First, start with the topic.
Reading the topic is equivalent to understanding the main idea of the poem. For example, a few years ago, there was a poem in the college entrance examination paper, including Jia Dao's "Li Ning lives in seclusion", in which "seclusion" is the first and second couplet of the poem, "living in seclusion with few neighbors, the grass path becomes an empty garden. Birds stay in the trees by the pool, and monks knock at the door under the moon, which embodies the characteristics of the environment; Zhao Shixiu confessed these events in the poem "The Guest"; Yuan Zhen's Chrysanthemum, Yu Shinan's Cicada, Liu Yuxi's Wang Dongting and Tao Yong's Yan Junshan all indicate the object of creation. Some poems simply reveal the feelings of the poet. For example, Yuan Zhen's Farewell to Sorrow shows that the author's feelings are sad. Li Yi's "A Short and Happy Meeting with My Brother-in-law" met by chance, just for parting. ""It shows that the poem is written about the surprise of reuniting relatives after a long separation and the feeling of getting together and leaving in a hurry.
Some people say that the title of Xia Yi is "Xia Yi" and the whole poem "does not miss Xia Yi". Do you agree with this statement? Please give specific reasons.
The feeling of summer
Su Shunqin
Summer courtyard is cool and pomegranate flowers are covered with curtains.
The shade is all over the ground, it is already noon, and I dream of warblers.
Identity. The word "summer" in the first sentence directly points out that it is summer, "pomegranate blossoms everywhere" in the second sentence is a unique sight in summer, and the third sentence "trees everywhere" and the fourth sentence "Yinger crying" are also unique sights in summer, so this poem says that "there is no sentence that does not cut summer meaning".
Example 2. Read the following poem. How does this poem express "send"?
Say goodbye to Li Zhou in the evening rain
wei yingwu
The Chu River is shrouded in thin rain, and the companion city rings in the dusk.
The rain is heavy, the sky is not right, and the birds fly slowly.
The Yangtze River flows into the distance of the Yangtze River, and the trees are full of rain.
Farewell to my old friend, I love infinity, and tears fall down on the river.
The ancients had a poem that "dense rain is like scattered silk".
The word "send" in the title of the poem tells the events written in the whole poem. Poetry is closely related to the word "send". Chu Jiang and Jianye pointed out the place, weather and time of "farewell" in Light Rain, revealing the poet's sadness when he bid farewell to his friends from "rain" to "curtain". The description of the scenery in the sentence "Your wet sail is dragging and the shadow bird is flying slowly" is actually a reflection of the poet's inner feelings and expresses his nostalgia for his friends. "We can't see the deep ocean door, but only the branches of Pukou, which have just waded through the water." This is also the feeling in the poet's heart, expressing his nostalgia and concern for his friends. "Similarly, because of our great love, there are water lines on our faces." It directly expresses the poet's sadness when he sent him away.
Second, start with words.
Understanding the key words in poetry is the first step of poetry appreciation. Only by correctly understanding the meanings and intentions of important words in poetry can we correctly understand the feelings expressed by poets and appreciate poetry accurately.
Wang Anshi called the language of poetry "the language of poets", indicating that the language of poetry is different from that of other styles, so we should pay attention to important words in poetry, such as verbs, adjectives, reduplicated words, onomatopoeic words and so on. , especially those with "multiple meanings".
Example 3: "The branches of red apricots make trouble in spring" in "The Jade Louchun" is a famous sentence that has been passed down through the ages, among which "trouble" is the best one. Please talk about the beauty of "noisy"
Yu Tingchun; Spring In Jade Pavilion；Song of Youth
Song qi
Dongcheng gradually felt that the scenery was good, and it was wrinkled and welcoming people.
Poplar smoke is lighter than Han Xiao, and the branches of red apricots are full of spring.
The word "Noisy" personifies spring, turns lifeless apricot flowers into living and emotional things, and compares the flowering of apricot flowers on the branches to many living, emotional and energetic creatures playing around, thus writing the scene and interest of apricot flowers competing for openness and competition, and writing a vibrant spring flower. Therefore, Wang Guowei believes that "the word' noisy' is the word, and the realm is exhausted."
After reading the following poem, what do you think is the beauty of "leisure" in "Gardenia in the atrium"?
