Keywords: peace, dissipation, simplicity, unpretentious, reasonable, harmonious and diluted beauty
Tao Yuanming (365-427) is a famous figure with a cheerful personality. His name is Mr. Wuliu, and he is from Xunyang. Tao Yuanming was a famous pastoral poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. When he was a teenager, he was eager to learn. At the age of 29, he served as a state wine festival, joined the army and became a county magistrate. At the age of forty-one, he was re-elected as the magistrate of Pengze County, but more than eighty days later, he abandoned his post and left. From then on, he stopped being an official for life and began his pastoral life.
(1) The peaceful and indifferent mood is one of the reasons why Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems dilute the beauty of nature.
Tao Yuanming lived in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, with political corruption, social unrest, sharp contradictions within the ruling class, and the decadent gate system controlling the whole upper class of society. It is difficult for poor scholars to develop their own careers. This has a great influence on Tao Yuanming's life path and literary creation. On the one hand, he lived in a feudal official family, was influenced by Confucianism since childhood, and also had ideal pursuits. On the other hand, the rule of the gate valve killed his ideal. Although forced by his livelihood, he stepped into the official position several times, but in the end he resolutely retired and devoted himself to self-sufficiency, because he is a "village boy who can't bend his back." "Life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid. What is not a camp, but for self-protection "truly reflects his ideological changes." Tao Yuanming imagined the freedom and beauty of rural life after hanging the crown in "Returning to the Poetry". After returning to farming, he was in a happy mood and his long-cherished wish was rewarded. His joy is beyond words. He cultivates the fields and cultivates himself. Although he went out early and came back late, he was in a good mood and full of heart. He returned to simple farmers, and in his spare time, he drank and wrote poems, climbed rivers and was free and unrestrained. Although there were difficulties, such as fire, poor harvest and even illness, he gave up drinking, but he took it in stride with a free and easy attitude, lived and worked in peace and contentment, and was clear-headed and truly integrated with nature. Therefore, he described the daily scenery of Tian's family life more, such as "A few treasures", which made people feel cordial and peaceful:
Grasp the current situation, solve problems and convince farmers. Even when the plain is far away from the wind, good seedlings are pregnant with new ideas. ("Gui Mao is as old as spring, nostalgic for Tian She")
Smell knocking at the door in the morning, turn it upside down and open it yourself. Ask the son for whom, Fu Tian is kind-hearted. ("Drinking" No.9)
The mountain stream is clear, diving, and hiking. Filter out the new wine at home and cook chicken for the neighbors. When the sun sets, the candle is lit instead. (Back to the Garden Part V)
These poems transcend the calculation of secular utility and blend with nature. They forget the machine and are comfortable, and naturally there will be a plain and natural style in their poems.
(2) The second reason why Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems downplay the beauty of nature is to abandon carving, be plain and make the language as pure as possible.
The language of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems is simple and unpretentious, and the language is pure and beautiful. Zhong Rong said that Tao Yuanming "has poems in his body, and there are almost no long words." It' s retro, and it' s just a word. " This sentence accurately points out that the language of Tao Yuanming's poems is simple and pure, which is in terms of his pastoral language style. For example, the second part of "Returning to the Garden": "There are few people in the wild and few wheels in the poor lanes. Covering Fei Jing during the day, thinking about the truth and reality. When complex market music, grass * * *. When we meet, we don't talk about worldly affairs, only that the garden is long in Sang Ma. My field is growing higher and higher, and my cultivated land is expanding day by day. Always afraid of frost, just like grass. "The poet expressed vivid images through the extremely simple language of Fei Jing, Xelloss and Sang Ma. Instead of ornamentation and carving, they use simple and natural language and sparse brushstrokes to concisely outline vivid images and convey profound meanings, so as to achieve the artistic effect of vivid painting. For example, "the weather in the mountains is getting better every day, and the birds are coming back", "It's deserted in the morning, and the lotus is brought home with the month". There are almost no adjectives except the selected nouns and verbs, which shows that everyone can feel the vivid image of the poem.
