Wen Tianxiang (1June 6, 236-12831October 9), formerly known as Sun Yun, was named Song Rui with a good word. Since the number Wenshan, Fuxiu Taoist. Luling, Jizhou County, Jiangxi Province (now futian town, Qingyuan District, Ji 'an City, Jiangxi Province [1]) was a politician, writer, patriotic poet, famous anti-Yuan minister and national hero at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and together with Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie, he was also called "three outstanding men in the end of the Song Dynasty". In the fourth year of Baoyu's reign (A.D. 1256), he was the top scholar and the right prime minister, and wrote to lord protector. Yu Wupoling was defeated and captured, preferring death to surrender. In the 19th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 1282), he died calmly in Chai City on the 9th day of December. He is the author of Wenshan Poetry Collection, A Guide to the South, Postscript to the Guide, Song Zhengqi, etc.
Another name
Formerly known as Sun Yun
word number
Song Rui, just a word.
Wenshan and Fuxiu Taoist
The Times
Southern Song Dynasty
Ethnic groups
Han (ha)
birthplace
Jizhou luling
At birth
1June 6, 236
death time
1283 65438+1October 9th
Main work
Wenshan poetry anthology, south guide, back guide.
Major achievements
One of the "Three Masters in the Late Song Dynasty"
government post
Right, prime minister, pay less attention
Wen Tianxiang, formerly known as Sun Yun, was born in Wenshan and Fuxiu Road. After Gong was selected, she changed her name to Tianxiang, and her handwriting improved. [3-4] Good-looking, tall, white as jade, with fine eyes and bright eyes. When he was a child, when he saw the sacrificial portraits of Mr. Ouyang Xiu, Mr. Wa and Mr. Wang, posthumous title was "loyal", which made him happy and envious. Said, "If you don't become one of them, you won't."
Portrait of Wen Tianxiang
Is a real man. "At the age of twenty, he was admitted to Jinshi and got the correct answer in Ying Ji Temple. At that time, Song Lizong had been in office for a long time, and he gradually became lazy in managing political affairs. Wen Tianxiang discusses policies with the theme of "Law and Heaven", with more than 10,000 words. He finished it without writing a draft. Emperor Song Lizong personally selected him as the first prize. Examiner Wang Yinglin said: "This paper is based on ancient things, and loyalty is like a stone. I thought it would be nice to get such a person. "Bao You won the first prize in four years (1256), and was later renamed Song Rui. [5] Soon, his father died and went home to pay his respects. [6]
In the early Qing Dynasty (AD 1259), the Yuan army invaded the Song Dynasty, and the eunuch Dong wrote to the emperor to move the capital. No one dares to argue that this is wrong. At that time, Wen Tianxiang entered the DPRK, was appointed as the judge of Ningshui Teachers' Day, and wrote "Request to slay Dong to unify people's hearts". Because I was not adopted, I asked myself to be dismissed and go back to my hometown. Later, he was gradually promoted to assistant minister of punishments. Dong was promoted to omniscient, and Wen Tianxiang wrote to list his crimes one by one, but there was no reply. [7] Therefore, he went out to be a magistrate in Ruizhou, moved to Jiangnan West Road to be punished, and was promoted to Zuo Si Lang, a senior official, and was repeatedly dismissed by Taiwan officials. He used to be a military equipment inspector and also served as an agent directly under the bachelor's college. Jia Sidao said he was sick and asked to retire and blackmail the emperor, but the imperial edict didn't answer. Wen Tianxiang drafted the patent, and all his words were satirical to Jia Sidao. At that time, the internal system of drafting imperial edict was to be submitted for review, but Wen Tianxiang didn't write it. Jia Sidao was displeased and ordered Zhang Zhili, a Taiwanese minister, to violate the recall. Wen Tianxiang was reprimanded several times, citing Qian Ruoshui's example to retire at the age of 37. [8]
In the ninth year of Xianchun (A.D. 1273), it was used for the execution of Jinghu South Road. So I met former Prime Minister Jiang Wanli. Jiang Wanli was always amazed at Wen Tianxiang's ambition and integrity. When talking with him about state affairs, he said sadly, "I am old, and personnel will change when observing the weather." I've met many people. Isn't it you who is in charge of running the country? I hope you work hard. " [9]
Lead troops and be diligent
In the tenth year of Xianchun (AD 1274), Wen Tianxiang was appointed as Ganzhou (now Jiangxi). [10] The first year of Deyou (AD 1275) was on the Yangtze River.