Yucun village
Wang Jian
One or two chickens crow in the rain, and Zhuxicun Road leans against Banqiao.
Mother-in-law called a silkworm bath and laid gardenias in the atrium.
Gardenia in the yard is idle, in contrast to the busy scene of farmers. The girls in the village are busy doing this and that, only the gardenia in the yard has nothing to do and enjoys the rain alone.
Example 5. Read Wei Yan's "Danyang Sending Wei to Join the Army" in the Tang Dynasty and realize the role of the word "autumn" in the poem.
Danyang sent Wei to join the army.
Wei Yan
When you send a boat in Danyang, you know that it is autumn in both places.
I'm still standing on the south side of the Yangtze River, looking at Jiangbei. The crows have returned to their nests to see the flowing water.
Autumn is a writing season on the surface, but it actually expresses the author's mood at that time. The author skillfully uses the word "parting" to explain "sorrow" with "autumn" in his heart, thus expressing the author's thousands of feelings of parting and anxiety.
Example 6: Read Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart and realize the function of the word "suddenly" in the poem.
(of a young woman) complaining in the boudoir.
Wang Changling
Young women in boudoir don't know how to worry, but they are dressed upstairs in spring.
Suddenly I saw the green willows, and I felt uncomfortable; Oh, I regret that I shouldn't have asked my husband to find Hou Feng.
After dressing up, the young woman rushed to Cuilou to enjoy the spring scenery. At this time, the author used a word "suddenly" to express the turning point, which made the willow color suddenly break into her eyes, reminding her of the scene of breaking the willow with her husband, and her feelings suddenly turned into sadness. A word "suddenly" vividly describes the change of this feeling, which is exactly what this poem is intriguing.
Third, from the image.
The so-called image refers not only to the characters portrayed in narrative poems, but also to the lyric heroes in lyric poems, and more to the scenery or things described in poems. For example, lakes and mountains, rural Sang Ma, lonely smoke in the desert, withered vines and old trees are all images in the poem. Image is the carrier of poet's emotion and poetic mood. In order to understand the emotion contained in poetry and the artistic conception in poetry, we must first grasp the image.
Example 7: Read Fan Zhongyan's The Fisherman's Pride, and briefly describe the scenery features written in the sentence "A thousand miles away, a long smoke sets and a lonely city sets".
Yujiaao
Fan Zhongyan?
The scenery in Qiu Lai is different, and Hengyang Goose is unknown.
Around, the sound of the horn sounded, thousands of miles away, and the long smoke closed.
A glass of turbid wine is Wan Li's home, but Ran Yan hasn't come home yet.
The tube is full of frost, people don't sleep, and the general has white hair and tears.
This sentence combines "Qian Shan", "Long Smoke", "Sunset" and "Lonely City" to form a layered picture of Qiu Jingtu, rendering an open and desolate atmosphere.
Example 8: Read Komatsu by Du Xunhe and analyze the characteristics of Komatsu described in the first two sentences.
Komatsu
Du Xunhe?
When pine trees were young, they grew in deep, deep grass and could not be seen. Now they are found to be much taller than weeds.
Those trees that don't recognize that they can soar into the sky, until it enters the sky, people say it is tall. ?
This paper describes the characteristics of Komatsu from small to large, born ordinary, unknown, but with strong vitality.
Fourth, from the artistic conception.
Example 9. Read an article "Autumn Night in a Mountain" and tell me what artistic conception the poet created in this poem.
An autumn night in the mountains
Wang Wei
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night.
The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks.
The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe.
Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
At the beginning of Shan Yu, everything was new; The early autumn evening is quiet and clear. Clear springs, bamboo forests, pine forests under the moon and green lilies in the water are the quiet beauty of the autumn sky mountain.
Fifth, from the style.
Different artistic characteristics and creative personality in the poet's creation. Different poets have different creative styles, and the same poet has different creative styles in different periods.
The styles are bold, graceful, romantic, realistic, gorgeous, novel and simple.
Generally, the selected poems can represent the author's main creative style, such as Xin Qiji and Mao Zedong's bold words, Liu Yong and Qin Guan's graceful words, Li Bai's romantic poems, Wang Wei's "painting in poetry" and so on. Paying attention to this is very beneficial to the overall appreciation.
Example 10. Read the following two words and find out the difference in style between them.
