China ancient poetry culture originated from sacrificial ceremonies, sprouted from folk songs and flourished in chanting records.
Unfortunately, the earliest extant collection of poems is The Book of Songs. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, it evolved into a Sao style, simple and profound, which is a unique branch of pre-Qin poetry culture.
With the death of Qin and Han, Yuefu flourished, and the poetry garden revived. When I entered Wei, I heard five words, especially the brilliant creation of "three sons of Cao" and "seven sons of Jian 'an".
At the turn of Wei and Jin dynasties, there were "seven sages of bamboo forest"; There were three Zhang, two Lu, two Pan, one Zuo in the Western Jin Dynasty, and one in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During this period, the realm and vision of poetry were broadened, and singing became more and more popular.
Things have changed, and the years have passed to the Song and Qi Dynasties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Four words, five words, six words and seven words are repeated all the time, and "big and small thanks", "the ancestor of seven words" and "Eight Friends of Jingling" stand out. Pastoral poems and landscape poems are beautiful and elegant, and Qi Liang style can be called the exclusive spring scenery in the early Tang Dynasty. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is also a prosperous time for poetry. The work of rhyme, the beauty of rhyme, the precision of sentences and the breadth of artistic conception are really the pinnacle! However, although Du Li was crowned as a "poet saint", there are still stars shining through the ages! There are words in the poem, which have been seen in the northern and southern dynasties, and prevailed in the teaching workshop in the late Tang Dynasty. As for Da Song, it gradually jumped out of the string and became a ups and downs poem, which is unique in the history of poetry. Compared with poetry, ci has more extension and inheritance, and also shows hearty lyricism.
There are thousands of Ci poets in Song Dynasty, and Yan Xin is the most outstanding one. In addition, it is true that there are thousands of epigrams rhyming, but it is not ancient to the predecessors, and later generations often tie their hands and feet and become the wind of lyrics.
The interpretation of poetry in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties more and more catered to the needs of folk entertainment. As a result, "Street Melody" and "Country Square Minor" were very popular and eventually blossomed and became a wonderful song. There is a saying: there are no poems after the Tang Dynasty and no words after the Song Dynasty.
Generally speaking, this is a generalized theory of poetic realm; In a narrow sense, not necessarily. Gao Qi's poems in Ming Dynasty have the brilliance of Han and Wei Dynasties and the beauty of Tang and Song Dynasties, which is quite a model of connecting the past with the future.
Sighing that the green hills are there, writing is a taboo, risking embarrassment, and suffering from waist-cutting in the prime of life. It is better to say that there is no poetry after the literary inquisition than after the Tang Dynasty.
As for the Qing Dynasty, there were many poets and countless poems, but most of them were smoked in the slippery air of princes, lacking character and few people handed down masterpieces. There are more than 10 thousand poems, but I haven't seen one or two. What can I say? However, it is Gong Zizhen and Banqiao who can admire integrity.
2. "Song Ci" common sense
The first famous song, Qu, Qu is called "Ci" for short, and it is also called Yuefu, Modern Yuefu, Music Movement, Qinqu, Qu and Long and Short Sentences.
The first sentence can be sung with music. Ci originated in Sui and Tang Dynasties, formed in Tang Dynasty and prevailed in Song Dynasty.
There are nearly 20,000 ci poems in the Song Dynasty, many of which have nothing to do with music and become a unique poetic style, which is called "poetic surplus". According to the number of words, there are three categories: Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Middle Tone (within 59 words to 90 words) and Slow Music (above 9 1 word).
Words have epigrams, which are the names of the word spectrum. There are many vocabularies, the total number of which should be more than 1000 in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, such as Bodhisattva Man, Dreaming Like a Dream, Xijiang Moon, Butterfly Lovers, Nian Nujiao, Fairy, Yujiachun, Fisherman's Pride, Linjiang Xianzi, etc.
Each word spectrum specifies the number of words, the number of rhymes, the level of words and their formats. Writing words according to the format specified in the word spectrum is called "filling words" or "relying on sounds" The tone of a word has one or two words, or eight words or even a long sentence with more than one cross, which is rare in general poetry.
There are also words with the same tone. For example, the first and second parts of Raw Tea Son are actually two five-character quatrains, and the first and second parts of Yulouchun are actually two seven-character quatrains. Except for a few minor tunes, most of them are divided into two sections, even three sections and four sections, which are called "double voice", "triple" and "quadruple" respectively.
The academic language of Duan Ci is "piece" or "dry" and "piece" means "all over", which means that the music has been played once.
