First, the definition of Fu:
Fu is a style in ancient China, which pays attention to literary talent and rhythm and has the nature of poetry and prose. It is based on "layout prose, writing things and writing ambitions" as a means, focusing on writing scenery and expressing emotions through scenery. A prosodic style with the aim of "praise" and "allegory", which often adopts the method of laying out the narrative, and the fu must rhyme, which is a main feature that distinguishes it from other styles.
Second, the origin and development of Fu:
Fu originated in the Warring States and formed in the Han Dynasty. It originated from Chu Ci and inherited the satirical tradition of The Book of Songs. Regarding the difference between poetry and fu, Lu Ji, a writer in the Jin Dynasty, once said in Wen Fu: "Poetry is beautiful because of emotion, but clear because of body."
In other words, poetry is used to express subjective feelings and should be written beautifully and delicately; Fu is used to describe objective things, and it should be written clearly and smoothly. Lu Ji was from the Jin Dynasty. His ci shows the main characteristics of poetry and fu before Jin Dynasty, but it cannot be copied mechanically. Poetry should also write things, and fu also has lyrical elements. Especially in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, lyric fu developed and changed from content to form.
In addition to the initial stage of Chu Ci, Fu has gone through several stages: Han Fu, Parallel Fu, Law Fu and Wen Fu.
After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Han Fu gradually evolved into a relatively small parallel prose fu (also known as Nuo Fu), which emphasized antithesis, used colorful words, had more lyrical elements and had a strong literary flavor.
Third, the classification of Fu:
1, Fu first appeared in hundred schools of thought's prose, which is called "short Fu".
2. The "Sao Style" represented by Qu Yuan is a transition from poetry to fu, which is called "Sao Fu". Without certain restrictions, it is called Sao Fu in Chu Ci.
3. The style of Fu was formally established in Han Dynasty, which is called "Ci Fu". The length of Han Fu is long, mostly in question-and-answer style, with mixed rhymes. Its sentence pattern is mainly four or six words, but there are also five or seven or longer sentences. Han Fu likes to pile up words and use difficult words, but it is regarded as an original by later generations, also known as ancient Fu.
4. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Fu developed to parallel prose, which was called "parallel prose fu". The Six Dynasties Fu is a variant of the short lyric Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is characterized by short length, neat sentence structure, and mostly composed of four characters and six characters. At the same time, it pays attention to the rhyming of flat and even words and the whole story, also known as Nuo Fu.
5. In the Tang Dynasty, the parallel style was changed to the normal style, which was called "rhyme": there were strict restrictions on the title, rhyme and level of words.
6. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, those who wrote fu in the form of prose were called "Wen Fu". Wen Fu is a prose style formed after the middle Tang Dynasty. Do not deliberately pursue duality, rhythm, diction, allusion, sentence patterns are scattered, rhyme freely, and even use a lot of prose sentences. In fact, it is a liberated fu.
Fourth, the famous prose style.
Sima Xiangru's Zi Xufu, Du Mu's Epang Palace Fu, Ouyang Xiu's Autumn Sound Fu, Su Shi's Chibi Fu, etc.
2. What does Fu mean? Fu is an important literary style in China's classical literature, although it is far less popular with modern people than poetry, prose and novels.
However, in ancient times, especially in the Han and Tang dynasties, poetry and fu were often neck and neck, as can be seen from Cao Pi's "Poetry and fu are all beautiful" and Lu Ji's "Poetry and fu are beautiful because of emotion, vivid and vivid". So, what is Fu? Fu originated in the Warring States Period, flourished in the Han and Tang Dynasties, and declined in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
During the Han and Tang Dynasties, there were literati who only wrote poems without writing them, but there were almost no talented people who only wrote poems without writing them. After Jian 'an and even the whole Six Dynasties, Fu was even praised as a poem.
Qu Yuan's works are called Fu in historical records, and Qu Yuan's works are also called Fu in Hanshu. Later generations praised history and Han, so they called the works of Qu Yuan and others Fu.