wen tianxiang
Swimming in an emergency, commanding the diligent king of the world. Wen Tianxiang held the imperial edict and wept bitterly. He sent Chen Jizhou to lead the heroes to the county, contacted Xixi Man at the same time, and sent Fang Xing to call troops to Jizhou. The heroes responded and gathered ten thousand soldiers. The matter was reported to the court and ordered him to lead the army into Beijing in the name of the envoy of Jiangnan West Road. His friend stopped him and said, "Now Yuan soldiers are attacking south in three ways, breaking through the suburbs of Beijing and forcing them into the mainland. You are going to Beijing to defend with more than 10,000 people, which is no different from chasing sheep and killing tigers. " Wen Tianxiang replied, "I know that, too. However, this country has nurtured its subjects and people for more than 300 years. Once there is a crisis, the soldiers in the world will be recruited, and no one will ride into Wei Jing Normal School. I'm deeply sorry about that. Therefore, I overreached myself and died for my country. I hope that the loyal ministers and benevolent people in the world will rise up after hearing this. Winning by righteousness can make you self-reliant, and relying on more people can promote your career success. If you take this line, then the country will be guaranteed. " [ 1 1]
Wen Tianxiang was generous and generous, and he had plenty of food and clothing all his life. By this time, I am sad to belittle myself and punish myself, and all the assets at home are used as military expenses. Whenever I talk about the current affairs of the country with my guests and family, I cry bitterly and say, "To regard the happiness of others as a happy person is also worrying about the troubles of others. People who rely on other people's food and clothing as their source of food and clothing should die for other people's business. "
In August of the first year of Deyou (A.D. 1275), Wen Tianxiang led the troops to Lin 'an and served as the prefect of Pingjiang. At that time, because the prime minister Chen did not return to the court, he was not sent. /kloc-in October, Chen arrived, so he was sent to work. During the discussion, Lu Shimeng was promoted to the position of Minister of War, and Lv Wende was appointed as the King of Yi County to seek reconciliation. Lv Shimeng is even more arrogant. [ 12]
Fight hard in southeast China
When Wen Tianxiang bid farewell to the son of heaven, Shang Shu said, "The imperial court has the intention of appeasement and containment, but there are few cases of hard work and determination. Please chop Meng as a war sacrifice to boost the morale of the soldiers. " He also said: "The Song Dynasty accepted the lessons of the five dynasties, cut off the buffer regions and established counties and cities. Although the disadvantages of being too big to fail were completely eliminated for a while, the country gradually weakened. Therefore, when you arrive at a state, you break a state, and when you arrive at a county, you break a county. There is still time to regret and grieve over the fall of the Central Plains. It is time to divide the world into four towns and set up a governor as its commander-in-chief. Incorporate Guangnan West Road into Jinghu South Road and set up a governance office in Changsha; Incorporate Guangnan East Road into Jiangnan West Road and set up a governance office in Longxing; Incorporate Fujian Road into Jiangnan East Road and set up Fanyangzhi Institute; Merge Huainan West Road into Huainan East Road, and set up a governing office in Yangzhou. Changsha was ordered to capture Ezhou, Longxing captured qi zhou and Huangzhou, Fanyang captured Jiangdong, and Yangzhou captured Huaibei, making it vast and powerful enough to resist the enemy. On the appointed date, we rose together, only moving forward, not retreating, and planning to return to the earth day and night. There are many enemy soldiers, but their forces are scattered and exhausted. My Song hero is waiting for an opportunity to attack the enemy. In this case, the enemy soldiers will be easily defeated. "At that time, Wen Tianxiang's arguments were sparse and difficult to implement, so the petition was fruitless. [ 13]
In October of the first year of Deyou (A.D. 1275), Wen Tianxiang arrived at Pingjiang, and Yuan Bing set out from Jinling and entered Changzhou. Wen Tianxiang sent his generals Zhu Hua, Yu Yin, Ma Shilong and Zhang Quan to help Changzhou and went to Yuqiao. Ma Shilong was killed, and Zhu Hua led the Quang Nam Army. He fought in ebony and was defeated. The lingering sound was also defeated, scrambling to cross the water and depriving Zhang Quan of the ferry. Zhang Quan's soldiers cut off their fingers and drowned. Yu Yin led 500 disabled soldiers to fight at night and died the next morning. Richard cheung kuen fled and retreated without firing an arrow. Yuan soldiers invaded Changzhou and occupied Dushangguan. Chen and Liu Zhao Wen Tianxiang abandoned Pingjiang and retreated to Yuhang. [ 14]
Go to Yuan Ying.