"Kan" originally meant "happy ending". Two paragraphs of a word are called upper and lower paragraphs or upper and lower paragraphs respectively.
Lyrics pay attention to rhyme and rhyme according to the epigraph. Generally speaking, the flat tone is long, and it is suitable for singing slowly to express endless affection and abundant charm.
Also known as "side", it means uneven. In poetry, intonation includes three tones: up, down and in, all of which are very short.
The upper voice is the upper voice, the falling tone is the falling tone, and the entering tone is particularly short. It rhymes with the short snore on the gas side, which is easy to contain strange and uneven feelings, which is exciting.
Graceful and unconstrained are the two main artistic styles of Song Ci. Zhang Ming? : "Less travel (Qin Guan) is more graceful and restrained, and Zi Zhan (Su Shi) is more unrestrained, so graceful and restrained is the main thing."
In the Ming Dynasty, Xu once said: "As far as its words are concerned, there are graceful people and bold people. Elegant people want their words to be meaningful, while uninhibited people want their weather to be magnificent. Although the cover is touching because of its quality and expensive words, it is based on Grace.
"(see" stylistic analysis "preface) stone? : "Yi 'an (the name of Li Qingzhao) is the ancestor of servant's grace, and young 'an (the word of Xin Qiji) is the head". (See Flowers Bloom) The famous poets in the Northern Song Dynasty are: poets in the early Northern Song Dynasty: Yan Shu, Yan, Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Zhang Xian and Liu Yong (street poets); Genius poets: Su Shi, Su Men, Qin Guan, He Zhu, Huang Tingjian; Genius poet: Zhou Bangyan; Li Qingzhao, Du Nan; Poets: Chen, Zhang Tingjian. Unique "Jiaxuan Style" School of Xin Ci: You, Lu You, and Yuan School have the stamina: Liu Kezhuang, Wen Tianxiang, Jiang Kui, and the successors of Shi Dazu and Jiang School: You, Wang, Zhang Yan, Jie Jiang, etc.
3. Who can help me find some literary knowledge and appreciation of Tang poetry and Song poetry?
Jiang Chengzi (1) remembers the dream of the 20th day of the first month (2)
Song sushi
Ten years of life and death are two boundless. Never think, never forget.
A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about.
Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty.
When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed.
Care for each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears
It is expected that every year there will be heartbroken, moonlit and short matsuoka.
Author1036-11kloc-0/,Zi Zi Zhan,No. Dongpo Jushi. Meishan (now Sichuan) people. Song Renzong, who was admitted to the Jinshi Examination, once knew Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou, Yingzhou, Hangzhou and other places, and the officials were ministers of rites. My life has been bumpy: during Zongshen's reign, he demoted Huangzhou on the charge of "writing poems to slander the court"; During the reign of Zhezong, he was banished to Huizhou and Danzhou for the crime of "ridiculing the imperial court for writing". A pawn is Wen Zhong. He is the most famous litterateur in Song Dynasty, and his poems, words and essays are unique. His words are bold and broad, and stand out from the crowd, which is different from the traditional style of flower words. He also introduced poetry into Ci, opened up the realm of Ci, praised the style of Ci, and made many innovations in the field of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Note (1) Also known as Jiang Shenzi. Double tones, 70 characters, flat and even rhymes. ② Mao Yi: Xining eight years (1075).
Make an appreciative comment
Writing mourning in words is Su Shi's initiative. This eulogy expresses the author's yearning for his dead wife through various artistic expressions such as frustration, combination of reality and fiction, and narrative sketches. While mourning for his dead wife, he also expressed his feelings about his life experience, thus profoundly and sincerely expressing the feelings between husband and wife, which made people sigh after reading it.
When writing this word, the author wrote it when he was in Michigan. At that time, Su Shi's career was ups and downs and his mood was very old. It is natural to miss his bitter husband and wife at this time. /kloc-at the age of 0/9, the author married Wang Fu of this county and left Sichuan to embark on a career. The couple love each other and respect each other like guests. Unexpectedly, Wang Fu died ten years later and was buried in Zuying, his hometown in Sichuan. The living and the dead are separated forever, but the emotional ties are knotted and exist forever. With the helplessness of life and death in this decade.