The reason why Tao Yuanming can form a "substantial and plain, real" language style is directly related to his complacent nature in Ren Zhen, because ordinary people inevitably have a "human" heart when writing poems. The so-called "being a man" still needs to talk about benevolence, righteousness and morality, or govern the country and keep the country safe, or take into account other people's evaluation of the quality of poetry. With this idea, I always want to compete with others, and I always want my poems to be praised after thousands of years. When writing poetry, you can't help being arrogant and pretentious, and sometimes you lose the beauty of nature and truth. Some poets deliberately write poems that are difficult for everyone to understand; Some poets write poems that illiterate old ladies can understand, but no matter how difficult they are, they all have a "human" heart. Tao Yuanming is different from them. He did not deliberately pursue "being a man", but wrote out his inner feelings.
But in fact, the language of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems is not unpretentious, but plain and natural after highly refining and refining. From this point of view, Tao Yuanming's refining and application of characters can be said to have achieved great attainments. As Yuan Haowen said in Tao Yuanming's poem: "A word is natural and eternal, and luxury can see the truth." It's hardly a hollow reputation. I think it is very important whether a person writes poetry sincerely or not. If a poet first has a nihility about his feelings, then no matter how ingenious you are and how gorgeous the appearance of the words is, when you meet a truly knowledgeable person, you will know whether your poems are true or not after reading them. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems are the most natural and sincere. Pan Yue, a poet of Taikang, wrote a poem of seclusion, which gives people a very lofty and indifferent impression. But he himself pursues fame and wealth to the point of worshipping the powerful Jami. Although he has gained a certain reputation in the field of poetry, his poems have never reached a higher level.
Tao Yuanming never used exaggerated arrangement and gorgeous colors to deliberately carve antithesis and abstruse allusions to write poems. The charm of his poems lies in all the words naturally revealed in his temperament and in his inner emotional strength. For example, there is a snow scene, "In mid-December, I worked at the age of four, respecting my brother": "Sleeping under the door has nothing to do with the world. Look around, who knows, Fei Jing is usually closed during the day. It's sad at the end of the year, and it snows. There is no hope in the ear, but nothing in the eye. The strength invades the inner sleeve, and the ladle repeatedly covers it. In an empty space, there is nothing to be happy about! Send a word, who can be unkind. Too high to climb, it is too poor. If you can't help it, working late is a mistake! In a word, who can bid farewell to kindness? " Write snow, "I don't want to hear anything, but I am clean in my eyes." He doesn't need subtle metaphors such as "pebbles" and "floating sheep". He only needs ten ordinary words to write the silent and gentle meaning of snow. Another example is the landscape in "The Preamble to Fortune": "Fortunately, Mu Mu Liang Dynasty. Attack my spring clothes and say the eastern suburbs. The mountains are foggy and the clouds are warm. There is a south wind and new wings. " Write the wind, "there is a south wind blowing, and the wings are new seedlings", without allusions such as "Qingping" and "HSBC", just a word "wings", and the south wind gently blows the state of new seedlings, which is warm. The language of Tao Yuanming's poems is incisive but artistic. The reason why he chose such pure language is because he yearns for a leisurely and indifferent life, and the feelings he wants to express are a pure heart, not a sentimental emotional world. The language of Tao Yuanming's poems is plain and pure, thus forming the diluted natural beauty of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems.
(3) Rational content is the third reason why Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems downplay the beauty of nature.
Tao Yuanming's description of scenery does not pursue the shape of the object and the twists and turns of the plot, but expresses feelings higher than the world through what everyone can see and ordinary things, and writes the truth that people may not understand. He is good at integrating profound philosophy into the images of poetry, so that ordinary materials show extraordinary artistic conception, which is very harmonious and often fascinating. Tao Yuanming's poems focus on writing the mind, combining writing with scenery, and have a thorough understanding of life. He doesn't care if he looks like it, but writes a world in his mind. Tao Yuanming's poems are based on events, scenes, feelings and reasons. The new seedlings spreading their wings under the south wind, the moon returning from weeding with him, the smoke curling up, Chun Yan returning to his lair because of his family's four walls, the forest in front of the hall, the piano on the bed, the muddy wine in the pot, and the pine trees, autumn chrysanthemums, lonely clouds and birds that often appear in his works are all unusual things. They are all objective, reflecting the poet's subjective feelings and personality, and they are all abstract. Let's look at the fifth part of Drinking: "Building a house is a human territory, and there are no horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. There is a real meaning in this, and I have forgotten what I want to say. " The first four sentences talk about the relationship between "mind" and "land", that is, the relationship between subjective spirit and objective environment. As long as the mind is far away, no matter where it is, it will not be disturbed by the noise of dust and customs. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan", the heart and the mountain meet leisurely, as if they were integrated with Nanshan. The mountain breeze and the returning birds that night constitute a wonderful scenery in their hearts, which contains the true meaning of life. This kind of instant induction between the heart and the environment, as well as the joy leading to infinity, is beyond words. Through his sketches of natural scenery, he reveals his sincere love and deep attachment to the pastoral scenery, shows the poet's peaceful and indifferent state of mind, and blends with the simple and quiet pastoral scenery to form the beauty of diluting nature.
