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New Ideas of Ou Li-chuan, Tang Poetry Tutor
? The Tang Dynasty can be said to be the peak of China's poetry, which is glorious in both ancient and modern times. It contains profound cultural connotation and human nature connotation, and it can also be said to be a worldwide civilization heritage. Although on the surface, we don't know that we are living in the shadow of these poets, as Mencius said, "We live in a god." The past experience melted away and disappeared, but it left a wonderful power that influenced the later world, so in fact the past still exists forever. Everyone and every society has a past, a present and a future. We struggle for the future in the present, but we rely on many invisible but real cultural roots that have been included in our ideology. What's more, those beautiful poems that are well-known and touching are still catchy today. As Li Zhiyi in Song Dynasty said in Operator, "I live at the head of the Yangtze River and you live at the end of the Yangtze River. I don't see you every day, drink the Yangtze River water. " Although we can't see it, we are all tasting the same fountain of life and being nourished by the same rich and profound culture. Being at the end of the Yangtze River, you can look at countless ancestors at the head of the Yangtze River, and you can feel the baptism of body and mind in the process of going upstream. In the Yangtze River of this culture, every drop is a treasure of wisdom. It is not just A Dream of Red Mansions that leads us to appreciate the complex human nature and the ups and downs of existence. More importantly, the reason why A Dream of Red Mansions is so beautiful also comes from the poetic rhyme more than a thousand years ago. In the novel, the prosperous Tang Dynasty is regarded as the sacred classic of poetry art, and is highly praised by the poets in the Tang Dynasty, especially the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Moreover, it fully absorbed the unique aesthetics of the middle and late Tang Dynasty, formed a kind of sadness between the lines, and even shaped a charming Lin Daiyu, which shows the far-reaching influence of Tang poetry. Therefore, poets and masterpieces in the Tang Dynasty have long been old friends of all China people. As people live forever and grow up from generation to generation, they become the enlighteners of aesthetic feeling and experience, teaching us how to feel the spring flowers and the autumn moon, how to face the difficulties of life, and how to take the road of life well.
The reason why so many great poets were born in the Tang Dynasty is bound to be closely related to the profoundness of the whole era, just as huge trees must be supported by the whole forest. If Du Fu were born today, he would probably not be Du Fu, but someone else. Of course, it is impossible for everyone to write poetry in the Tang Dynasty, and writing poetry is not the highest goal of traditional literati. Many people think that people in the Tang Dynasty regard poetry creation as the greatest value in life, and people in the Tang Dynasty are proud to be poets. This is actually a very serious misunderstanding. After all, in the traditional society with Confucianism as its ultimate belief, the greatest life value of literati lies in serving the people. Unless there are very few special circumstances, their greatest efforts are to realize their political ideals. Then poetry is a manifestation of lyricism and the pursuit of writing art. Du Fu, who is also a mass media, clearly said: "Let the monarch be Yao and Shun, and then make the customs pure." The group cause of the country and society is the ultimate belief of these idealistic intellectuals. They hope that they can devote themselves to the sages like Yao Shun, practice the kingship, make the society clean and honest, and let the people live and work in peace and contentment until their old age. Du Fu, who is old and frail, has completely given up the road of being an official, but he still earnestly hopes that young people can take over the baton and pass it on from generation to generation. He said, "Here you are, Yao Shun, Fu Gong, etc. You have long been asked to die. " It means: leave the ideal of "being the most noble and obedient, and then making the customs pure" to you young people. You should occupy an important position as early as possible, because you can only do great things when you are a big official, but what you think about in your position should not be personal fame and power, but should strive to dedicate your life to the people of the country. Therefore, Du Fu's two sentences "Let the monarch go to Yao and Shun, and then make the customs pure" became Wang Anshi's favorite poem, because it deeply touched the hearts of traditional intellectuals and expressed their common wishes and enthusiasm. Even the dashing Li Bai is no exception. Li Bai met the Anshi Rebellion in his later years, but he still didn't give up the contribution of "laughing at the monarch and clearing the sand" to serve the country. It is conceivable that it is a great misunderstanding to think that writing poetry is the highest pursuit of life in the Tang Dynasty.
? But under the traditional culture, poetry has indeed become the most important way for literati to pursue art and express themselves. As long as educated people can read and write, most of them have the interest in reading and the ability to write poems, thus forming one of the cores of China's traditional "elegant" culture and elite culture. It can be said that poetry is a daily diary for the literati in the Tang Dynasty to record their lives, a letter for them to communicate in interpersonal relationships, and even an essential tool for them to take the imperial examination. It is not only used to express one's wishes, but also helps to practice one's ideals, so poetry has got the greatest experiment and development. The richness and profundity of classical poetry are formed in this situation, and Tang poetry is the most artistic achievement. Hu Yinglin, a poet critic in the Ming Dynasty, made a wonderful description of Tang poetry. He said, "What a pity! Poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. Its style includes three, four, five words, six, seven words, miscellaneous words, Yuefu, Gexing, modern style and quatrains. Its styles are high and low, far and near, dark and light, shallow and deep, big and small, fine and thick, clever and clumsy, strong and weak. " It means that there is nothing you don't have; "Its keynote is elegance, boldness, profundity, broadness, elegance, leisure, novelty and obscenity." And "Men are emperors, generals, ministers, cloth, sons, women, flowers and feathers." "There is no don't attend. The meaning of this passage is that all kinds of themes, all kinds of styles of poetry works, and all kinds of creators with different identities make the cause of poetry extremely grand, vast, brilliant and brilliant; No wonder Mr. Lu Xun said, "I thought all good poems were written in the Tang Dynasty. If you can't dig out the "the Monkey King" in the Tathagata's palm, you don't have to start work. "Although these words are exaggerated, they also express the great achievements of Tang poetry.