The phrase "never forget" seems ordinary, but it is heartfelt and sincere. Life and death meet, yin and yang are isolated, but they can't forget. This deep-rooted feeling is hard to shake off. Because when the author reaches middle age, he expresses a normal relationship between husband and wife, just like daily life, which is bland, yet light and eternal, and long and intimate. It can show eternal love. Behind "the lonely grave is thousands of miles away, and there is nowhere to talk." Inherited the previous life and death, but also sad and helpless. It seems to make you feel the lonely grave thousands of miles away, and the bleak scenery of the autumn wind whistling all over the sky.
The author returned to reality and thought that even if he saw his first wife again, his wife, who was so old and depressed, would not recognize him. The conversation turned to the author's dream. In his hometown, the dream of Wang Fu is "Xiao Xuan window, dressing up", just like a newly married * * *, with a beautiful image, which sets off the happiness of Su Shi's boudoir. But the changes in the world in the past decade, especially the psychological trauma, are obvious to both sides. Facing each other, I don't know what to say, but I let my tears flow.
The last paragraph "is expected to be heartbroken every year, moonlit and short matsuoka." This is an exclamation of reality. Only the moonlit night and the short Matsuoka are real, mourning and mourning for the years.
4. Literary common sense of poetry and songs
Poetry is one of the basic literary genres, which originated from religion. There is another form, which comes from labor. The most essential feature of poetry is lyrical beauty. Ci is a new style word that appeared in the Tang Dynasty, also known as tune, long and short sentences and idle poems. It is a song and poem, the abbreviation of Qu Qu and Yuan Qu, and one of the famous literary genres in the history of China literature. Yuanqu is a combination of Yuan Zaju and Sanqu, and people generally think it refers to Yuanqu. In fact, Qu is a generalized opera. The art of traditional Chinese opera occupies a very important position in China literature and even in the whole cultural history of China, and its achievements are no less than poetry, ci and fu. According to the different needs of content expression, the ancients created three types of poetry styles: poetry, ci and qu, and each style has its own merits, which can be described as the same strain and self-perfection. Poetry is the earliest literary style produced by any nation. So is China. Since the Book of Songs, the history of poetry development has been thousands of years, and the form of poetry is difficult to describe. Generally speaking, poetry can be divided into classical poetry with little emphasis on meter and modern poetry with emphasis on meter. There are also classical poems, songs of Chu, Yuefu poems (ancient Yuefu, new Yuefu), folk songs, seven-character ancient poems and five-character ancient poems. Directly reflect the reality and express freely. Modern poetry includes five-character or seven-character poems and five-character or seven-character quatrains. Their general characteristics are conciseness, gracefulness, implication, indirect reflection of reality, rigorous meter, great leap from poem to poem, and quatrains emphasize ethereal charm. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Ci, a new poetic style, began to appear and developed rapidly, keeping pace with poetry. The middle tune is similar to the seven-character modern poetry in scale, which is divided into two parts, but it pays attention to change, seeing implication in simplicity and seeing the whole in separation; Long tune is also called slow character, because the beat is slow and the length is long when singing. Because of its long length and large capacity (The Preface to Birds is the longest, with 256 words), poets can give full play to their talents, narrate and express their feelings, write scenes calmly, pay attention to the turning point and structural changes, and thus tend to be unified. The songs that appeared in the Yuan Dynasty (Yuan Qu is divided into drama, Sanqu and meat) have different flavors. Different styles of poems and songs are just like people's different costumes to meet the needs of different seasons and aesthetics. Recognizing this, we have to admire the wisdom of the ancients in creating different styles of poetry. The ancients have long recognized the difference between the three and discussed it many times. However, some of them are too abstract. For example, Wang Guowei believes that "poetry is vast and long-lasting"; Some of them are too intuitive. For example, Wang Shizhen took Yan Shu's words, "I can't help falling flowers, and I feel familiar with Yan's return" and Tang Xianzu's lyrics, "What a beautiful day, who is happy?" Give an example to illustrate the difference between words and songs; Some of them are too simple, for example, Li Yu thinks that the word "is not like poetry in the world, but not like music in the world, standing in the middle". In fact, the differences between the three are reflected in the theme, artistic conception, style, technique and form.
5. Elective textbook "Selected Reading of Tang Poetry and Song Poetry"
. Catalogue of Elective Textbooks for Selected Reading of Tang Poetry and Song Poetry
The Early Tang Poems of "Fengshen first vibrates"
Two Farewells in Spring Night (I) Chen Ziang /3
Seeing Du Fu and Jinling Lucheng in Early Spring /3
Yang Jiong joined the army /4
Teng Wangge Wang Bo /4
Zhang Chunjiang's moonlit night /6
Poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty with both temperament and character.