In the second year of Deyou (AD 1276), Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the magistrate of Lin 'an. Soon, the Song Dynasty surrendered, and both Chen and Zhang Shijie left. The imperial court continued to appoint Wen Tianxiang as the envoy of the Tang Dynasty. Soon, he served as the right prime minister and the special envoy of the Tang Dynasty, and as a special envoy, he held peace talks with the Yuan Army, and Bo Yan, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, was in Gaoting Mountain.
wen tianxiang
The front is a relative argument. Bo Yan was angry and arrested him. Go to Zhenjiang with Prime Minister Zuo, Prime Minister Yu, Privy Council Affairs Xie Tang, Xuan Weng and Privy Council Affairs Liu You. Twelve people, including Wen Tianxiang and his sidekick Du Hu, fled to Zhou Zhen at night. [15] Miao Zaicheng came out to meet him and said with tears of joy, "The soldiers of the Huai River can revive the Song Dynasty, but there are some contradictions between the two leaders, so they can't work together." Wen Tianxiang asked: "Where did this plan come from?" Miao Zaicheng replied: "Now, we invite soldiers from Huaixi to Jiankang, and they will do their best to defend our soldiers from Huaixi. Command the eastern generals, attack Wantou with Tongzhou and Taizhou soldiers, attack Yangzi Bridge with Gaoyou, Baoying and Huai 'an soldiers, and attack Guabu with Yangzhou soldiers. I led the water army into Zhenjiang and sent troops that day. Wantou and Yangziqiao are fragile armies along the Yangtze River. We hope our army will attack day and night and win. Together, we attacked Guabu from three directions, and I led my own troops to feint from the Yangtze River with less troops, although it was impossible for smart people to predict this. After Guabu captured, the eastern troops attacked Jingkou and the western troops attacked Jinling, threatening Zhejiang's retreat and capturing the commander of the Yuan army alive. " Wen Tianxiang praised this, immediately wrote to send two envoys, and sent messengers to contact around. [ 16]
Before Wen Tianxiang arrived, a soldier who escaped from Yangzhou said, "The imperial court secretly sent the prime minister to Zhou Zhen to persuade him to surrender." Li Tingzhi believes that Wen Tianxiang has surrendered. Send Miao to kill Wen Tianxiang. Miao Zaicheng couldn't bear to kill him, so he tricked Wen Tianxiang out of Xiangcheng base, showed him the company's documents and locked him out. After a long time, two groups of people were sent to find out whether Tianxiang had come to surrender, and if so, he was killed. After talking to Tian Xiang respectively, two groups of people confirmed their loyalty and didn't have the heart to kill him. They sent twenty soldiers to Yangzhou along the road, and arrived at the gate at the fourth watch, listening to the people waiting to open the gate. The production department ordered that Wen Tianxiang should be closely guarded. When Wen Tianxiang and his party heard this, they spat out their tongues at each other, so they went to sea to the east. When they met Yuan soldiers, they hid in the surrounding earth walls to avoid disaster. However, I couldn't walk because of hunger, so I asked the woodcutter for some leftovers. Walking to Banqiao, Yuan Bing came again, and everyone ran into the bamboo forest to hide. Yuan Bing went into the bamboo forest to search, caught Du Hu and Jin Ying and took them away. Jasmine Zhang was shot once in the eye and twice in the body. Wen Tianxiang got away without being found twice. Du Hu and Jin Ying took out their gold and silver and gave them to Yuan Jun, but they were put back. They hired two woodmen to carry Wen Tianxiang, who was sitting in a laundry list, to Gaoyou and cross the sea to Wenzhou by boat. [ 17]
Lead troops against bad weather.
Wen Tianxiang heard that the beneficial king had not been established, and the above table advised him to accede to the throne. He was called to Fuzhou to be a bachelor of Confucian temples and to be an official and worship the right prime minister. Soon people will disagree with Chen. In July of the second year of Deyou (A.D. 1276), he became the governor of Jiangnan West Road, preparing to take office and calling soldiers into Tingzhou. In October, Zhao Shishang, a staff officer, was sent to discuss that Zhao led the army to take Ningdu, and Wu Jun, an adviser, led the army to take Ningdu.