The first person to use the word "Fu" as a style should push Sima Qian. During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Han Dynasty, The Book of Poetry became a Confucian Classics.
In this context, it is extremely inappropriate to call Qu Yuan's works poems. However, Qu Yuan's works can only be read but not sung, and it is not appropriate to call them "songs".
So Sima Qian chose two names: Ci and Fu. However, he still prefers to use words to name Qu Yuan's works, because Qu Yuan's works are rich in literary talent.
The works of Song Yu, Le Tang and Jing Ke are called "Fu". What really calls one's work Fu is.
Then at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, literati often wrote their own works in the name of "Fu". The name "Fu" was first seen in Xun Kuang's Fu Pian at the end of the Warring States Period.
Fu is a marginal style between poetry and prose. Between them, Fu is closer to poetic style.
From the Han Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, Fu was closer to poetry than prose. From the perspective of subject matter, the subject matter of Chu Ci works is relatively simple, and most of them are "sad people don't meet." Moreover, its form is relatively fixed, and they all imitate Qu Yuan's works and write their own misfortunes and troubles like Qu Yuan.
The extravagant decorations in Qu Yuan's Evocation of Soul have a great influence on Han Da Fu. Fu has a strong literati flavor since its birth, which is the reason why it is deeply influenced by Chu Ci.
Sao style fu mostly adopts the metaphor of "vanilla beauty" in Chu Ci, and often follows the metaphor of Chu Ci. In addition to poems, words and songs, there has also been a poetic style in history, which is Fu.
The original poems and songs can be sung, but Fu can't, so he can only recite them. It looks like prose with poetic rhythm, which is a style between poetry and prose.
Since the word "Fu" was formed, Fu and poetry have been intertwined and influenced each other. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was a confluence of poetry and fu.
However, poetry and fu are necessarily two different styles. Generally speaking, most poems are written for feelings, while Fu often writes for feelings. Poetry focuses on expressing the sense of * * * and attaching importance to the narrative object.
Liu Xizai, a poet in A Qing, said: "Different from poets, there is less emotion in poetry and more emotion in poetry." There are roughly three styles of Han Fu, namely, Sao Fu, Four-character Poetry Fu and Prose Fu.
Judging from the structure and language of fu, prose, seven-style, argumentative and Tang-style fu are all close to prose, and some of them can be completely classified as prose. The poetic features of Fu are somewhat similar to prose poems in modern literature.
It has three main characteristics: first, sentences are mainly four or six sentences, and parallel antithesis is pursued; Second, it requires harmony in phonology; Third, pay attention to algae decoration and allusions in language. Antithesis and algae decoration are a major feature of Han Fu.
After a long process of evolution, it developed to the middle Tang Dynasty. Under the influence of the ancient prose movement, there appeared a trend of prose, which did not talk about parallel prose and rhythm, and the sentence patterns were uneven and the rhyme was relatively free, forming a fresh and smooth prose momentum, called "Wen Fu". Parallel prose was greatly influenced by Fu, and matured in the Southern and Northern Dynasties compared with the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Literati in Han Dynasty used a lot of parallel prose in their articles. So that some famous articles are regarded as parallel prose.
For example, Wu Chengfu by Bao Zhao in the Southern Dynasties, Fu Xue by Xie Huilian and Yuefu by Xie Zhuang. Fu originated from Chu Ci and inherited the tradition of satire in The Book of Songs.
Regarding the difference between poetry and Fu, Lu Ji, a writer in Jin Dynasty, once said in "Wen Fu" that poetry is beautiful because of emotion and delicate because of body. In other words, poetry is used to express subjective feelings and should be written beautifully and delicately; Fu is used to describe objective things, and it should be written clearly and smoothly.
Lu Ji was from the Jin Dynasty. His ci shows the main characteristics of poetry and fu before Jin Dynasty, but it cannot be copied mechanically. Poetry should also write things, and fu also has lyrical elements. Especially in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, lyric fu developed and changed from content to form. In addition to the initial stage of Chu Ci, Fu has gone through several stages: Han Fu, Parallel Fu, Law Fu and Wen Fu.
Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu and Zhang Heng were praised as the four masters of Han Fu by later generations. Endowed with endowments; Taxation; Ode; Volt v. 1.
From Bay, Vu Thang. From the perspective of "shell", it means related to property.
Original meaning: collection) 2. Original meaning/identity, convergence also. -"Shuo Wen"/Fu, tax also.
-"Guangya"/Juefu is only wrong. -"Book Yu Gong".
Chuan: "It is said that the earth was born for the son of heaven." /Seven Fu's support.
-"Fa Yan Wen"/and pay tribute. -"Little Stuart".
Note: "It is said that the coachman gave the corvee." /Cure too much with the king's life, and give it in the second year.
-Liu Tang Zongyuan's Snake Catcher is another example: giving silver (collecting tax silver); Subsidize millet (levy land tax); Liv (levy business tax); Give money (receive property) 3. Taxpayers/litigators are equal, and so are taxpayers. -Tang Zongyuan's Preface to Sending Xue Cunyi is another example: giving money (paying taxes) 4. Give; Grant/send soldiers from the higher library to strengthen the people's strength.
-"Lu Chunqiu"/230 people distributed land and houses to the poor. -"Han Shu Pingdiji"/public official, assigned post.
-"Mandarin Today" is another example: fate (God-given fate; Give your life); Assign to (assign to); Feeding (decentralized diet); Empower the government (issue decrees); Endowment (godsend qualification); Empowerment (natural spirituality, natural temperament); Fu (life); Endowment (innate intelligence and temperament); Entrusting (Entrusting Department) 5. Write poems/words with four rhymes. -Tang Wang Bo's "Teng Xu".
3. What is the meaning of Fu in poetry and songs? Yilin, Yanhuang County, Wenyuan, China.
Strange flowers and different grasses compete for fragrance and beauty. There is a wonderful work called Fu and Parallel Prose, which is between poetry and prose.
Poetic Sao Miao, vertical and horizontal new articles. Originated in the Warring States Period, algae decorated in the Six Dynasties, changed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and continued in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Up and down the Millennium, it is a grand view. The characteristic of Fu lies in the relationship between poetry and prose.
It can't be called poetry, let alone prose. Say it's not a poem, rhyme against it, say it's not a text, and start a new line.
Its advantage lies in the combination of the two, which has both the rhythm of poetry and the layout of prose, and occupies a unique position in China's style. Fu came into being after poetry and Sao, but before formal poetry, drama and novels.
In chronological order, Fu is the origin of China's ancient literature and bears the heavy responsibility of promoting the development of China's ancient literature. It broadens the subject matter, enriches the means of expression and develops the style, which has a great influence on the development of later literature. Many works such as Ji Xing and You in Fu describe landscapes, which initiated the landscape literature in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Later generations produced the school of landscape pastoral poetry, and great writers such as Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Liu Changqing appeared.
In Ming and Qing vernacular novels, Fu is a commonly used style, which is used to describe scenery, express feelings or set off the atmosphere. In a sense, novels cannot be separated from Fu.
4. explanation: what is volts? It is a work with literary grace and charm, with both poetry and prose forms. Later generations called this style of description Fu.
The rise of Han Fu actually comes from the gradual change of Chu Ci in Sao style. In the way of expression, it was deeply influenced by Xun Kuang's Fu Pian and the lobbying words of strategists in the Warring States period. It is a new literary form formed in the early Han Dynasty to meet the needs of political and economic development. Generally speaking, the so-called Han Fu mainly refers to the great Fu with long space and narrative materials. This kind of great fu has the characteristics of extravagance and exaggeration, with gorgeous words, sonorous tones, neat sentences and many rhymes. In addition, there is a short and pithy lyric poem. There are some similarities in expression between this little Fu and Da Fu, but it has more practical significance and higher value in the history of literature.
5. What are Fu, Bi and Xing in ancient Chinese?
Fu is the basic technique of ancient poetry, also known as Bi Xing. Chen Fu, a pavement. Paving is the abbreviation of paving and finishing. In a long poem, exposition and parallelism are often used together. Layout is a series of closely related landscape images, events, characters and behaviors, which form a group of sentences with basically the same structure and tone in a certain order.
