1.
Ancient poetry is divided into two categories, one is ancient poetry and the other is modern poetry. Modern poetry includes rhymed poetry and quatrains.
Quatrains
Chinese poetry style. Also known as truncated sentences, broken sentences, and absolute poems. Each poem has four lines, usually five or seven characters. It is referred to as Wujue, Qijue, and occasionally Six Jue. It originated from the ballads of the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties After the Tang Dynasty, modern quatrains became popular, and the meter was the same as the first, last or middle four lines of the eight-line rhymed poem. Therefore, some people in the Tang Dynasty attributed quatrains to rhymed poems in their collections of poems. Later, some scholars believed that quatrains were cut into half of the rhymed poems. Quatrains are flexible and light, suitable for expressing fleeting thoughts and feelings. They are widely used by poets, and their creations are more prosperous than others. Quatrains are also regarded as the Yuefu of the Tang Dynasty (details will be explained later).
Rhymed Poetry
A type of modern Chinese poetry with a strict rhythm. Originated in the Southern Dynasty, Rhymed Poetry requires a uniform number of words in the poems. Each poem is a five-character, six-character, or seven-character sentence, referred to as Wulu, Liulu, and Qilu. , among which six rhymes are rare. The usual rhythmic poems stipulate that each poem has 8 lines. If there are only 6 lines, it is called a small rhyme or three-rhythm poem; if there are more than 8 lines, that is, more than 10 lines, it is called a long rhyme or long rhyme poem. Rhymed poems are usually completed with 8 sentences, and every 2 sentences form a couplet, totaling four couplets. It is customary to call the first couplet a break-title couplet, the second couplet a jaw couplet, the third couplet a neck couplet, and the fourth couplet a concluding sentence. The upper and lower sentences of the second and third couplets (i.e. chin couplets and neck couplets) must be dual sentences. Except for the first and last couplets, the upper and lower sentences of the middle couplets must be antithetical to each other. The minor rhyme pairing requirements are wider. Rhymed poetry requires the entire first line to be rhymed. The first rhyme is limited to flat rhymes; the second, fourth, sixth and eighth lines rhyme, and the first line may or may not rhyme. The words used in each line of the rhyme poem are equal and oblique. The equal and oblique words in the upper and lower sentences are relative, including "仄qi" and "平Qi" "Two styles. In addition, the metrical requirements of verses also apply to quatrains.
In short, the difference is that quatrains have four lines and verses have eight lines.
Archaic poetry
Ancient poetry, also known as ancient poetry and ancient style, has four-character, five-character, six-character, seven-character, and mixed-character styles. Later generations used more five-character and seven-character poems. Five-character poems are referred to as "Wugu" and seven-character poems are referred to as "Qigu" ". Ancient style poetry does not stick to the number of sentences, does not seek counterpoints, and does not pay much attention to rhyme and rhyme. It uses rhyme more freely.
Modern style poetry
Modern style poetry is relative to ancient style poetry. It was produced later and originated It matured in the Southern Dynasty and reached its maturity in the early Tang Dynasty. The rhymed poems in it have a fixed form and strict rhythm, with eight sentences each. A single sentence is called a sentence, two sentences are called couplets, and together they are called a couplet. One or two sentences are called first couplets, and three or four sentences are called first couplets. One sentence is called a chin couplet, five or six sentences are called a neck couplet, and seven or eight sentences are called a tail couplet. The chin couplet and the neck couplet generally have to be in opposition. The first sentence can use rhyme or not, and usually rhymes with flat tones. The five-character couplet is called "Wulu", and the seven-character couplet is called "Qilu". , those with more than ten sentences are called arranged verses. The quatrains are also called quatrains and cut verses. They seem to cut out half of the verses, with four sentences each. Judging from its specifications, some of the last couplets are antithetical, similar to the first couplet of the verses. , chin couplet; some of the first couplets are antithetical, similar to the neck couplets and tail couplets of regular poems; some both couplets are antithetical, similar to the chin couplets and neck couplets of regular poems; some do not have antithesis, similar to the first and last couplets of regular poems. The rhyme of the quatrains is in The second and fourth lines usually rhyme with flat tones. If the first line rhymes, it also rhymes with flat tones. There are two types of quatrains: five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains, which are referred to as "five-character quatrains" and "qijue".