Wengong performance table
Xiao Mingzhe and Chen Dou set out from Jiangxi to meet him. Zou Yi summoned troops in Ningdu, and Yuan soldiers attacked them. When Zou Yi was defeated, Liu Qin, Ju Huashu, Yan Shili, Yan Qiyan and other insurgents who led the troops were all killed. Professor Luo Kaili of Wugang set out to recapture Yongfeng County. Soon after, he was defeated, captured and died in prison. When Wen Tianxiang heard that Luo Kaili had died, he put on mourning and wept bitterly. [ 18]
In the first month of the second year of Jingyan (AD 1277), Yuan soldiers invaded Tingzhou, so Wen Tianxiang moved to Zhangzhou and requested to join the Wei court. Zhao Shishang and Ye Zhao came back with troops, but the soldiers from Wu Jun didn't arrive. Soon, Wu Jun reduced his salary and lobbied Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang sent someone to tie Wu Jun up and hang him. In April, when they entered Meizhou, Wang Fuhe Qian's general was overbearing and beheaded. In May, I moved out of Jiangnan West Road and entered Huichang. [19] In June, he entered Xingguo County. In July, Zhang Bian, Zhao Shishang, Zhao Mengrong and the army were sent to attack Gancheng. The rate of Ganzhou county soldiers took Yongfeng, and the adjutant Li led Jizhou county soldiers to take Taihe. Jizhou eight counties recovered half, only Ganzhou did not fall. All counties in Lin Hong sent money and labor. Tanzhou, Zhang Tang, Xiong Gui, Liu Douyuan, Wu, Chen Ziquan, set out in Shaozhou, Yongzhou and Keduo County. When did Fuzhou and others set out to respond to Wen Tianxiang? Heroes in Fenning, Wuning and Jianchang all sent people to the army to participate in the war. [20]
The Yuan Army of Jiangnan West Road made Hengli send troops to Ganzhou to attack Wen Tianxiang's stronghold in Xingguo. Wen Tianxiang didn't expect Hengli's soldiers to attack Xingguo suddenly, so he led his troops to retreat and approached Zou Yu near Yongfeng. Zou Yun's army had been defeated before him, so Hengli chased Wen Tianxiang to Fangshiling. Gong Xin resolutely refused to fight. He was shot several arrows and died. Arriving at the empty pit, the defeat scattered, and Wen Tianxiang's wife and children were caught. Zhao Shishang was sitting in a sedan chair, and Yuan Bing at the back asked him who he was. Zhao Shishang said, "My family name is Wen", but all the soldiers thought it was Wen Tianxiang, so they took him back to the barracks alive and Wen Tianxiang was able to escape. [2 1]
Peng Zhenlong and Zhang Bian died in the army, and Miao Chaozong hanged himself. Wu Wenbing, Lin Dong and Liu Zhu were all arrested. Zhao swore and refused to yield, and some people who were arrested many times were often released quickly, saying, "What's the use of arresting a small hall signing officer?" So many people have escaped. During the execution, Liu Zhu defended many times. Zhao scolded him and said, "Forget it if you die. Why bother?" Therefore, Lin Dong, Wu Wenbing, Xiao Jingfu and Xiao Daofu are all unavoidable. [22]
Be defeated and captured
Portrait of Wen Tianxiang
Wen Tianxiang called down archers to Zhou Xun and stationed them in Nanling. Li He conspired to surrender secretly, was caught and killed. In March of the third year of Jingyan (AD 1278), Wen Tianxiang entered Lijiang Pu. In June, I entered the boat bay. King Iraq died and Wang Wei succeeded him. Wen Tianxiang blamed himself and requested to enter the DPRK, but was not allowed. In August, Wen Tianxiang was named Shao Bao and Xin Guogong. The plague spread again in the army and hundreds of soldiers died. Wen Tianxiang's only son and mother are dead. 1 1 month, entering Chaoyang county. Chen Yi and Liu Xing, the thieves of Chaozhou, rebelled against impermanence many times, which was a great harm to Chaoyang people. Wen Tianxiang drove Chen Yi away, caught Liu Xing and killed him. /kloc-in 0/2 months, they rushed to Nanling, and Zou Yun and Liu Zijun came from Jiangxi to attack Chen Yi's henchmen again. Chen Yi then secretly colluded with Zhang Hongfan to help and guide the Yuan Army to attack Chaoyang. Wen Tianxiang was eating at Wupo Ridge when suddenly Zhang Hongfan's army appeared. All the soldiers were caught off guard and hid in the weeds. Wen Tianxiang fled in a hurry and was caught by thousands of kings of Yuan Army. Wen Tianxiang swallowed the brain (that is, borneol) and didn't die. Zou Yi cut his neck, and all the soldiers helped him to Nanling before he died. At that time, Liu Zijun, Chen, Xiao Mingzhe and Xiao Zi died, Du Hu was caught and died of grief. Only Zhao escaped, while Zhang Tang, Xiong Gui, Wu and Chen Ziquan were captured alive and executed. [23]
