Gao Shi (704-765) was born in Bohai Guo (now Cangzhou, Hebei) and later moved to Song Cheng, Songzhou (now Suiyang, Shangqiu, Henan). Anton is the grandson of Gao Kan, a minister and poet in the Tang Dynasty. He used to be an assistant minister of punishments, a regular servant of scattered riding, and was named Hou of Bohai County, known as Gao Chang's in the world. Yu Yongtai died in the first month of the first year, and was given a gift by the ministers of the Ministry of Rites, posthumous title.
As famous frontier poets, Gao Shi and Cen Can are called "Gao Cen", together with Cen Can, Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan, they are called "four frontier poets". His poems are vigorous and full of the unique spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. There are twenty volumes in the anthology.
Frontier poems have the highest achievements. His representative works include Ge Yanxing, Five Poems of Jimen, Frontier fortress, Song of Xia Sai, Work of Jizhong, Three Poems of Nine Songs and so on. , eulogized the soldiers' lofty sentiments of bravely serving the country and making contributions, wrote about their hardships in military life and their good wishes for peace, and exposed the arrogance and extravagance of frontier generals, their lack of sympathy for soldiers and the unclear rewards and punishments of the court. Gao Shi's works praising unjust wars and discriminating against ethnic minorities, such as Li Yunnan's Poems for Young Adults, are the dross of this kind of poetry.
"Bold and tragic" is the remarkable feature of Gao Shi's frontier poems. His poems are quality-oriented, magnificent and simple. Lofty and lonely, he has the spirit of a ranger. He once roamed Liang and Song Dynasties and devoted himself to self-sufficiency. In addition, he is generous and upright, so his poems reflect a wide range of aspects and profound themes. Gao Shi's psychological structure is extensive, and his personality is straightforward, so his poems often express his mind directly, or talk to each other, and rarely use metaphors. Gao Shi's poems focus on people rather than natural landscapes, so he seldom writes about landscapes, and often writes about landscapes when he is lyrical, so this scene bears the poet's personal subjective imprint. "Song of Yan" describes the bleak scene with "autumn is exhausted in the dust and sand, the grass is withered, and the sun is setting on the lonely wall", and contrasts it with the desert, hay, lonely city and sunset, forming a picture full of subjective feelings, which makes the heroic and tragic battle of the soldiers more intense. Gao Shi uses simple words in his language style without carving.
Gao Shi's poems occupy an important position in the frontier poetry school. Writing frontier fortress, boundless but not desolate, offering farewell, boundless but not sad are all ways to get rid of the past stereotypes and create a new generation of poetic style. His poems are famous for their profundity and profundity, and he is good at ancient customs. The frontier poems written have heat in cold and vitality in desolation, which is an important milestone in the development of frontier poetry school.
Cen Can (about 7 15-770), a frontier poet in Tang Dynasty, was born in Jiangling, Jingzhou (now Jiangling, Hubei), the great-grandson of Cen Wenben, the hero of Emperor Taizong, and later moved to Jiangling. Cen Can was lonely and poor in his early years. He learns from his brother and reads history books. Tang Xuanzong was a scholar in Tianbao three years (744). At the beginning, he led the government soldier Cao to join the army. After joining the army twice, he first served as the secretary of the shogunate of Gao Xianzhi in Anxi. At the end of Tianbao, Feng Changqing was the judge of the shogunate when he was the minister of Anxi North Hospital. During the reign of Emperor Zong, Zeng Guan was the secretariat of History (now Leshan, Sichuan), which was called "Cen Jiazhou". He died in Chengdu in the fifth year of Dali (770).
His poems are longer than seven-character metrical poems, and his masterpiece is Song of Snow to Send Tian Shuji Wu Home. There are 360 existing poems. He has cordial feelings for frontier fortress scenery, military life and cultural customs of ethnic minorities, so his frontier fortress poems are particularly excellent. The style is similar to that of Gao Shi, and later generations often call it "Gao Cen". There are ten volumes in The Collection of Cen Can, which have been lost. There are seven volumes (or eight volumes) of Cenjiazhou Collection. The Complete Tang Poetry consists of four volumes.
Cen Can was a famous frontier poet in Tang Dynasty. Cen Can's works are mainly frontier poems. Since the frontier fortress, in the new world of Anxi and Beiting, and in the fighting life of pommel horse, his poetic realm has been expanded unprecedentedly. This feature of liking the new and hating the old has been further developed in his creation, and the magnificent romantic color has become the main style of his frontier poems. For example, "Song of Farewell to General Feng's Journey to the Horse River" is one of the outstanding representative works of frontier fortress poetry. A Song of the Wheel Tower in Farewell to General Feng of the Western Expedition is also about the war in Tang Jun. Song of Snow in Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home can be said to be the masterpiece of the first two poems.
Cen Can also has many poems describing the strange scenery of the northwest frontier fortress. For example, Farewell to Yun Ge Volcano and Return to Beijing on Hot Sea in Cui Shi are even more exotic.
