Alias: Chun Mei, prune, red and green plum, red plum, green plum, etc.
Latin scientific name: Mei (apricot)
English names: Mumeplant Japanese, Japanese apricot, Japanese plum, Chinese plum, ume plum, umeboshi plum, Japanese flowering apricot, flowering plum and winter plum.
Classification of families and genera:
Domain: Eukarya.
Field: Plant kingdom
Phylum: Angiosperms (Magnolia)
Class: dicotyledonous plants
Target: Rosales.
Family: Rosaceae.
Subfamily: Sakurainae
Genus: Prunus
Type: Mei
Meaning:
Plum blossom is the spiritual symbol of the Chinese nation.
Plum blossom is the spiritual symbol of our Chinese nation and China, and it has a strong and universal appeal and impetus. Plum blossom symbolizes the spiritual quality of perseverance, perseverance, courage to struggle and self-improvement. The lofty quality and loyalty of marching forward against the snow, smelling the cold and smelling the fragrance, and being hard-core and cold-hearted have inspired generations of China people to explore bravely and create an excellent life and civilization. Some people think that Mei's character and integrity almost freehand brushwork the spirit of our "descendants of the dragon". The whole country, from celebrities to cloth clothes, has loved plum blossoms for thousands of years. "In the history of literature and art, the number of Mei poems and paintings is enough to make any kind of flowers fall behind." China people appreciate flowers, not only for their appearance, but also for their personality and spiritual strength.
morphological character
The plant height is about 5- 10 m, and the trunk is brownish purple with many longitudinal edges. Branchlets are green. Leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate, margin serrate. 65438+ 0 ~ 2 flowers per node, sessile or short-stalked, the original species is pale pink or white, and the cultivated varieties are purple, red and colored spots to yellowish colors, which bloom in early spring. Plum blossoms can be divided into departments, classes and types. Such as real plum, apricot, cherry plum, etc. Plum blossom is a small deciduous tree, with grayish brown trunk, slender green hairless branchlets, oval or round leaves, fine teeth on the leaf margin, and flower buds planted in the axils of long branches, with 1~2 flowers per node, fragrant, 5 petals, white to water red, double petals. The drupe is nearly spherical, with suture, yellow or green, pilose and sour, and the pulp is not easy to separate from the drupe, and the fruit matures in June and July. (pictured)
toad
Plum blossom is a small deciduous tree with a height of10m. Its branches are usually prickly and its crown is not round. Branches are brownish purple, with multiple longitudinal lines, and branchlets are green or with green as the background color, without hair. Leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate, margin serrate.
fruit
Drupe is nearly spherical, grooved, about 1 ~ 3 cm in diameter, densely pubescent, acid green, yellow or yellow-green when the fruit matures from April to June, and some varieties are red-green. Acid, edible, can be used to make dried plums, plum sauce, preserved plums, sour plum soup, plum wine and so on. , and can also be used as medicine. Mei Huajiu is very popular in Japan and South Korea. It tastes sweet and has the effect of smoothing qi, so it is an excellent fruit wine. Plum is a very popular food in China. Dried plum is made by mixing dried plum with sugar, salt and licorice. Plums can also be used to make bitter or sweet and other foods.
flower
There are more than 300 varieties of plum blossoms. Plum varieties suitable for viewing include Dahongmei, Taigemei, Zhao, Green Sepals and Longyoumei. The ornamental plum blossoms are mostly white, pink, red, beautiful and light green. 65438+February in Southwest China to 65438+1October in the following year, February-March in Central China and March-April in North China. 4~7 days from initial flowering to full flowering, and the last flowering 15~20 days.
Plum blossom can be divided into true plum blossom series, apricot plum blossom series and cherry plum blossom series. 65438 0 ~ 2 flowers per node, sessile or short peduncle, 65438 0 ~ 3 cm in diameter, bell-shaped calyx tube, pubescent, ovoid lobes; Petals, the original species is pale pink or white, and the cultivated varieties are purple, red, mottled to light yellow; Stamens are numerous, free, densely pilose in atrium, rarely 2-5 (centrifugal skin) or absent, superior in atrium, long style.