Wen Tianxiang was taken to Chaoyang, and when he met Zhang Hongfan, officials around him ordered him to bow down, but he didn't. Zhang Hongfan then received him as a guest, and followed him into the mountains, asking him to write to Zhang Shijie. Wen Tianxiang said: "I can't defend my parents and teach others to betray their parents?" Because I was forced to ask for letters many times, I wrote a poem "Crossing the Ocean of Zero Ding" for them. The last sentence of this poem says: "No one has died since ancient times. Take the heart of Dan and follow the history of history." Zhang Hongfan put it away with a smile. Zhang Hongfan said, "The loyalty and filial piety of the Prime Minister have been exhausted. If you can change your attitude and serve the Great Yuan Emperor as you served the Song Dynasty, you will not lose your position as prime minister. " Wen Tianxiang said tearfully, "The country is doomed. As a courtier, death is not just a crime. How dare you drag out an ignoble existence with two hearts? " Zhang Hongfan felt his righteousness and sent someone to escort Wen Tianxiang to Beijing. [24]
Easy to die.
On the way, Wen Tianxiang didn't eat for eight days, and then he ate again before he died. In Yanjing, the librarians are diligent and luxuriously furnished. Wen Tianxiang didn't sleep until dawn. So he handed it over to the army and let the foot soldiers guard it. At that time, Kublai Khan searched for talented officials in the Southern Song Dynasty many times. Wang Jiweng said, "No one can match Wen Tianxiang in the Southern Song Dynasty." So he sent Wang Jiweng to convey the imperial edict. Wen Tianxiang said, "When my country dies, I can only die to serve my country. If I can return to my hometown as a Taoist because of forgiveness, I will be a consultant in a non-secular capacity in the future. If I immediately give it to a senior official, not only will the doctor who died in the country not survive here, but he will also abandon all his life ambitions. What's the use of appointing me? " Wang Jiweng wanted to join Song Guan Xie Changyuan and other ten people in demanding the release of Wen Tianxiang as a Taoist priest. Liu disagreed, saying, "After Wen Tianxiang was released, he called for resisting Yuan in Jiangnan. What about my ten people? " This incident was later forgotten. Wen Tianxiang has been in Yanjing for three years. Knowing that Wen Tianxiang was unyielding, Kublai Khan negotiated with the Prime Minister to let him go. When someone used Wen Tianxiang's uprising on Jiangnan West Road as an excuse, the result was not released. [25]
Wen Tianxiang is dead.
In the 19th year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1282), a monk in Fujian said that Saturn had offended the emperor, and he suspected that there was an accident. Soon, a madman in Zhongshan called himself "Lord of the Song Dynasty" and took thousands of soldiers to save Wen Tianxiang. There is also an unsigned letter in the capital, saying that one day, the reeds in the city burned out, leading the soldiers on both sides to make a mess, and the Prime Minister would have no worries. At that time, the thief had just assassinated Ahema, the left prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, so he ordered the demolition of the city reed and moved Duke Ying and the imperial clan of the Song Dynasty to Kaiping. The Yuan court suspected that the prime minister mentioned in the letter was Wen Tianxiang. [26]
Yuan Ting summoned Wen Tianxiang and told him, "What's your wish?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "Tianxiang owed a lot to the Song Dynasty. As a prime minister, how to serve the second surname? I will be satisfied when I die. " However, Kublai Khan couldn't bear it, so he waved him away. Some said that Wen Tianxiang's request should be granted, and imperial edicts could. In a short time, the letter stopped, and Wen Tianxiang died. When Wen Tianxiang was in the execution ground, he was particularly unhurried and said to the prison officer, "My business is over." Bow to the south and be executed. A few days later, his wife, Ouyang Shi, packed up her body and had a beautiful face, at the age of 47. There is a compliment on his clothes: "Confucius said to be benevolent, Mencius said to take justice, and only when loyalty and righteousness are exhausted will there be benevolence." What have you learned from reading the books of sages? From now on, I have a clear conscience. " [27]
Literary achievements
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The spiritual wealth left by Wen Tianxiang to the people is rich. Although he has no other monographs or monographs in literary research except the philosophical monograph "Trying the Emperor's Policy-Tao", this is because the current environment does not allow him to sit down and study monographs. In addition to countermeasures and seals, he also wrote many manuscripts in his busy schedule, including preface, epitaph, birthday preface, eulogy, congratulations, books and enlightenment. In addition, besides the Guide to the South, Postscript Guide and Song Collection, there are 200 poems by Du Fu, with eighteen beats and few words. This is the most valuable work, called epic. In addition, there are some anti-Yuan poems.
