Author: Zhang Yu
Han Yu (768-824), born in Heyang (now Mengxian County, Henan Province), was one of the writers with high achievements in poetry creation in the middle Tang Dynasty and the leader of Han Meng's poetry school. Han Yu said to his poem, "I would like to have two wings to catch it in the famine." The spirit is suddenly flowing, and all kinds of strange things enter my intestines. "("Zhang Jidiao ") This is similar to Huang Fushi's" I have seen hundreds of songs and poems written by the official department of North Korea. If it thunders and thunders, it will rush between heaven and earth, and things will change extremely, so I have to breathe for it. " The evaluation of Liuzhou Collection Preface is basically the same. From his poems, we can easily see his peculiar style of using strange words, making sentences and creating landscapes. The aesthetic features of Han Yu's poems are unique in the history of poetry. Apart from the brief mention in the History of China Literature edited by Yuan Xingpei, few people have discussed its causes so far. So what makes Han Yu's poems risky? I think this has a lot to do with the prevalence of Taoism at that time and Han Yu's life experience.
First, Taoism and disaster and strangeness
Influenced by the concept of family status in the Six Dynasties, in order to improve their family status, the Li royal family in the Tang Dynasty respected Li Er, the founder of Taoism, as their ancestor. Therefore, Taoism was called the "state religion" in the Tang Dynasty, and it was advocated and helped by the royal family, and its development trend was extremely vigorous. To the extreme between kaiyuan tianbao. At this time, the Duke of Zhou, the most sacred in Confucianism, was driven out of Gong Xue, and Lao Tzu took his place. Although Confucius was crowned king, he became a slave of Laozi. During the mid-Tang Dynasty, the national situation took a turn for the worse, with economic depression, political corruption and frequent wars. Therefore, from aristocrats to civilians, they have lost confidence in this messy social reality and are bored. Most of them embarked on the road of taking medicine and alchemy, hoping to offset the real pain with fairyland-like illusory happiness.
Han Yu's world outlook in the middle Tang Dynasty was also quite complicated. On the one hand, as a government official, he tried his best to exile Buddhism and revive Confucianism, trying to make the country enter the orthodox track of ritual and music culture. On the other hand, as an independent individual, he should publicize his personality, find himself and return to his nature. At this time, he had to find a way out from the Taoist culture that advocated nature. So this led to Han Yu's split personality in literature. On the one hand, he used prose to explain the life ideals and social aspirations of Confucian intellectuals; On the other hand, he expresses his personal feelings in the field of poetry. On this basis, it inherits and develops Taoist aesthetic theory and image. Zhuangzi said in "The Theory of Everything": "Li and stone are complex and strange, and Tao and painting are one." This shows that there is no distinction between good and evil, beauty and ugliness on the balance of Tao. Therefore, this thought enabled Han Yu to break through the Confucian dogma of "no wonder, no strength, no confusion and no spirit" and naturally introduced wonders into the field of poetry.
But the images in reality are often mediocre, so Han Yu introduced the colorful, magnificent and grotesque Taoist immortal system into his poems. For example, "Lu Soul Mountain Fire" wrote: "The mountain valley is ruthless; The wind raged endlessly, so why set fire to yourself? I was shocked at night. The sky jumps up and down Gankun, and the river shines on the poor cliff. It is not difficult to see from the poem that Han Yu wrote an earth-shattering story of a forest fire in winter. But at the same time, we should also see that Han Yu did not simply borrow Taoist images, but processed them according to his own emotional and aesthetic needs, thus making them rich in new connotations. Therefore, I think that the greatest influence on Han Yu's "adventure" poetic style is not the magnificent image of Taoism and the immortal system, but the aesthetic category in which everything in Taoism is unified in Taoism.
Second, life experience.
Han Yu's life experiences are also one of the reasons why his poetic style is dangerous. Han Yu's parents died when he was a child, and he was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. At the age of thirteen, my brother died again. He traveled thousands of miles with his sister-in-law Zheng Yuan without the help of relatives and friends. These childhood sufferings are bound to plant the seeds of relying on oneself in Han Yu's young mind, and at the same time, it will greatly enhance Han Yu's desire to get ahead. Of course, this also honed Han Yu's character, so Han Yu said in "Answer Hou": "Servants have little knowledge. Since the Five Classics, Baishi Shu has not heard of it and has not asked for it. He has gained something without reading it. " Young Han Yu used this spirit of hard study to fight against "the sky is a disaster for my family and the earth is a disaster for everyone." ("Sacrifice to Lady Zheng")
Suffering not only urged Han Yu to study hard, but also taught him patience. So when Han Yu, who was eighteen or nineteen years old, arrived in Chang 'an (Fu Zhifu), the capital of fame and fortune, he endured the pain of falling behind several times. In order to pay for the expensive expenses in Chang 'an, he was "poor but not self-sufficient" (Epitaph of Shaoguan Temple Horse), "when he was young, he went to worship King Beiping with his old friend Ma" (Epitaph of Shaoguan Temple Horse) and lived a life of begging for food and clothing. Everything comes to him who waits, Han Yu finally got into the Jinshi, but his official career seems to be far away, because he was stopped at the door of the knowledgeable official department. In order to be an official, Han Yu endured people's ridicule, rejection and insult, and eventually became a rich man. Wherever he goes, he bows to dignitaries for mercy. After leaving Chang 'an, Han Yu became a Bianzhou shogunate, but he was still unwilling to put forward supervision suggestions by drilling, thinking that Han Yu, who reported to the state, would end up as a "white-headed prisoner." On the winter solstice in the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803), in June of the first year (806), Han Yu was demoted to Yangshan and then stood by in Chenzhou. During this period, he created more than 60 works, including 23 dangerous poems, which pushed the style of dangerous poems to the extreme.
