all imperfect triangles in the world get their triangulation from this ideal triangle.
Will is an irrational part of the soul, but it is higher than desire. If the will can be reasonably controlled, it will turn to reason. On the contrary, desire resists rationality and pulls us towards sensory desire, which will bring endless troubles.
? The philosopher Woody Allen pointed out: "The soul embraces higher desires, such as poetry and philosophy, while the body enjoys all the fun." But Plato opposed this view. He believes that desire, although it will enjoy all the fun, is actually a part of the soul.
For Plato, the ultimate goal of the soul is to get rid of the sensory essence and pursue formal knowledge. Immortality belongs only to the rational part. In other words, thinking about triangles is better than indulging in sex, drugs and rock music.
Aristotle's view of soul is slightly different from Plato's, but his conclusion is quite similar. He divided the soul into three parts: plant soul, animal soul and reason. Plant soul will bring people the same physical and chemical changes as animals and plants; Animal souls will create activity ability, so that human beings can experience some feelings with animals; Reason is a part of the human soul, which neither animals nor plants have.
Aristotle further divided rationality into passive rationality (perceptual ability) and active rationality (Aphrodite, the goddess who thinks, conceives and imagines in the bedroom). Aristotle believes that dynamic reason is an eternal part of the soul.
Aristotle believes that dynamic reason is an eternal part of the soul.
Samsara only allows our souls to enter another round of struggle and purification until they realize their true cosmic self. In order to reach our destination, we must walk through the gravel road of multiple deaths and reincarnation, become one with the universe, and go on forever by off-road vehicle.
? /kloc-in the 7th century, rene descartes, the father of western modern philosophy, put forward the dualism of mind and matter, arguing that mind and matter (including brain) are two completely different beings, ruling different fields with different rules and having nothing in common.
? /kloc-Leibniz, a philosopher and German rationalist in the 0/7th century, said that the mind has nothing to do with matter. He said that the mind and matter are parallel, just like two clocks with the same time but independent of each other.
/kloc-T.H. Huxley, an evolutionist in the 0/9th century, said that the mind is only a side effect of bodily functions, and it is an "incidental phenomenon", just like a shadow on the ground.
Part IV Life after Death: Postcards from Heaven
Materialists-philosophers such as Lucretius and Thomas Hobbes believe that only the material world is real and want to keep the truth unchanged. For James, the real (correct) theory is a useful theory. They are not only consistent with all known facts, but also provide a way for people to discover the truth. If the future conflicts with today's theories, no problem: in order to admit these conflicts, we will declare these theories wrong. At the same time, if a hypothesis can guide our actions well, it is enough to be called "truth" by James.
According to James's epistemology, denying the possibility of the soul continuing to exist after the death of the body is dogmatic materialism: it will close the door for us to discover new truths.
In addition, James also defended the "will to believe", especially on the issue of religious belief. By "believing in the will", James means "having the right to believe in anything that can tempt our will". Although we have no right to believe what is contrary to the known facts, the known facts are not enough to decide whether we should hold beliefs or not, but we can choose the way that suits us best. In his diary, James humorously explained the will of faith: "My first act of free will is to believe in free will."
Part five?
? "There is only one really serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide. Judging whether life is worth living is to answer the fundamental question of philosophy. " -albert camus's The Myth of Sisyphus
Al means that if a person realizes that he can choose to commit suicide or continue to live, but he doesn't choose to commit suicide like you, then he consciously chooses to live and takes the first step of taking full responsibility for his existence. He exists because he chose to continue to exist. In a sense, he began a lifelong task of self-creation.
Suicide is the failure of moral courage and the abandonment of the responsibility of embracing the absurdity of life.
? Ancient Stoics believed that the purpose of life was to be "rich" or "live in harmony with nature".
Cicero said: "when a person has the advantage of living in harmony with nature, it is suitable to continue living;" If the situation is just the opposite, he should leave this world. "
Seneca wrote: "A wise man should live as long as he wants, not as long as he can ... He should always pay attention to the quality of life rather than the length of life. Once many events in his life bring him trouble and destroy his inner peace, he will commit suicide to free himself. "
? I just regret that I only have one life to die for my country. Nathan Hale
? Epicurus thought that death was nothing serious. He wrote: "Death means nothing to us. Because as long as we exist, death has not yet come. And when death comes, we no longer exist. " So don't worry, live a happy life.
Part VI Biotechnology: Resolving Death Pressure
We agree with Woody Allen's famous saying, "I don't want to live forever through my works, but I really want to live forever."
How far is forever? We once again asked Professor Allen for some advice: "Forever is a long time, especially at the end." Woody means that when you think you are near the end of eternity, it will last forever.
Comedian Stephen. Wright made fun of the baby boomers who eat oatmeal every day: "I feel sorry for those who don't drink or take drugs, because one day they will lie in hospital beds and wait to die, and they don't even know why."
Sir bernard williams, a Cambridge moral philosopher in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century, proposed in his article "The Kyle Polo Incident: A Dull Reflection on Immortality" that death is necessary if life is to remain interesting.
Williams quoted the drama Kyle Poirot by Czech writer Karel Capec and the opera by Czech composer leos janacek. The heroine in the play has achieved a very long life span (342 years or even longer) through elixir. But at the end of the story, she decided not to prolong her life, because she realized that eternal life would only bring endless indifference. Williams wrote: "Her endless life has become a state of boredom, indifference and indifference. Nothing is interesting. "
Williams said that a good life is a life that ends before repetition and boredom inevitably come.
Professor Allen said, "Nietzsche said that we would repeat our life forever."
Nietzsche's superman heroism is embodied in making himself full of strength in the face of worthless eternal return.
For us, the eternal return is more like groundhog day. The profound dialogue in the film made many viewers shudder: the character Bill Murray said, "If you do the same thing every day and everything you do doesn't matter, what will you do?"
Klein pointed out that we don't prolong life by increasing life span, but by accelerating our sense of time, so that there are more "moments" in every second.
Our present is always intertwined with past memories and future prospects. In time, the self we experience is a continuum.