Plum blossom is a long-lived flower, even if it is potted at home, it can often last for more than ten years. There is a plum blossom planted in Jin Dynasty in Huangmei County, Hubei Province, which is still fragrant.
Although plum blossoms have low requirements for soil, it is best to have loose and fertile soil and good drainage. Seedlings can be cultivated in garden soil or humus soil. Plum blossoms are sensitive to moisture. Although they like moisture, they are afraid of waterlogging. If the basin soil is too wet for a long time, it will lead to deciduous and yellow leaves. Plum blossoms don't like big fat, so they only need to apply a small amount of thin fat water during the growth period. Plum blossoms can withstand the temperature of-15 degrees. Prunus mume is mainly propagated by grafting, and sowing, layering and cutting can also be used. Rootstocks are mainly li miao or apricot and peach. Plum blossom is usually not easy to get sick, but there are also some diseases, such as perforation, anthracnose, powdery mildew, dead branch gummosis, dry rot gummosis and so on. Aphids often harm plum blossoms. However, dimethoate is not suitable for killing insects, which will cause phytotoxicity to plum blossoms and lead to defoliation. In addition, there is a kind of plum blossom bonsai called plum blossom pile.
kind
There are many varieties and varieties of plums. At present, there are more than 30 large varieties and more than 300 subordinate small varieties. According to the branches and growth posture, the varieties can be divided into, right-angled plum, Zhao and Longyoumei. It can also be divided into Gong Fenmei, Hongmei, Zhao, Green Sepals Plum, Big Hongmei, Jade Butterfly Plum and Sprinkled Golden Plum. Among them, Gongfenmei is the most common, with pink petals and dense and thick flowers; Jade butterfly plum petals are purple and white; The petals of green sepals are white and have a strong fragrance, especially the "green calyx of money".
Distribution of origin
Plum blossom originated in the southwest of China, and wild plum first evolved into ornamental plum, which is a branch of plum blossom. China wild plum has four sub-centers, namely, eastern Sichuan and western Hubei mountainous areas; Southeast Hubei, northeast Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang mountainous areas; Guangdong and Guangxi, southern Jiangxi mountainous areas and Fujian and Taipei areas. This is a deciduous tree. Meixi has a warm climate, and its flowering period is particularly sensitive to climate change. Meixi has a high air humidity, but it avoids heavy rain during flowering. Plum blossoms can grow well in areas where the annual rainfall is above 1000mm, and the requirements for soil are not strict and relatively poor. Active tree species, like sunshine and good ventilation. It is a long-lived tree species. The flowering period in the Yangtze River basin is from February to March. Wild plums are distributed in high altitude areas such as Sichuan, Hubei and Guangxi. Plum blossoms cultivated in the south of the Yellow River can safely overwinter in the open air, and hybrid plum blossoms have successfully overwintered in the open air in Beijing. Plum blossoms like a warm and slightly humid climate, slightly tolerant of shade and not afraid of cold. The soil is light soil and sandy soil, which is rich in humus and easy to grow on medium clay loam. Chengdu, Sichuan, is famous for plum blossoms since ancient times. Song Dynasty poet Lu You's poem "Flowers in Yongmei" said: "I went to the west of the city and got drunk for plum blossoms. Twenty Li Xiang, Qingyang Palace to Huanhuaxi ".
Plum originated in China, and wild plum first evolved into ornamental plum, which is a branch of plum. China wild plum has four sub-centers, namely, eastern Sichuan and western Hubei mountainous areas; Southeast Hubei, northeast Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang mountainous areas; Guangdong and Guangxi, southern Jiangxi mountainous areas and Fujian and Taipei areas. This is a deciduous tree. Meixi has a warm climate, and its flowering period is particularly sensitive to climate change. Meixi has a high air humidity, but it avoids heavy rain during flowering.