Zhang Jiuling, looking at the moon and thinking far away/1 1
Goodbye Wei Qi/1 1
Wang Wei/1l in the autumn night in the mountains
Climb Yanshan Meng Haoran with friends/12
City/14
Take a trip to Sichuan and take you to the Western Expedition in Cen Can/15.
Bold and elegant Li Bai's poems
Li Bai from Tianmu Mountain in Dream/19
Drinking four moons alone (I) Li Bai /2 1
Send a friend Li Bai /23
Li Bai, who will enter the wine /23
Du Fu's Depressed Poems
Du Fu's Night /29
Five Poems on Monuments (3) Du Fu /30
Self-denial /30
Innovation and reform of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty
Wei to my friend and 35
Boarding Liuzhou Tower to send Liu Zongyuan to Zhangzhou, Feng Ting and Lianzhou /35
Left to Languan to show his grandnephew Xiang Han Yu /36.
"Old Times of Xibao Mountain" Liu Yuxi /38
Since the Henan War, water transportation has been blocked, there has been famine everywhere, and our brothers have also been displaced, each in one place.
Because I feel full of hope for the moon, I talked about my book and gave it to Brother Fuliang and Yu Qian.
The seventh brother, the fifteenth brother of Wujiang River, also shows the sister Bai Juyi of Liv and Xia Yin /38.
Li He, the rumor in the sky /39
Late Tang poetry in the afterglow of poetic country
Untitled (it was a long time before I met her, but it was longer after we separated) Li Shangyin /45
Li Shangyin, Anding Tower /45
September Qishan Gaodeng Tumu /46
A letter to Du Mu, the magistrate of Hanchuo Yangzhou /46
Zhao Wei in Chang 'an in late autumn /48
Shang Shan Zao Xing Wen Tingyun /48
Pronouns in Tang and Five Dynasties in the Early Stage of Germination and Development
Bodhisattva Man (hills overlap, gold disappears) Wen Tingyun /53
Bodhisattva Xia (everyone says Jiangnan is good) Wei Zhuang /53
Magpie stepping on branches (who cares for a long time) Feng Yansi /54
Huanxisha (Xiang Lian sells green leaves) Li Jing /55
Crying at night (flowers in the forest wither in spring) Li Yu /55
Langtaosha (the rain outside the curtain is gurgling) Li Yu /56
The Ci Poems of Northern Song Dynasty in "Gao Ge Yun Yuan" (I)
Broken array (news agency when swallows come) Yan Shu /6 1
Tafloxacin (waiting for Mei Can) Ouyang Xiu /62
Dead Hua Lian (how deep is the courtyard) Ouyang Xiu /62
Su Muzhe (Blue Sky) Fan Zhongyan /65
Fairy (listening to water and holding wine) Zhang Xian /66
Klang Ganzhou (drizzling rain and dim rain) Liu Yong /66
Dongpo's ci is "new to the world"
Set a storm (don't listen to the sound of beating leaves in the forest) Su Shi /7 1
Jiang (ten years of life and death) Su Shi /72
Water dragon (like a flower but not a flower) Su Shi /73
"Bu Operator" Su Shi /74
Poems of "Gao Ge Yun Yuan" in Northern Song Dynasty (Ⅱ)
Linjiangxian (balcony locked after dream) Yanji Road /79
Partridge Sky (Jade Zhongqin with colorful sleeves) Yan /80
Qingpingle (Where is the Spring Return) Huang Tingjian /80
A Journey to Tasha Lost in the Mist Qin Guan /82
Hengtang Road (Danhengtang Road, Ling Bo) He Zhu /83
Su Muzhe (Liao) Zhou Bangyan /84
"Extremely treacherous" and "extremely changeable" Ci in Southern Song Dynasty
Like a dream (it rained last night and suddenly the wind blew)
Li Qingzhao /89
Drunk Flower Shadow Li Qingzhao /89
Man Jianghong (Angry) Yue Fei /90
Operator (post outside the broken bridge) land trip /92
Jiang Kui from Yangzhou (Huaizuo) 92
Meixi Meiling (a man who loves flowers but doesn't care about fragrance) Jiang Kui /94
Jia Xuan's Word "Long Hudou"
Bodhisattva Man (Qingjiang River under Yugu Platform) Xin Qiji /99
Water (Chu Dora) Xin Qiji /99
Jade case (thousands of trees bloom in the east wind night) Xin Qiji/102
Ugly slave (a teenager doesn't know the taste of sorrow) Xin Qiji/103
After searching for a long time, I only found a directory. I'll look for it for you.