It can not only write incisively and delicately, but also concentrate on strengthening the language potential, and also render a certain environment, atmosphere and emotion. In Fu style, especially in Fu Lihua's Meihan Fu, Fu method is widely used. Some five-character poems in Han Yuefu and Han Dynasty also interacted with Han Fu. What's more, they combined parallel prose with parallel prose and brought out the best in each other.
compare
Walking in Fu Bi is one of the three traditional techniques in China, and metaphor is the most basic and commonly used one. Generally speaking, the figurative things used for comparison are always more vivid, concrete, vivid and simple than the ontological things being compared, which are recognized by people and easy for people to associate and imagine.
Promote/start/get up/maybe/last name/interest
Xing, say something else first, in order to cause the lyrics to be sung. From the characteristics, there are two situations: direct prosperity and comparative prosperity; In terms of use, there are two forms: initial prosperity and rising prosperity. . . . . . . . . . . . Happy Spring Festival. . . Hope to adopt
6. The meaning and style name of "Fu".
The meaning of "Fu" has a process of evolution. In Zuo Zhuan, there are many records about someone writing an article.
"Fu" means reciting, not referring to style. The so-called "Fu of reciting without singing" in Hanshu Yiwenzhi also refers to this meaning.
Master Li Zhouguan Chun Zongbo has six poems, which are called six meanings in Preface to Shi Mao, namely, wind, fu, comparison, prosperity, elegance and praise. According to Zheng Xuan's annotation, "Fu" means paving the way, that is, "directly spreading the good and evil of politics and religion", not referring to style. However, the way of expressing ambition in The Book of Songs has an influence on the formation of Fu style.
Therefore, Ban Gu's Preface to Two Capitals says, "The giver is the stream of ancient poems." As the name of literary style, Fu was first seen in Xun Kuang's Fu Pian at the end of the Warring States Period, in which five things were laid out, namely, cloud, silkworm, ceremony, knowledge and admonition, which can be said to be the beginning from spreading to naming articles.
However, as a literary system, Fu can be traced back to Chuci. In the mid-Warring States period, Qu Yuan's Li Sao, Jiu Ge and other chapters had not yet been named as Fu Titles. In the Western Han Dynasty, when Liu Xiang and Liu Xin were in charge of the secret books in the school, they were compiled by Qu Yuan. At first, they were called "Qu" and recorded in the literary annals of Han Shu. At the same time, 16 Song Fish House was recorded.
There is indeed a close relationship between Chu Ci and Ci Fu, so the stylistic classification of later generations often refers to Ci Fu together, and Qu Yuan is regarded as the ancestor of Ci Fu. However, Chu Ci is different from the authentic Da Fu after the Han Dynasty in spirit and physical appearance, so later generations also distinguish Ci from Fu.
In a word, Fu originated from Chu Ci and became famous in Xun Kuang. It appeared at the end of the Warring States period and didn't form a system until the Han Dynasty, which is the origin of Fu. Regarding the characteristics of Fu, the interpretation of Fu in Wen Xin Diao Long said: "Those who give are paved; Shopping collection □ words, writing things. "
Writing ambition with things refers to the content of fu; Pave the way for the morphology of Wen Zhi Fu. Compared with the tradition of "expressing ambition with poetry", Fu is characterized by "expressing things", that is, imitations.
There is only a brief description of the scenery in the Book of Songs, and the composition and skills of scenery writing in Chu ci works by Qu Yuan and Song Yu have made great progress. There are many works about safari in the palace of the Han Dynasty, including a large number of rare birds and animals, famous flowers and trees, insects, fish and aquarium, car flags and so on.
Therefore, Lu Ji's "Wen Fu" said: "Poetry is beautiful because of love and clear because of body." The difference between the two styles in content is obvious.
However, while paying attention to "things", Fu also paid attention to "writing ambition", which is consistent with the tradition of "expressing ambition with poetry". Han Shu Literature and Art Annals said: "Sun Qing, a great scholar, and Qu Yuan, a Chu minister, are endowed with character and compassion for ancient poems."