The charm of Tao Yuanming's poetry lies in creating the artistic realm of diluting beauty with the language naturally revealed in his temperament; Poetry is full of emotional power, but at the same time it is soothing, peaceful and rarely agitated. The combination of rigor and calm philosophical thinking creates a lofty and unconventional artistic conception. It is to extract profound meaning and philosophy from ordinary life materials, so as to realize the realm of the blending of things and me and the symbiosis of scenes in pastoral poetry. Generally speaking, the artistic conception of Tao Yuanming's poems is relatively complete, because he infects readers as a whole, rather than attracting people with a sentence or a fragment, and creates reasonable and harmonious poetic artistic characteristics. Tao Yuanming's poems often express some philosophy of life in simple language in lyrical scenery writing. The integration of emotion, scenery and reason in Tao's poems creates a profound artistic conception.
The language of Tao Yuanming's poems is unique, completely unaffected by the couple's style of writing at that time. Most of his poems are close to spoken language and approachable. Sentences such as "Building a house is human, but there are no horses and chariots", "It's sunny today, blowing cicadas" and "Life is right, food and clothing are well-off" are clear at a glance. Simple and frank language also reflects the style of downplaying nature.
(4) The artistic conception of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems-diluting the beauty of nature.
Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems create the artistic beauty of poetry, and the poetic rhyme is extremely mellow, unpretentious and dilutes the beauty of nature. Zhu's "Zhuzi's Poems" said: "Poems of Yuan and Ming Dynasties are plain and natural. This sentence means that his poetic style is "plain", extremely natural and unpretentious. Jian 'an poems brought generous and sad beauty to China literature, poets in the Western Jin Dynasty brought aesthetic beauty to China literature, and Tao Yuanming opened up a world with diluted beauty. The charm of the realm of his poems is the natural expression of the realm of life, which is peaceful and indifferent, striving for the world without seeking, lacking in heart and losing in sex. It is a new kind of artistic beauty.
The artistic conception of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems is simple and unpretentious, and its conciseness has profound charm. Tao poems tend to follow the natural way and lead a peaceful life, but through the combination of poets, they present a new artistic conception and give people a sense of beauty. The poem that best represents the beauty of Tao Yuanming's dilution is the fifth poem of Drinking: "Building a house is in a human condition, but there are no chariots and horses. What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. This makes sense. I forgot what I said when I tried to defend myself. " The reason why this poem can be exciting for generations lies in creating a quiet and peaceful spiritual realm. People, mountains and rivers, air and birds are all natural and plain things. This spiritual realm leaves people with endless yearning, which is the charm. Gong Zizhen, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, praised Tao Yuanming in a poem "Miscellaneous Poems on the Sea", saying, "Tao Qian is like Wolong, and Xunyang is tall. This shows that the pine trees and chrysanthemums written by Tao Yuanming are as noble as themselves.
As a poetic art, Tao Yuanming can write a realm. The first meaning of "realm" refers to both scenery and events, that is, the beautiful scenery of the outside world, emotional joys and sorrows, etc. But it also has a second meaning, that is, the realm of spirit or soul is conveyed through real scenery and events. Another example is the fifth part of "Returning to the Pastoral Residence": "Self-pity, rough history. The mountain stream is shallow and meets my feet. Filter out the new wine at home and cook chicken for the neighbors. When the sun sets, the candle is lit instead. Joy is short and bitter, and it has returned to Tianxu. " Among them, "It's dark when the sun enters the room, and the golden candle is changed for the golden candle" is just a very ordinary bunch of glowing thorns, but what the poet wrote reflects that the living atmosphere of gathering and laughing among relatives and neighbors has been enhanced. The formation of this atmosphere is also the result of the poet's willingness to retire and stick to his spiritual home. There is also the first of the "two movements": "I once wanted to live in Nancun, not for Butch's house. There are many people who are simple, happy and quantitative. I have been pregnant with this for several years, and today I am our service. Why should the disadvantages be wide? Bring enough things to cover the mattress. Neighboring songs come from time to time, and the word resistance is a thing of the past. Appreciating strange essays and analyzing doubts, Tao Yuanming wrote his poor and thrifty life in just two words. It seems dull, but it shows a kind of detachment and freedom, showing a noble character of being peaceful and indifferent, not striving for the world, not seeking meritorious service and not "bowing to the powerful".
