Goethe is the most important representative of German classical literature and one of the most outstanding writers in the history of world literature. His life has gone through three stages in the history of German literature: violent movement, classicism and romanticism. He is a rare long-lived writer in German history. Needless to say, Goethe's prominent position in the history of world literature, except Marx and Engels, everyone especially likes his works. Lenin brought only two literary works during his exile, one of which was Faust. The philosopher Schelling said: "When Goethe was alive, Germany was not lonely or poor. Although it is weak and broken, it is still great, rich and powerful in spirit. "
Goethe was born in Frankfurt on 1749. His father Johann Caspar Goethe was a royal consultant and doctor of law, and his mother was the daughter of Tekstor, then the mayor of Frankfurt. Goethe showed amazing understanding in his childhood. At the age of eight, he translated the Latin exercises of the highest academic year in liberal arts middle school into German and began to learn French, English, Italian and Hebrew. /kloc-at the age of 0/0, he read Aesop and Homer extensively, and at the age of1/kloc-0, he also read the representative works of Racine and Moliere. 1765 In August, at the insistence of his father, Goethe went to Leipzig to study law against his will to study classical literature. /kloc-0 went to Strasbourg for further study in April, 770. Goethe's writing career began at the age of 10. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/774, the publication of Young Werther made him famous. 1775, 1 1 year, Goethe came to Weimar. The following year, he entered the court of Weimar Principality to participate in politics, and started his career for nearly 10 years. He served as a parliamentary adviser, a military chief and presided over the tax department. 1In September, 786, he started a trip to Italy for several years, which provided rich nourishment for his future writing.
1794, Goethe and Schiller met, which opened the heyday of German classical literature marked by the friendship between Goethe and Schiller. 10 years, they helped each other in creation and wrote their own masterpieces. Under the impetus of Schiller, Goethe created his masterpiece Faust. The coexistence and cooperation of two literary giants 10 years pushed German classical literature to a peak, making Weimar, a small park capital, the cultural center of Germany and even Europe at that time.
As a representative of the German "charge" movement, Goethe called for freedom and praised resistance in a series of his works. After the publication of Young Werther, it immediately caused a sensation in Germany and Europe. It shows the spiritual depression of the awakened civil class intellectuals in the feudal social environment at that time. The novel's fierce resistance to feudal morality and hierarchy and its strong demand for the liberation and development of "genius" personality shouted out the inner voice of the awakened generation of intellectuals at that time, so progressives cheered for it. How many people love this epistolary novel? Even Napoleon, who has been a brave soldier all his life, took it with him and read it seven times. Engels said that this is by no means "an ordinary sentimental love novel", but "a great critical achievement".
Goethe's poetic drama Faust, which took 58 years to complete, is the crystallization of his rich thoughts and artistic exploration all his life, and it is a great poem comparable to Homer's epic and Shakespeare's drama. When Goethe finally finished writing this book at 183 1, he wrote in his diary: "The main business has been completed", "My future life can be regarded as a pure gift. It doesn't matter what I do now or what I will do. " Faust created an image of constantly exploring the true meaning of life and making progress. When Dr. Faust, the hero, was blind at the age of 100, he still believed that life should "explore life and freedom every day, and then enjoy freedom and life", which reflected the spirit of pursuing truth and striving for self-improvement during the rising period of the bourgeoisie and the excellent tradition of the German nation.
Goethe's love life is full of twists and turns, full of romanticism. 1775, he got engaged to Lily Swinman at the age of 16 in Frankfurt, which made him spend "the most exciting and happiest time in his life". However, due to the opposition of his parents, they failed to get married. 1806 10 After many setbacks in love, Goethe married Christina. 10 years later, his wife died before him. Goethe experienced another legendary love in his later years-at the age of 74, he fell in love with Levizov at the age of 19. The opposition of public opinion failed his last love. The last 20 years of Goethe's life were relatively peaceful, and he devoted himself to creation and natural science research. This great writer died on March 22nd 1832 after finishing the second part of his masterpiece Faust.
Goethe chronology
1749 was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
From 65438 to 0756, under the strict supervision of the 7-year-old father, all kinds of talents were trained. Accept Latin, French, Italian, English, Hebrew and other languages, as well as painting, music, fencing and equestrian education, and cultivate all kinds of talents.
1763 14 years old fell in love with gretchen for two years.
1765 16 years old entered the university of Leipzig to study law.
1768 19 years old returned home due to illness, obsessed with poetry and painting, and cultivated pantheism religious feelings.
1769 Fu Zi, 20-year-old virgin poetry anthology "New Songs".
1770, 2 1 year old, entered the university of Strasbourg to study law. The whirlwind movement in German literary world opened Goethe's fascination with nature, Homer, Shakespeare, Bible and folk songs. Where's the priest's daughter Friedrich? Brian is in love.
177 1 He got a law degree at the age of 22 and returned to Frankfurt. Complete the first historical drama "Gotz? Finn. Berichengen”。
1772 at the age of 23, he went to the imperial court to study law and stayed in Weizlal. I met Charlotte here and fell in love with her deeply, but Charlotte was engaged, so she left with a strong yearning and built a "young werther" to express her feelings.
1773 24 years old is a lonely year for Goethe. Charlotte is married, and so is my dearest sister cornelia. "Gertz? Finn. Berigan was published, and Faust was chosen.
1774 The publication of young werther at the age of 25 shocked the world literary world and became one of the literary giants. I finished the opera Cravigo and met the two princes of Weimar Principality, which left a good impression on each other and laid the foundation for my future trip to Weimar.
1775 26 years old and Elizabeth? Sheniman fell in love and got engaged, but later broke off the engagement for some reason, so he accepted the invitation of Grand Duke Weimar and went to Weimar to be a government official. Later, he worked in a mine, studying geology, mineralogy, botany, orthopedics and anatomy, and Weimar became his lifelong residence. At this time, the singing of the operas "Alvin and Emily" and "Stella" was completed.
1776 at the age of 27, I fell in love with Mrs. stein, who was seven years older than me. This relationship lasted for twelve years. The work Stella was published and the opera Brother and Sister was completed.
1782, my 33-year-old father passed away. He was made a nobleman and served as the chief of the interior. He is busy with government affairs but still studies tirelessly, especially devoted to natural science and published many books.
1786 37-year-old trip to Italy, continue to write Faust.
1788 returned to Weimar at the age of 39, bid farewell to Mrs. Stein, and wrote lyric poems again. Meeting the poet Schiller for the first time and becoming close friends made Goethe's writing activities more active, thus increasing the types of creative works.
1789, Augustus, the 40-year-old eldest son, was born and completed the opera Dassault. At this time, the French Revolution broke out.
180 1 52 years old suffered from erysipelas and was reborn after recovery. Keep writing Faust.
1806 married Christine at the age of 57. The Holy Roman Empire collapsed and Napoleon attacked Weimar.
1808, 59-year-old Napoleon summoned the bannermen in Effie, Goethe was also summoned, and said with deep affection, "This is a person".
1816 Christine, a 67-year-old wife, died, but Goethe's spiritual vision also increased, and his body and mind did not fade with age.
1819 at the age of 70, he continued to write poems in the oriental style for six years and compiled them into Poetry of the East and the West for publication.
1823, at the age of 74, she went to Malumba for recuperation due to heart disease, and met 17-year-old girl ulrich. Her proposal was rejected, so she wrote a huge lyric poem "Elegy of Malumba".
1830 8 1 year-old son Augustus passed away.
183 1 At the age of 82, he completed the masterpiece Faust, which lasted for 58 years.
1832 Goethe, 83, occasionally caught a cold and died peacefully after a few days of illness.