Why did Han Yu write a lot of dangerous poems during this period? Why can you write such a great poem? The author believes that Han Yu's strange poetry creation achieved such great success only after the fall of Yangshan. The secret lies in the deep "drip marks" engraved in Han Yu's mind. The so-called "drip mark" refers to Han Yu's mentality and feelings during this "autumn calendar". The "Yang Diyin" in the poem refers to the things described in the poem on the way to Yang Di and his relegation to Yangshan, the dangerous monsters on the way to Yang Di and his relegation to Yangshan, and the grievances of the relegated ministers. This "Yang Di Seal" not only ran through the whole process of Han Yu's first southward migration, but also deeply influenced the poet's poetic style after his return to Beijing. The representative works of Han Yu's strange and dangerous poems, such as Lu Hun Mountain Fire, Meng Dongye's Lost Son, Battle Hymn of Hongtu, and Dream Pursuit, were all written in the early years after Yuan and Yang Shan were demoted to Beijing. Most of these masterpieces are stirring the "summer heat" in Lingnan, and they are branded with a deep "dripping yang mark", which makes them bizarre and shocking. It was this "Yang Diyin" that enabled Han Yu to find his own way in poetry creation, which made him unique in the poetry circles of the Middle Tang Dynasty, and then became the originator of China's dangerous and strange poetry school.
First of all, his rough life and depressed mentality triggered the formation of grievances and enmities in his poems. In the winter of the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan, Han Yu was appointed as the imperial adviser. Later, I found that there were serious drawbacks in politics, and I was worried and couldn't help being sarcastic. Soon, he pleaded for the people and was demoted to Yangshan order. Later, he "moved" Jiangling to serve as Facao to join the army. His complex mentality of interweaving lofty ideals with frustrated life and being loyal to the monarch and failing to achieve talents filled him with resentment and forced him to write poems to express his feelings and grievances. In recent years, Han Yu's life has been in a state of turmoil, and the rulers have nowhere to complain about his unfair treatment. The melancholy and sadness rooted in his heart can't be directly vented, so he has to feel the same. On the one hand, he transferred his feelings, impressions and emotions about some sinister dignitaries and their minions to dangerous things in nature; On the other hand, he transferred his feelings and emotions about his rough situation to something similar. This is the crystallization of "feeling with things, writing with feelings", and the dangerous and strange image is full of the poet's grief and indignation.
Secondly, seeing strange scenery on the way to Yang Di aroused its rich strange imagination. The exotic customs of Lingnan inspired their consciousness of innovation and novelty. On this trip, Han Yu not only passed through Hunan, but also sailed in the "mighty" and "turbid and empty" Dongting Lake, and climbed a steep mountain peak when he entered Guangdong from Linwu. From Lianzhou to Yangshan by boat, you can appreciate the wonderful beauty of Lianjiang Three Gorges, the rapidity of Lianjiang and the peculiar climate of Yangshan. On the way from Yang to Jiangling, I stayed in Chenzhou for three months and visited the places of interest on the way to Jiangling. The strange mountains and strange waters in the south aroused Han Yu's creative passion with his curious personality. The combination of curious personality and sad mood makes the poet's brushwork more extended to the steep and peculiar natural scenery. Han Yu exiled Yang through Hunan, which not only preserved the myths and legends of Yan Di, Shun, Er Fang and Qu Yuan, but also preserved a strong witchcraft color because Hunan originated from Chu. "Wu's alias, called Tan Jiao, called Shi Jiao. ..... This religion is the most prosperous in Hunan Province, both men and women, and people pray to God to drive away diseases. " Han Yu once reflected the above situation in foreign languages for Bird, Henan Province, and cursed ghosts and prayed for rain in Chenzhou. At the same time, the economy and culture of Yangshan, Han Yu's exile, are relatively backward, and there are many strange customs that are difficult for Central Plains people to understand. To be sure, the myths and legends of Hunan, the witchcraft of Yangshan and the strange customs of Yangshan aroused Han Yu's curiosity, and also promoted Han Yu to write dangerous and strange poems to some extent, some of which were already reflected in his poetry creation at that time, such as "The County House is Especially Huai", "Farewell Master", "Farewell Master" and "Willow".
Finally, the hard life of Yangshan's relegation aroused his magical fantasy. The leisure life of the relegated official provided time guarantee for his creation of dangerous poems. People are most likely to have fantasies in difficulties. Han Yu's life of being demoted as an official while begging for Yang and his life in Yangshan were the poorest stages in his life. Therefore, an "illusory world" can be seen everywhere in Han Yu's strange poems. The illusory world in Korean poetry is more the shadow of secular society. This adds an ethereal and strange atmosphere to poetry.
To sum up, I think the formation of Han Yu's adventurous poetic style is the result of his personal experience and the prosperity of Taoism. The psychological trauma caused by his personal experience is the direct motivation, and the Taoist aesthetic system is the theoretical support to break through the theory of "strangeness, grandeur, chaos and spirit" It should be said that his life experience, especially being demoted to Yangshan, is the most fundamental reason for this strange poetic style.
Bibliography:
Yuan Xingpei's History of China Literature
Han Yu of Qian Dongfu
A Study of Xiao's Poetic School
A Study of Tang Fan Xiao's Literary Thought in Tang Dynasty
Zhang Shaokang's History of China's Literary Theory Criticism
Chen Yan and Li Hongchun's Tang Poems in the Context of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism
Zhang Yu, a Chinese teacher in zhoukou normal university, Henan.
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