(a) Xiao Sheng pharynx, Qin E dream broken Qin Louyue, Qin Louyue willow color year after year, Baling farewell. Looking at the Cold and Autumn Festival, the ancient road leading to Xianyang has been cut off. The west wind kissed the light of the sun, and in front of us were the tombs and palaces of the Han Dynasty.
[b] The west wind is strong, and the geese in the sky are called Frost Morning Moon. First frost morning, horseshoe broken, horn swallowed. Xiongguan road is as iron as iron, and now it is still one step away from the beginning. From the beginning, Cangshan was like the sea and the sunset was like blood.
[A] The lyricist is Li Bai. Judging from the images in the poem, it embodies the grandeur of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and gives people a sense of desolation. However, a careful appreciation of the melancholy flute, Qin Lou's Leng Yue and Han Jialing, without exception, gives people a feeling of sadness and emptiness.
[B] The lyricist is Mao Zedong. From the chilly west wind, the wild geese all over the sky, the towering mountains like iron, the sea-like Cangshan and the blood-like sunset, it can be clearly seen that the lyrics express the lofty, tragic and heroic feelings of the Red Army soldiers.
Sixth, from the writing method.
The ways of expression are description, narration, lyricism and discussion.
Rhetorical devices include metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, contrast and repetition. Lyric by borrowing scenery, lyrical by supporting objects, blending of scenes, combination of dynamic and static, setting off, contrast, rendering, bedding, symbol, pun, association, imagination and care.
Example 1 1. Read Lanxi Acura and analyze the differences between the first two sentences and the last two sentences in expression.
Lanxi bangge
Dai Shulun?
Liu Wanmei hangs on the cool moon, and the Zhongshan mirror looks more.
Peach blossoms rained in Lanxi for three days, and carp came to the beach at midnight.
The first two sentences use metaphors to describe the beauty of Lanxi as a whole, and write static scenery; The last two sentences focus on the scene of a certain day, talking about individuals (rain and fish), which embodies a dynamic beauty.
Seven, emotionally.
Understanding the emotions contained in a poet's poems is the primary task of appreciating poems. No matter from the image, artistic conception, writing style, in fact, it is to understand the poet's feelings reflected in his poems.
Example 12. Read the West Building, savor the last sentence, and convey the poet's thoughts and feelings.
West building
Ceng Gong
The waves turned over the clouds and returned, and the north wind blew several thunder.
Zhu Lou is surrounded by hooks and thin foil, lying and watching the shower in Qian Shan.
The rainstorm in front of the mountain is essentially a storm, but also a variety of pressure blows in life; "Lying and watching" shows that the poet didn't take the storms in life seriously at all, thus embodying the poet's open-minded mind and graceful and calm attitude towards life.
Eight, from the notes.
Pay attention to notes, which is the most noteworthy content in appreciation. Although it is only a few words, it is a hint from the questioner. Some introduce the writing background and hint at the ideological content of your poem; Some of them are introductions of related poems, suggesting the allusions or artistic conception of your poems. Sometimes introducing the author hints at the writing style of your poem.
For example 13, what kind of writing techniques are used in boudoir sacrifice to Zhang Shuibu and Zhu Qingyu? Please analyze it briefly.
Zhu Qingyu, Water Department of Zhang Yixian, Guangxi
Last night, the candles in the bridal chamber were lit all night, waiting for dawn to worship the parents-in-law.
Make-up whispered to her husband, is thrush fashionable or not?
Enjoy Zhu Ji.
Yue Nv's new makeup appeared in the mirror, knowing Yan Yan was more considerate.
When Wan Qi was young, people were expensive, and a Song Ling was the enemy of ten thousand gold.
(Note: Zhu Qingyu is usually appreciated by Dr. Zhang Ji of the Ministry of Water Resources. Before he went to take the exam, he wrote this poem to ask Zhang Ji's opinion, and Zhang Ji answered him in a poetic way. )
Both of these poems use the "metaphor" technique commonly used in China's ancient poems. Zhu Qingyu's poems compare himself to a new wife, Zhang Ji to her husband, the examiner to her in-laws, and the exam to the first meeting between a new wife and her in-laws. In Zhang Ji's poems, Zhu Qingyu is compared to Yue Nv, to a girl picking ling, to Ling Ge, and to "a dude of Qi", which is hard to compare with Zhu Qingyu.