On the surface, Tao Yuanming's poems are simple and clear, but in fact, they are very complicated and difficult to tell. There is a gradual process for a person to develop from low-level needs to high-level needs. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems just reflect the complicated, difficult and tortuous process he experienced when he reached the realm of "self-realization". Su Shi's Book with Su Zhe said: "I am a poet, but I am just a poet with profound knowledge. Yuan Ming wrote few poems, but his poems are solid, which is beyond the reach of Cao, Liu, Bao, Xie, Li and Du Fu. ⑸ "quality" is simple, "beauty" is gorgeous, "thinness" is originally thin, which means thinness and simplicity, and "fatness" is originally fat and extended to richness. This sentence means that Tao's poems are simple in appearance, but gorgeous in fact, and simple in appearance, but rich in fact. This shows that his poems are plain, not tasteless, but meaningful, that is, plain and natural but full of charm.
The diluted beauty of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems is the most important artistic achievement. As Lu Xun said: "Tao Yuanming is not all' quiet', but also' jingwei holds the micro-wood and fills the sea. "Xingtian dances in the style of Angry King Kong. [6] "It is said that this kind of poem is impassioned and full of lofty sentiments, which shows the heroic demeanor of the poet. In addition, Tao Yuanming's poems are full of indignation and injustice, such as Eight Miscellaneous Poems (II): "Go to the Western Heaven in the daytime, and Dongling in the flat moon. Far away, thousands of people are swinging in the air. The wind enters the room and the pillow is cold at midnight. When qi changes, it is easy to realize, but not to sleep. Have nothing to say, wave a cup to persuade the lonely shadow. If the sun and the moon abandon people, they will be invincible. I am very sad to read this, but I can't be quiet in the end. " There are also sad voices of hunger and cold, such as "I'm hungry in summer and sleepless in cold nights" in Pang Zhushu Deng Zhizhong's Complaining Poems and Chu Tunes. Cocks crow at night and birds fly in the morning. Shen Deqian said Tao Yuanming's poem: "There are words of care and diligence, words of self-responsibility, words of contentment, words of grief and indignation, words of happiness and peace of mind, words of sharing everything with me. (7) "Tao Yuanming said to himself," The waves are getting bigger and bigger, and I don't like them, and I'm not afraid of them "(Interpretation of Form, Shadow and Spirit). Because he entrusted fate, conformed to nature, and didn't care about wealth and poverty, he was at peace in his poetry creation. Mr. Zhu Guangqian also realized the painful process of Tao Yuanming's "transformation": "When it comes to emotional life, like his thoughts, Tao Yuanming is not a very simple person. Like us, he has many contradictions and conflicts; Like all great poets, he finally achieved harmony and tranquility. When we read his poems, we all appreciate his "dilution" ... "
People often use "plain and simple" to summarize the style of Tao poetry, but Tao poetry is not only plain, but also has the advantage of showing strong charm in plain; Tao poetry is not only simple, but also beautiful in simplicity. The objects described in Tao poetry are often ordinary things, such as thatched cottage, chicken, dog, bean sprouts, Sang Ma, kitchen smoke, mountain breeze, birds and so on. In fact, they are nothing strange. However, once the poet's brush strokes are used, they often have infinite charm, charming and plain.
In a word, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems successfully promoted nature to a beautiful artistic conception. He created a new type of beauty in the artistic conception of China's poems, a diluted natural beauty with extremely mellow and unpretentious charm. Tao Yuanming's real experience of pastoral life paved the way for his creation of these well-known pastoral poems, thus establishing the immortal position of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems in the history of China literature.