Han Yuefu
During the Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties in medieval China, the central government had always set up a Yuefu, a special official agency to manage music and songs, responsible for collecting and compiling various pieces of music and singing them with poems. These soundtracks were sung with music. Poetry is called Yuefu poetry, also referred to as Yuefu. In terms of style, Yuefu poetry is mainly five-character, with seven-character and miscellaneous words. The sentence structure is relatively flexible and free, the language is natural and fluent, easy to understand, catchy, and life-like. The atmosphere is very strong. His main thoughts include: 1. Reflecting the pain of the common people being enslaved and persecuted by monarchs and officials; 2. Reflecting the pain of the people being displaced; 3. Criticizing the decadent life of the upper class. His The artistry mainly includes: 1. The narrative component accounts for a large proportion, and the characters are shaped through narrative. Starting from Yuefu, Chinese narrative poetry has begun a new era; 2. The extensive use of bixing is unprecedented in previous poetry; 3. Various forms , there are four-character sentences, some five-character sentences, some miscellaneous sentences, and the language is lively and vivid. Yuefu folk songs inherit and carry forward the tradition of "The Book of Songs", and their ideological and artistic qualities have reached a very high level.
The difference between it and modern poetry is that the sentence structure is relatively flexible and free, the use of Bixing is extensive, the forms are diverse, and the language is lively and vivid. On the other hand, quatrains and rhymed poetry pay attention to strict rhythm, level, rhyme, condensation of language, and creation of artistic conception.< /p>
2.
Chinese classical poetry can be roughly divided into modern poetry and ancient poetry from the perspective of meter.
Ancient poetry: It is a concept relative to modern poetry. The characteristic of this type of poetry is that it does not pay attention to antithesis, and the rhythm and rhyme are relatively free. What needs to be pointed out in particular is that ancient poetry includes not only poetry before the Tang Dynasty, mainly poetry from the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties (including ancient Yuefu poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, Yuefu folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and literati poems at that time), but also includes poems written by poets of the Tang Dynasty based on the methods of ancient poetry. of poetry. Among them, the ancient poems written by poets of the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into five ancient poems and seven ancient poems based on the number of words.
Modern poetry: Its characteristic is that it pays attention to rhythm. According to the number of words, it can be divided into five laws and seven laws.
Quatrains: Those with only four sentences are called quatrains.
Judging from the number of words, it can be divided into five uniques and seven uniques. From a metrical point of view, it can be divided into Gu Jue and Lv Jue.
Yuefu: Yuefu was originally the name of an official office, and later evolved into a poetry style (the process is more complicated. If you are interested, please refer to Luo Genze's "History of Yuefu Literature" and "Research on the Classification of Yuefu Poems" edited by Wu Xiangzhou "series). Generally speaking, what we call Yuefu poems refers to Han Yuefu poems, that is, poems collected and set to music by Yuefu agencies during the Han Dynasty and handed down. Its characteristic is that it can sing.
There are also theories about Yuefu under the old title and Yuefu under the new title.
Old title Yuefu: refers to the works written by later generations of literati who imitated the Yuefu style by using the old Yuefu title. Although there is no music, it is also called Yuefu poetry.
New Title Yuefu: A work that imitates the genre of Yuefu but writes its own new title.
As for the issue of poetic style, for details, please refer to Wang Li's "Ancient Chinese" Volume 4 General Introduction (30) and "Chinese Poetry and Rhythm".
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As for the ordering of the three hundred Tang poems, there will be discrepancies in different versions.
The table of contents of the version I have seen is roughly as follows:
Volume 1 Five-character ancient poems: Zhang Jiuling's "Feelings of Encounter" - Meng Jiao's "Wandering Son's Song"
Volume Twenty-seven-character ancient poem: Chen Ziang's "Song of Dengyouzhou" - Du Fu's "Traveling to Ancient Cypresses"
Volume 37-character ancient poem: Du Fu's "Preface to Watching Lady Gongsun Dance with Flute and Sword Utensils" - Li Shangyin "Han Stele"
Volume 4: Seven-character Yuefu: Gao Shi's "Yan Ge Xing" - Du Fu's "Lament for the King and the Grandson"
Volume 5: Five-character verse: Tang Xuanzong's "Jing Lu Sacrifice" "Confucius sighed" - Seng Jiaoran's "Looking for Lu Hongjian but not meeting him"
Volume 6 or 7 verses: Cui Hao's "Yellow Crane Tower" - Shen Quanqi's "Unseen"
Volume Quatrains of seven to five characters: Wang Wei's "Deer Chai" - Li Yi's "Jiangnan Song"
Volume 87 of quatrains: He Zhizhang's "Book of Return to Hometown" - Du Qiuniang's "Golden Threaded Clothes"
Obviously, the editor classified the poems by poetry style and then arranged them in order of author's chronology. Moreover, the order of poetry styles is also arranged according to the development status of poetry: ancient poetry and Yuefu come first, followed by rhythmic poetry and quatrains.