Wen Tianxiang's literary creation, especially his poetry creation, has two remarkable characteristics, which are divided into two stages: the early stage and the late stage. The so-called prophase refers to the stage when Ganzhou started to go to Zhou Zhen at night after serving him. At that time, although the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty was in a difficult autumn, the rulers in the dynasty were also ignorant and rich, but Wen Tianxiang himself was accumulating troops. They came to the military camp by themselves, and they are a team with clear love and hate and fighting capacity. Therefore, in Wen Tianxiang's mind, there is hope for reviving the Southern Song Dynasty and recovering lost land. Poems written in this period are characterized by freshness, liveliness, boldness and rich feelings, and they often inspire themselves with full fighting spirit, which makes people feel deeply when they read them. Such as the poem "Go to Que". As can be seen from these poems, Wen Tianxiang's eyes seem to have seen a bright future and hope for revival. Later, Li Tingzhi hinted that Miao Zaicheng would kill Wen Tianxiang to avoid worries. Miao Zaicheng decided to discuss with Wen Tianxiang * * * to regain his glory. He felt that Li's statement was wrong, but he dared not disobey it. He set up a trick of "seeing the city" to lure Wen Tianxiang out of the city, and then refused. Wen Tianxiang suffered another setback. But instead of being discouraged, he took on a new battle with high spirits. He wrote a long poem "In the Middle of Gaosha Road", which tells the whole dangerous life after he left Zhou Zhen in chronological order in plain and fluent prose language, making people feel as if they were there. There are five words in each sentence of the whole poem, and every other sentence rhymes, which lasts for more than 80 rhymes and rhymes to the end. I feel very confused after reading this poem. No wonder later generations read this poem and thought it could be compared with the Northern Expedition written by Du Fu. During this period, Wen Tianxiang wrote many poems, most of which are inspirational, which can be said to be the middle of two characteristic periods, that is, the transitional period. [28]
After arriving in Fuan, the situation has changed fundamentally. The emperor is still controlled by Chen and others. Although Wen Tianxiang was given an official position by the government, he was not allowed to work in the government, and even asked to open a government in Yongjia (Wenzhou). Finally, he decided to open a yamen in Nanjian (Nanping County, Fujian Province), and soon moved it to Tingzhou and then to Zhangzhou. Thus, the title of Wen Tianxiang, the envoy and commander-in-chief of the Tang Dynasty, is only a nominal title. During this period, Wen Tianxiang's poetry creation began to show the characteristics of the later period, and most of them lamented that the journey of life was "difficult and dangerous".