The theme of Cen Can's poems involves narrative, questions and answers, landscapes and travels, among which frontier poems are the most outstanding, and "grandeur" is its outstanding feature. Cen Can went to frontier fortress twice and wrote more than 70 frontier fortress poems. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, he wrote the most frontier poems and made the most outstanding achievements.
Selected Poems of Gao Shi Cen Can
In his works, no enemy can be a real opponent in the face of the strength of the Tang Empire, so he doesn't need to write about the outstanding struggles and hard sacrifices of the soldiers. What he wants to write is another great force that stands in front of soldiers, that is, harsh nature. For example, in The Journey to the West, snowy nights and roaring winds, flying sand and stones, these formidable harsh climatic environments in the frontier desert, in the poet's impression, have all become spectacular scenery that set off heroism, which is a wonderful beauty worthy of appreciation. Without the enterprising spirit and courage to overcome difficulties, it is difficult to feel this way. Only poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty can have this cheerful mind and this artistic sense.
Cen Can expressed the scenery beyond the Great Wall with strange enthusiasm and magnificent colors. Under the control of frontier fortress's generosity and lofty sentiments, with heroic tone and peculiar artistic techniques, the strange scenery and customs of the northwest desert are vividly displayed, which has a unique magnificent beauty. It broke through the traditional mode of writing frontier poems in the past, and greatly enriched and broadened the description theme and content scope of frontier poems.
"Magnificent" is its outstanding feature, and its language is vivid and exaggerated, impassioned, magnificent, magnificent, imaginative and changeable. After the An Shi Rebellion, although he also expressed some sympathy when he was hurt in some poems such as "Two March", it was somewhat inferior to those frontier poems mentioned earlier. His poem "Xishu Hostel sends a message to an old friend in the spring" says: "The four seas are still unsettled, and I am at a loss. Since the outbreak of the war, I feel that the world is very narrow. " This kind of mood can also explain why his romantic pride disappeared and he rarely reflected on the Anshi rebellion.
The main ideological tendency of Cen's poems is the heroic spirit of generosity to serve the country and the optimistic spirit of being fearless of difficulties. The artistic momentum is magnificent, the imagination is rich, the exaggeration is bold, the color is gorgeous, the creativity is novel, and the style is steep. He is good at depicting the magnificent frontier scenery with seven-character songs and expressing his uninhibited feelings. Du Zhen, a Tang Dynasty poet, compiled Cenjiazhou's poems, and later generations' collections evolved accordingly. Nowadays, Chen Tie people and Hou people have "Collection of Notes". For deeds, see Du Que's Preface to Cenjiazhou Collection, Chronicle of Tang Poems and Talented Persons of Tang Dynasty. Along with Gao Shi, he is also known as "Gao Cen".
Cen Can's poems are characterized by heroic spirit of serving the country generously and optimistic spirit of not being afraid of hardship, which is consistent with Gao Shi. The difference is that he describes the richness of frontier life more than the sympathy for foot soldiers in Gao Shi's poems. This is mainly because his background and early experience are different from Gao Shi's.
Cen Can's poems are full of romantic features: magnificent, imaginative, colorful, passionate and unrestrained, and his curious ideological character make his frontier poems present strange artistic charm. His poems have various forms, but he is best at seven-character poems. Sometimes two sentences turn, sometimes three sentences and four sentences turn, constantly rushing and jumping, full of images everywhere. It can be seen from his famous works, such as Night Collection of Judges in Liangzhou Pavilion, that he also attaches great importance to learning from folk songs.
Du Que's Preface to Cenjiazhou's Poems says that his poems are handed down from generation to generation. Although he is a scholar and a savage, he is full of irony. " It can be seen that his poems were widely circulated at that time, not only appealing to both refined and popular tastes, but also deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups. Fan Yin and Du Fu praised his poems before his death. Lu You, a patriotic poet in the Song Dynasty, even said that his poems were "chasing Du Li with a pen" (reading Cenjiazhou's poems at night). Although the evaluation may be a little excessive, Cen's poems are touching, but it is conceivable.
However, he was born in such a declining aristocratic family and was deeply branded with his life and thoughts. Critics of all previous dynasties thought that Censhi was handsome and graceful, and we pondered these four words repeatedly, which actually reflected two ideological contradictions in poetry creation: being keen on fame, being brave in making progress and being far away from the whole body. This contradiction runs through the poet Cen Can's life. Wei Que's ideological contradiction in the Jianghu is common among poets in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai, a heroic romantic poet, is no exception. On the one hand, he sang "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose sincere faces will never be seen" ("Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream"), but on the other hand, he wrote to state officials many times to compare himself with his own experience. "Jingzhou with Han Shu" said: "Why not cherish the land in front of the stage now and make Bai proud and affectionate?" The emotions reflected in Cen Can's poems are not only influenced by family, but also have their social basis.