Plum blossom is a deciduous tree of Prunus in Rosaceae, sometimes it refers to its fruit (plum) or flower (plum), and its scientific name is plum blossom. Plum blossom originated in China, spread to Korea and Japan, and then spread to western countries from Japan. The scientific name of plum blossom is actually Japanese pronunciation, which is said to come from the pronunciation of the word plum blossom in the Central Plains of ancient China.
In addition, plum blossom and wintersweet are two completely unrelated plants. Plum belongs to Rosaceae and Chimonanthus praecox belongs to Chimonanthus praecox. Chimonanthus praecox is only three meters high, and the flowers are mostly yellow. The fruit is spindle-shaped, which is different from plum blossom.
Ume (Li) is the Japanese name of the Asian plum tree (Prunus of Rosaceae). As a flower viewing tree, it is widely planted and its fruit is edible. Although it is called plum, it is actually closer to apricot in classification. There is also a Japanese plum called sumomo.
In Japan, plum blossoms bloom in late winter, that is, 1 late month and February, with flowers first and leaves later. Five petals diameter 1 ~ 3cm. Wild flowers are white, and there are artificial varieties such as rose red and crimson. Leaves came out soon after the flowers fell behind. The leaves are oval and the tips are arrow-shaped. Fruit ripens in early summer, which is June in Japan. Because the fruit maturity coincides with the rainy season in southern China, it is also called the rainy season. The fruit is round, and there is a shallow ditch from the stalk to the top. The peel is green, gradually turns yellow after picking, and may appear red, indicating that the fruit is mature. The flesh is yellow.
Japan: China culture was introduced into Japan in the 4th century, and it was widely planted in Japan.
W: Except in New Zealand, it is rarely planted in Europe and America.
Taiwan Province Province: Meiling Scenic Area, Nanxi Town, Tainan County, and Xinyi Township, Nantou County have the most.
Growth habit
Plum blossoms can grow well in areas where the annual rainfall is above 1000mm, and the requirements for soil are not strict and relatively poor. Active tree species, like sunshine and good ventilation. It is a long-lived tree species. The flowering period in the Yangtze River basin is from February to March.
Variety classification
1. Plum blossoms can be divided into three types, namely true plum, apricot plum and plum. Under it, it is mainly divided into five categories according to the branch posture.
The first kind is called straight plum. Branches are straight or inclined. This is the oldest and most gorgeous member of the Mei family, with 9 seeds such as plums and palace powder.
The second class name is weeping plum. Branches droop naturally or obliquely, and there are five kinds of drooping branches such as pink flowers.
The third class name is Long Youmei. Branches naturally twist like dragons, only 1 (dragon and plum) and 1 (jade butterfly and dragon pattern).
The name of the fourth class is Xingmei. In Song Dynasty, Fan Chengda recorded the interspecific hybridization between Nami and apricot for the first time in Li Shu. Flowers, leaves and branches live among apricots.' Apricot' is not fragrant or slightly fragrant (non-apricot), and its receptacle is enlarged. There are single apricot and plum types and late spring types.
The fifth category is cherry plum, which is an artificial hybrid of purple leaf plum and Gongfen plum. It's a purple leaf safflower with double petals and big flowers, which is cold-resistant.
2. According to the growth state, it is divided into wild plum trees (wild plum) and domestic plum trees;
3. According to the use, it can be divided into edible plum and ornamental plum;
4. According to the morphological characteristics of branches, they can be divided into straight branches, drooping branches and longyou branches.