Especially in the second year of Xiangxing (AD 1279), on February 6th, Zhang Hongfan concentrated his forces to break the cliff mountain and forced Wen Tianxiang to go with him. Sitting in another boat, Wen Tianxiang felt a sharp pain when he saw the tragic scene that Song Jun was defeated by the Yuan Army. He lived up to expectations of the vertical axis, which led to defeat and collapse. Mourning it is a long poem. The title of this poem is "On February 6th, there was a war at sea and it was in a bad state. I was alone in the boat, crying to the south, and I wrote a poem about it, which expressed how deeply Wen Tianxiang felt at that time and how much he hated the consequences caused by Jia Sidao and Chen. The poems written by Wen Tianxiang at this stage are tragic, painful, poignant and elegant. [28]
Anecdotal allusions
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Wen Tianxiang once received a letter from his daughter Liu Niang in prison and learned that his wife and two daughters were slaves in the palace and lived like prisoners. Wen Tianxiang knew that as long as he surrendered, his family could be reunited. But Wen Tianxiang doesn't want to lose his integrity because of his wife and daughter. In his letter to his sister, he said, "I am very sad to receive a letter from Miss Liu. Who has no wife, children, flesh and blood? But now, it is a kind of life to die without hesitation. what can I do? What a pity! ..... can make Liu Nv and Huan Nv become good people, but dad can't. Tears choked and choked. "
Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Chai Shikou execution ground that day. The suggestion asked him, "What else does the Prime Minister have to say? Playing back can also save you from death. " Wen Tianxiang shouted, "Die or die. What else can you say? " He asked the prison officer again, "Which way is the south?" Someone showed him the direction, and Wen Tianxiang bowed down to the south and said, "My business is over, and my heart is clear!" [29]
Historical evaluation
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Song Shi: Magnificent figure, beautiful as jade, fine eyes and long eyes. As the saying goes, since ancient times, people with lofty ideals have wanted to believe in the meaning of the world, and their hearts have not been blunted by gains and losses. The life of a gentleman is called "benevolence", which is the meaning of heaven, that is, peace of mind. With the decline of commerce, Zhou has replaced virtue, while the split between the alliance and Tianjin unexpectedly encountered 800 countries. When two men tried to detain the horse, Boyi and Shu Qi stopped, but the three-foot boy knew it was impossible. Another day, Confucius was wise and said, "Be kind to others." Song Zhide died, and Wen Tianxiang ran back and forth between the soldiers. At first, he tried to save it in one breath, but he did nothing. He served the two kings with rugged mountains and seas in an attempt to revive them. Look calmly, you will die, because you want more than the living, so you can't call it "benevolence" For more than 100 years, Song San has taken scholar as its branch, which is superior to Jinshi, and Jinshi is superior to Lunkui. Since Tianxiang's death, the goodness in the world has been a remark, saying that people are not enough to get great men, so why not! [30]
Song Lizong: The auspicious day of the ecliptic is Song Zhirui. [3 1]
Portrait of Wen Tianxiang (16)
Wang Jiweng: Southerners are as lucky as the sky. [30]
Jiang Yikui: At that time, an omen said, "Wen Tianxiang, a towering figure. Japanese supporter, Lu Xiufu. " [3 1]
Yu Qian: Alas, Wenshan was in the season of Song Dynasty. Die a martyr. Swallow the whole world and feel the world sincerely. The ancient spirit has changed, and the world has changed. Sitting in a small pavilion, trapped in chains. Straight talk, long and hard. It's hard to hide your heart. It's awesome. It is better to die than to die completely. Farewell to the south, smiling at Jiuquan. Lonely loyalty is a big festival, which will be passed down through the ages. Carrying a portrait, the breeze is awesome. [32]
Chen Xun: Tianxiang Lonely Loyalty Festival is Steven Song, and the first method is mourning; In adversity, we should not forget the loyalty of our country and stick to the loyalty of our industry. Please call it "loyalty" If only heaven were dead. [33]
Han Yong: Today's collections are also spread all over the world, and future generations are eager to see them. Everyone knows that this is the meaning of the monarch. It is not appropriate to be outspoken without success. To help heaven, to cultivate self-cultivation, to control the hearts of officials and thieves, and to increase the spirit of benevolence. World teaching is important.