? Therefore, under such fanatical enthusiasm for poetry, poetry creation has become a national movement for nearly 300 years. Among the Tang poems still preserved today, there are about 50,000 poems, and more than 2,200 poets come from a vast social soil. They nurtured, grew, stirred and passed on from every corner, and achieved each other through dialogue, which is why there is such a surging river of culture in Wang Yang. The greatest masterpiece will be born, which will further improve the art and bring great progress. Then, the Yangtze River of culture will become stronger and stronger. If we compare the characteristics of Tang poetry with those of Song poetry, we can show its powerful charm in comparison. Ji Chuan, a Japanese sinologist, analyzed the characteristics of Tang and Song poetry in An Introduction to Song Poetry, pointing out that "Tang poetry seems to be burning in a fire, compact and intense. In a word, the poet can only seize the precious moment, stare at it, inject feelings, and make them condense, burst out. The poet only stares at the vertex of the object. " Therefore, poetry is concise, while the poems and songs in Song Dynasty are more rational, biased towards the expression of abstract philosophy and the presentation of straight lines. Unlike Tang poetry, which is a full overall artistic conception, it is particularly intriguing, and it needs to be chewed carefully to realize its depth and fullness.
? Therefore, because Tang poetry is so grand and beautiful, this course is designed to explore and elaborate the beautiful and profound humanistic connotation in Tang poetry. We don't take the popular and introductory direction, just like the introductory reading guide. What we have to do is to lead us to re-recognize those famous poets and masterpieces, dig out what we haven't seen before, clarify that it was a long time ago, and explore what history doesn't know. Of course, when we look at these poets and poems more than 1000 years ago, we must not have an intuitive understanding just by looking at the meaning of literature. Respecting history and putting yourself in the other's shoes is the attitude that we modern people must establish in the face of traditional culture, just as Xie Yi Cohen, a Soviet scholar, clearly reminded everyone in his book On Self, he said:
? In the passage we just said, we talked about several key points. One is that modern readers must pay attention to the fact that you can't understand the ancients with your own way of thinking and feelings, thinking that they are exactly like us. In fact, in the case of great disparity in values or ideologies, many thoughts and feelings of the ancients are very different from ours. And respect others, especially the ancients. What they think, worry and pursue is different from ours. It is unacceptable to think that the ancients were also pursuing equality and freedom, and they all longed for the independence of marriage and love.
If we don't let go of modern people's values or consciousness framework, we can't really understand the ancients. Moreover, in addition to adjusting the mentality, we should make more efforts in practice, and we can't just explain it by feeling. What's more, real learning and knowledge can always be obtained through painstaking management. This is not an opinion, not a general opinion. This is why Cohen said, "experts look for the key to understanding these problems by carefully analyzing the original text, etymology and semantics." This is certainly not an easy thing. For general human nature, this passage can actually be regarded as a wake-up call.
? It must be said that although Tang poetry is one of the most important cultural assets in the Chinese world, it is also the most popular classical literary work, in fact, readers often love its beauty but don't know its truth, especially after the great fault in modern history, modern readers often treat literature literally or with common sense, and project an unreal illusion that is not its true colors. Beauty is beauty, but it is often a beautiful misunderstanding. Therefore, in this course, as the first series of new ideas of Tang poetry, what we have to do is to select the most famous representative chapters to achieve the following teaching purposes.
First, clarify the fallacies of words and contents to avoid repeated misinformation;
Secondly, I hope to restore the true meaning of poetry and demonstrate the proper way to interpret classical literature;
Third, correctly understand people and comment poems, showing real warmth and respect for the ancients.
? We will select six poets who lived in the whole Tang Dynasty, such as the early Tang Dynasty, the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the middle Tang Dynasty and the late Tang Dynasty, and put forward several questions and give answers to their masterpieces. For example, in Chen Ziang in the early Tang Dynasty, was it really an all-round anti-Six Dynasties, with the purpose of restoring ancient ways? What is the ultimate pursuit of Li Bai who inherits and develops this retro route? When Wang Wei met a long-lost villager, why did he ask such a question as "opening its first cold flower"? What kind of mental state is it? As for Li Bai's "Three Songs of Qingping Tune", does it mean to satirize Yang Guifei? At that time, what kind of love did Li Bai see between Xuanzong and Guifei? Do they have a side that is unknown to modern people? Since we are talking about marriage and love, let's take a look at Du Fu's views on his wife. Is there no love in traditional marriage? Is love just something we modern people do? Du Fu's poem "Moonlit Night" may bring us a completely different vision and let us clearly see how complex and rich Du Fu is. The greatness of the Tang Dynasty was really due to the Six Dynasties. It is impossible for the Yangtze River to have only one source. Then, we need to re-analyze the new style of Bai Juyi's Pipa, and how Bai Juyi projected his subconscious on her. At the end of the course, we will tell you Li Shangyin's "a moment that should last forever has come and gone before I know it." What is the real meaning? And how we fell in love with this poem through misunderstanding.
After this course, if there is an opportunity in the future, we can analyze the personality characteristics of these famous poets, such as Wang Wei, Li Bai, Du Fu, Li He, Bai Juyi and Li Shangyin, as well as their outlook on life and world, and how they settled in their ideal world. Because of their different personalities, these people's outlook on life and world outlook will be completely different. Among them, Du Fu is the only one who has three different ideas about the ideal world, and also shows his temperament and mind, which is very worth learning. Then we can transcend individual poets and look at the changes of Tang poetry from the perspective of the changes of the times. Through several interesting themes, we can see how the times affect individuals and poetry.
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