Artificial cultivation
Grafting is commonly used in reproduction, and the rootstocks are mostly plum, peach, apricot, wild apricot and wild peach. Plum blossoms should be cultivated in the open space on sunny or semi-sunny slopes with a spacing of 3 ~ 5m. Usually in the growing period, that is, from autumn to early winter, fertilizer is applied three times, such as cake fertilizer compost, manure and so on. Apply quick-acting fertilizer before budding; After the new shoots stop growing (from the end of June to the beginning of July), appropriate water control and fertilization are applied to promote flower bud differentiation. Plum blossoms are suitable for bonsai cultivation. Put the plants that have been cultivated in the ground for several years in a flowerpot. Pot soil should be soft, loose and fertile, and it should be trimmed before and after planting.
economic value
In gardens, greenbelts, gardens and scenic spots, single planting, cluster planting, group planting, etc. It can also be planted naturally in front of houses, on slopes, between rocks and on roadsides. If evergreen trees or dark buildings are used as the background, the beauty of plum blossoms can be set off. Such as pine, bamboo and plum, with pine as the background, bamboo as the guest scene and plum as the main scene. In ancient times, it was emphasized that "plum blossoms around the house" and "going upstairs to see plum blossoms" were all for the best viewing effect. In addition, plum blossoms can be arranged into Meiling, Mei Feng, Meiyuan, Meixi, Meijing and Meiwu. Plum blossom is pure and elegant, and it is an important ornamental flower in winter and spring. It can be planted in pieces, and can also be used as bonsai and cut flowers to beautify the environment such as the courtyard. Plums can be eaten raw to quench thirst, and can also be made into candied fruit such as preserved plum and dried plum, plum sauce and sauce. Fruit as medicine has antipyretic, antitussive, anthelmintic and dysentery relieving effects; Flower root medicine can promote blood circulation and detoxify, benefit the lungs and resolve phlegm. In addition, fruits and bark can also be used to make dyes; The trunk is an important material for handicraft carving because of its excellent material and delicate texture.
Both plums and plums are used as medicine.
Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica first pointed out the medicinal value of plums: "The taste is sour and flat, which is mainly used to relieve qi, remove heat and annoyance, stop limb pain, dry and heartless, kill muscles, remove moles and erode meat." Due to different processing methods, finished plums can be divided into Bai Mei and Mume. This processing method was recorded by Jia Sixie in Qi Yaomin's Book. Method for make Bai Mei: "sour plums, core-removed and first pic, dipped in salt juice at night and exposed at day." Ten nights, ten dips and ten exposures, and it's done. "Mume-making method:" It is also necessary to pick the plums when they are just formed, put them in cages, smoke them on the buds and dry them. "Li Shizhen, a famous pharmacologist in Ming Dynasty, believed that dark plum can" astringe the lung and astringe the intestine, stop diarrhea with chronic cough, choke the diaphragm with nausea, eliminate phlegm, reduce swelling and resolve phlegm, kill insects, relieve fish poison, horse sweat poison and sulfur poison. "Bai Mei" is "to treat apoplexy, epilepsy, throat obstruction, phlegm stagnation, and stiff teeth, take plum pulp to wipe the gums, and then vomit it. It can also treat diarrhea, polydipsia, cholera vomiting and bloody collapse. "
This shows that plums have a wide range of medicinal uses. Modern medical research shows that plum buds can stimulate appetite, relieve depression, promote fluid production and eliminate phlegm, and promote blood circulation and detoxification. Root grinding can cure jaundice. Mume meat has the functions of astringing lung and astringing intestine, killing insects and promoting fluid production, and has obvious inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, typhoid Bacillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae.
Plum blossom mainly contains volatile oil, benzaldehyde, isoeugenol and benzoic acid. Mume mainly contains citric acid and sitosterol, and contains hydrocyanic acid when it matures. The decoction has inhibitory effect on staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, dysentery, tuberculosis and other bacteria and dermatophytes, and can reduce the occurrence of anaphylactic shock death in protein of guinea pigs.
In addition, plum blossom can extract aromatic oil. According to Zhao Xuemin's Compendium of Materia Medica in Qing Dynasty, "Haicheng people are good at steaming plum and rose dew, which is used as shochu method. A little dew in each pot of wine will be fragrant." According to the different boiling points of aromatic oil and water, the ancients extracted aromatic oil by fractionation technology and used it as a food additive.