555555, I can't find it. Find yourself a reference book to review ba according to the catalogue. I tried my best! !
6. The content of selected readings of Tang poetry and Song poetry, the content of specific poems, and others should not be included.
Li Bai, who dreams of climbing Mount Tianmu, will talk about Japan, where the water and fog are hidden in inaccessible places.
But the more people talk about the mother mountain, the clouds are light or visible. On a straight line leading to heaven, its peak enters heaven, topped with five sacred peaks, and casts a shadow across China.
The Paradise Terrace Mountains are 100 miles long, and it is here that they begin to extend to the southeast. My heart and my dream are in Wu Heyue, flying over Jinghu Moon overnight.
The moon lit up my shadow and I came to Yanhe. Xie 'an is still there, with a loud voice and rippling blue waves.
I wore Xie's earliest spiked shoes and climbed the Qingyun ladder. Halfway through the sunny ocean, the sacred rooster crows in space.
Thousands of turns, flowers lure me, stones slow me down. The day suddenly ended. Bears, dragons and storms on mountains and rivers disturb forests and shake mountains.
Clouds are darkened by rain, and streams are pale by fog. God of thunder and lightning, the mountains are crumbling.
Cave stone gate, drain in tiankeng. An impenetrable shadow, but now the sun and the moon illuminate a golden and silver terrace.
Wearing rainbow clothes and riding the wind, all the queens of the clouds came and came down one by one. With the tiger as the harp and the phoenix as the dancer, the images of fairies are arranged in rows.
I moved, my soul flew and suddenly began to grow. My pillow and mat are the lost clouds in which I once lived.
This is the consistent way of human happiness, and all kinds of things will always flow to the east like water. So I'm leaving you. I don't know how long it will take. But let me raise a white deer on my green hillside and ride to you when I need you, Dashan.
Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those people with high status and important positions? They never want to be seen with a sincere face! Jiang (Li Bai) [Edit this paragraph] Have you seen how the water of the Yellow River flows from the sky to the sea and never returns? Have you seen the lovely hair in the bright mirror in the high room, although it is still silky black in the morning, it turns into snow at night?
Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he wants to go, and never point his golden cup at the moon empty! . Since God has given talents, let them be used! As for the money, although it is scattered, it will get together again.
Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a big drink! . Master Cen, Dan Qiusheng, put (qiāng) into the wine and don't stop drinking.
Let me sing you a song! Please listen to me: turning jade is not expensive enough, I hope I will never wake up after being drunk for a long time. The sober and sage of the old days were forgotten, and only the drinker kept his name.
At a banquet to complete the temple, Prince Chen spent 10,000 gold coins to buy a barrel of wine, and everyone laughed and made a quip. Why do you say, my master, your money is gone? J (j) must be sold at your discretion.
Wu, Qiu, and Hu Er (Jiang) shared eternal worries with you about wine. Klang Ganzhou ● Visiting Liaozi Author: Su Shi [editing this paragraph] has a sentimental wind, and Wan Li is rolling in the tide and returning it mercilessly.
Ask Qiantang River, Xixing Pukou 2, how many degrees of oblique light. You don't have to think about now and now.
Who is like Dongpo? I remember that the west side of the West Lake is the benefit of Spring Mountain, and the sky is blue and green.
Calculate the fourth period of the poet, such as Jun and me. In about one year, I will return to the eastern sea route. I hope Xie Gongya will not violate it.
Xizhou Road, don't look back, because I'm wearing the clothes of Linjiang Fairy-Yang Shen is rolling the Yangtze River eastward, and the waves wash away the heroes. Success or failure has turned empty, the green hills are still there, and the sunset is a few degrees red.
The white-haired hermit by the river has long been used to the changes of time. A pot of turbid wine is happy to meet, and many things in ancient and modern times are paid in a joke.
Linjiang Xianzi-Li Yuchun came to cherry leaves, and butterflies flew over the pink. Zigui cries on the west of Xiaolou.
Jade hook curtain, melancholy dusk smoke hanging. Don't be lonely in the alley, hope that the smoke will fade away.
The incense burner is idle and curled up like a phoenix. Holding the air, looking back, I hate being near Jiangxian-Yan Mengyang's platform is locked, and I wake up from my dream and Hou Lian hangs down.
When hatred came last spring. Falling Flowers Independent, Swift Qi Fei.
I remember Xiaoping's first sight, and her focus was on the word se. Acacia is written on the string of pipa.
At that time, the bright moon was there, and it had returned according to the colorful clouds.