In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Huangfu Mi's Preface to the Three Capitals also said: "As for the Warring States, Wang Daoling was late and elegant, so the sage lost his will." It can be seen that the origin of Ci Fu is also related to satire and narration.
Although the wind of exaggerated imitation of the state of things in Han Shu Da Fu has developed to the extreme, it is still ironic in the end. Therefore, The Preface of Historical Records Taishi Gong says: "The things of Zixu, as described by adults, are extravagant and boastful, which refers to the wind and belongs to inaction."
"Historical Records of Sima Xiangru" also said: "Although there are many empty words, we should repay them and lead them to thrift." The purpose of expressing * * * by imitating things is to demand the content of Fu.
Since Fu is "writing ambition" through "things" in content, it is bound to pay attention to laying out details and describing the external image and internal reasons of things in artistic expression. Because of the emphasis on description and description, it is inevitable to use colorful words and colors in the language.
This is also the meaning of "communication □ writing". In addition, Fu also attached great importance to the beauty of phonology. It combines the prose style and sentence pattern with the rhythm and prosody of poetry, and forms a free, accurate, fluent and stagnant style with the help of long and short sentences, flexible rhymes and two-tone styles, which is not only suitable for the presentation of prose style, but also retains certain poetry.
This is an important feature of Fu. The development of ci and fu has roughly experienced several stages, such as Sao style, Han fu, parallel prose, regular poetry and prose fu.
Sao Fu refers to Chu Ci, represented by Qu Yuan and Song Yu, and later works imitating Chu Ci. It is characterized by rich lyricism, magnificent images and soft tones, and its phonology is adjusted with auXiliary words such as "xi", "you" and "zhi" in or at the end of a sentence.
It does not pay attention to the spread of post-Han Fu and so on, nor does it form a very fixed system. Han Fu mainly refers to the great Fu popular in the Han Dynasty, which began in Qimao, Meicheng. The representative writers are Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong and Ban Gu.
The characteristic of Han Fu is that it tries to describe all kinds of things. Generally, it is a long and huge system, with tight structure, magnificent weather, rich words and difficult quotations. It presents an elegant, solemn and dignified style and is regarded as an original. In composition, questions and answers are often used, and the sentence patterns are obviously staggered. Prose mixed with verse greatly weakens the taste of poetry.
Parallel Fu, also known as Nuo Fu, originated in the Han and Wei Dynasties and was popular in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It is a variant of Han Fu, the so-called "Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasties, soliciting quotations; Song Qi Liang Chen, to 46, is the change of ancient Fu Yi "("Han Wen Dian ").
The characteristics of parallel prose are as follows: first, parallel prose consists of four-character antithesis and six-character antithesis, with neat sentence patterns; Second, beautiful and elegant words, rushing to the meeting, written in flowers; The third is two sentences and one rhyme, which changes according to the changes of chapter content, and the format is relatively fixed; Fourth, gradually emphasize the harmony between peace and peace, full of musical beauty; Fifth, the space is generally short, which loses the macro atmosphere of Han Fu. Generally speaking, the meaning of parallel prose is relatively weakened because it pays attention to the gorgeous form and tends to be beautiful and rich in rhetoric, while its physique is gradually humble.
In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system prevailed, and Fu was included in the national examination subject, so there was a trial post fu specially designed for the examination, called the law fu. On the basis of parallel prose, rhyme fu pays more attention to the neatness of antithesis and melody, and strictly limits the number of words and rhyme in the whole article.
For example, Wang □' s "Leave the Emperor Gaozu Fu for Pei's Father" is limited to the rhyme of "wishing to stop the predecessors and gain profound meaning", that is, the whole article is divided into eight paragraphs, each of which rhymes with the words in these eight rhymes in turn. Such people's works have obviously lost the real life of literature, but as a stepping stone to gain wealth, their forms have been followed until the late Qing Dynasty.
At the same time, in the Tang and Song Dynasties, ancient prose was transported.