Since the beginning of the 20th century, there have been different views on the genealogical division of Vietnamese. Some linguists, such as Ma Bole (1883 ~ 1945), believe that Vietnamese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family, and its strength is mainly based on the fact that Vietnamese syllables have fixed tones, monosyllabic words are in the majority, and the word order and function words are the main means to express grammatical meaning. Other linguists, such as W. Schmidt (1868 ~1954), believe that Vietnamese belongs to the South Asian language family. Modern Vietnamese linguists tend to think that Vietnamese belongs to the South Asian language family according to the fact that there are a large number of basic words with the same origin as Mon-Khmer, and their grammatical structure is basically the same as that of Mon-Khmer.
Vietnamese mainly includes northern dialect, northern central dialect, southern and southern central dialects, with the northern dialect of Hanoi as the standard language. The other two dialects have some phonetic variations, but they have the same grammatical structure and little vocabulary difference, so they can communicate with each other.
Vietnamese pronunciation includes 1 1 single vowel and 25 consonants, forming 162 rhyme; Consonants end with -m, -n, -□, -p, -t and-k. The boundaries between syllables are clear. Tone plays a role in distinguishing word meanings. Standard language has six tones: flat voice, shrill voice, mysterious voice, interrogative voice, falling tone and stress. The northern, central and southern dialects have five tones, and the six tones can be divided into flat tones and central and southern dialects.
Vietnamese is an isolated language, which expresses grammatical relations through the word order of root words and function words. The subject of a sentence comes before the predicate, the object and complement come after the verb, the noun modifier usually comes after the noun, but the numeral and quantity modifier come before the noun. When the word order or function words change, the semantics will also change.
The main characteristics of Vietnamese word formation are that each syllable is often a meaningful unit and can be used independently; These units can also be used as the basis of disyllabic words. Most disyllabic words are disyllabic. French words (mainly scientific words) that entered Vietnamese during colonial rule continued to maintain their original syllables. In the course of more than 2,000 years of historical development, Vietnamese has constantly borrowed or transformed a large number of words from ancient Chinese and modern Chinese. Chinese loanwords account for a considerable proportion in Vietnamese.
/kloc-After 0/0 century, the ancient Vietnamese character Zinan appeared. It is a square character, part of which is borrowed from Chinese characters, and part of which is formed by means of cognition, pictophonetic characters and borrowing in Chinese characters. For example, "□□" (M□ T TR□ I, Sun); The tomb (M□t tr□ng, the moon). /kloc-after the 0/3rd century, poems written by Zi Nan appeared, and a large number of works have been handed down to this day. Biography of Jin written by Ruan You (1765 ~ 1820) is a masterpiece of Zi Nan's poetry, which is mainly used for preaching and teaching. From 46366.6866866661A.D. 1649 ~ 1 A.D., The Latin Dictionary of Yue-Portuguese published by A.de Rhodes in Rome and the Eight-Day Preaching Law written in Latin Vietnamese are considered as the beginning of Latin Pinyin in Vietnamese. Latin Vietnamese has become a tool for Vietnamese people to acquire cultural knowledge.