Hu Hua: The name of loyalty and righteousness is beneficial in Hannah Quinlivan, and public loyalty and righteousness are magnificent. Everyone knows and admires it. You should also use your records to worship, set up temples to worship, praise the merits of stones, and show them to the time, which will encourage coquetry. Bandits always advise future generations. [33]
Yang Shiqi: Premier Wen has just been crowned by the imperial court, that is to say, he has talked about the major policies of the country. After several yuan troops crossed the river, they wrote to beg for help and moved to the forum. One person solved their country and covered the world. Nature is a broken jar, exhausted, and revival is the responsibility. Although there are difficulties and obstacles, there are setbacks and there is no way out. It's a pity that the country is dying and the righteousness is getting clearer and clearer. Gai Gong's ambition is upright and broad, he knows far and is idle, and his lofty spirit is a teacher. Those who die of his ambition will go to Song with his life. Although the destiny belongs to the Song Dynasty, it is a matter of justice, so we have to do it. So many people killed ministers in the Song Dynasty. Commentators must regard the public as the first public. [34]
Aoying: Everyone dies. Everyone wants to die because of evil. Everyone has love. Love is the desire of the dead and the heart of a gentleman. My husband loves it and wants it to die! What you love is more important than death. The ancestors said, "It is a dime for life and death to govern the same person." As a result, South Ji Yun was praised without dying, Zhang Suiyang shouted that this person would die quickly, Premier Wen was praised without dying, and Weng Zuosheng gave a eulogy with a quick death. [35]
Song: the loyalty of the public is great, and the reputation of Haiyu is still known and envied. The situation is over-developed! That coward cried her eyes out when she was angry, which made him look like a scholar! [36]
Xie: A figure in the Song Dynasty, such as Wang, Sima Wengong, Ke Laigong and the contingency, the rebellion of Han Dede and Li Gang, the generals of Di Qing, Cao Wei, Yue Fei and Han Shizhong, the true Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu Huian, the articles of Ouyang Yongshu and Su Zizhan, and the loyalty of Hong Zhong Xuan and Wen Xinguo. [37]
Wang Shizhen: The speaker lamented his loyalty to the public, but regretted that he was not called. I don't think so. Her husband is a believer, and he is not without talent. In the last years of Xianchun, the affairs of the world had gone, and the believers were far away from the counties. Therefore, more than 10,000 people rose up and worked hard, and the people did not collapse. Without control, this is impossible. The battle of Dantu can be avoided by wisdom, and all deaths must be combined, and then it will be combined with Fujian and lose the county; However, Zhang Bian and Zou Feng sent by Hengli were defeated. They were separated and then got together again. Moreover, the army was a plague, and more than half of them died. In the Battle of Wupo, Zhang Hongfan was defeated again, and the generals used by Tianxiang were not constant enemies. The renminbi rises from the desert. Conquered at home and abroad with strength, and annihilated foreign women for 40 years, so that since Zhu Xian, Song and Song Dynasties failed to send one arrow and ride one, while Beichi Zheyuan suppressed Song eggs with the trend of Taishan coping. However, believers want to use one sentence to restrain themselves and encourage them to be sick and weak, in order to fight against the developing Huang Zhi, so as to win the spirit first. Although Bai Han is not easy to support. Therefore, the number of people who believe in the public is defeated, but I know their talents by calculation, and they have lost several times. I'm not saying that their talents have not been invoked. [38]
Emperor Qianlong: those who have both ability and political integrity are also on the top; Secondly, virtue is precious, no matter what talent ... When the Song Dynasty died, talents such as Lu, Liu and Ye all brought the country back to the Yuan Dynasty, and those who died and separated were loyal people. However, out of a moment of anger, he risked his life to die, and later generations still pay tribute to him with grace. For example, Wen Tianxiang's loyalty is not only a temporary excitation, but also a long-term excitation, winning glory with the sun and the moon with lofty spirit. People with lofty ideals want to extend their righteousness to the whole world, and do not blunt their hearts with success or failure. [33]
Lu Yi: These four men (Fan Zhongyan, Zhuge Liang, Lu Zhi and Wen Tianxiang) are all loyal and righteous. [39]
Wen, Zhang and Lu are gone forever, which is particularly touching, particularly distressing and particularly admirable. Liuhe, a corner of the dispute, is guarding an indisputable island, knowing that it is useless and turned into infatuation. Later generations may laugh at it for being pedantic, ignorant and unreasonable. Wen, Zhang and Lu are all loyal, but I have tried my best. After reading Zhuge Wuhou's "Model", my conclusion is: "Do your best, die before you die, and be blunt when you are defeated, which is not what you should look at." Most of them are loyal ministers and righteous men through the ages, especially Zhang and Lu. The Song Dynasty died, but the rule did not. Therefore, Hu Yuncai was less than 100 years old and returned to the Ming Dynasty. It was sad for a generation, but it was lucky for a hundred years. [40]
Mao Zedong: The comment said, "It is inappropriate to cherish the fate of a chef". Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Ceng Jing, Dai Mingshi, Qu Qiubai, Fang Zhimin, Deng, Yang Hucheng and Wen Yiduo, generation after generation, died with their lives, which is not only great. [4 1]
Xiong Yi: Those famous Neo-Confucians, such as Xu Heng and Wu Chengbei, all bow down. Only Wen Tianxiang, Zhang Shijie, Lu Xiufu and Xie Dieshan refused to be ministers and all died. [42]
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