Snow covered the village. Last night, flowers were in full bloom in the snow. . . Why is the word' one' used well in the angle of refining words?

In China's vast cultural treasure house, ancient poetry is a bright pearl. It pays attention to wording and sentence making, and pays attention to repeated deliberation. Its requirement for conciseness, accuracy and vividness of language is higher than that of other literary works, which is almost harsh. Therefore, many of these dazzling pearls have become literary models praised by later generations because of the careful tempering of language. The unique use of these ancient poems often makes the realm sudden, novel, exciting and unforgettable. First, review the classics and refine them: Teacher: I wonder if the students still remember that we once learned a text-Deliberation? Health: It's a thoughtful story about Jia Dao. Teacher: Yes. Do you remember the content of this story? Health: Yes. The story tells that Jia Dao rode a donkey back to Chang 'an. On the way, he remembered the poem he improvised, and thought that the word "push" in "Trees and birds stay by the pool, monks push the moon down the door" was not appropriate enough, and perhaps it was more appropriate to use the word "knock" instead. Jia Dao rode on a donkey, singing, knocking at the door and pushing the door. Later, he broke into Han Yu's honor guard. Later, when Han Yu asked him why he collided with the guard of honor, Jia Dao told Han Yu about his poem writing, saying that he was hesitant and didn't know whether to use "push" or "knock". Han Yu told him that it was better to use the word' knock'. Teacher: That "knocking" is better than "pushing". What are the advantages? Health: Visit a friend on a moonlit night. Even if the friend's door is not bolted, don't rashly push the door and knock, to show that you are a polite person. Besides, the word "knock" can better set off the tranquility of the moonlit night and read louder. A concise poem often uses one word skillfully, and the whole poem is full of color. This is refinement, that is, the poet carefully chooses the most appropriate and expressive words to express his feelings according to the needs of content and artistic conception. From the above story, we can easily see that the ancients actually paid great attention to refining words when writing poems. Second, experience and feeling are close to refining words. Teacher: It's too important to refine Chinese characters. So, are there any rules to follow? In fact, one of the characteristics is exquisite calligraphy, which seems to violate the common sense of life, but it shows its brilliance in the unusual. We were exposed to similar examples in primary school. Teacher 1: "The spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan. When will the bright moon shine on me?" This is a famous sentence in the Song Dynasty poet Wang Anshi's boating in Guazhou. There is another story about the origin of this famous saying. It is said that in the second year of Xining in Song Shenzong (1069), after Wang Anshi became prime minister, he was determined to reform and implement the new law, which was resolutely opposed by the big landlords and bureaucrats and became an official in a few years. He was bored in Beijing and decided to go back to Nanjing to see his wife and children. In the spring of the following year, Wang Anshi went south from Bianjing to Yangzhou, took a boat to Jinling (Nanjing, Jiangsu) in the west, passed through Jingkou (Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and arrived in Guazhou, crossing the river. The boat docked and did not go. Standing at the bow, he looked west, but when he saw the faint green hills, surging rivers, spring breeze and green fields, as well as the bright moon in the sky, he missed his relatives in Jinling Zhongshan (also known as Purple Mountain) even more. He walked into the boat, took out his pen and paper, and after a little thinking, he wrote a poem entitled "Dengguazhou": Guazhou in Jingkou is a water room, and Zhongshan is only separated by several mountains. The spring breeze came to Jiang Nanan again. When will the bright moon shine on me? After writing, Wang Anshi felt that the word "Zhi" in Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan was inappropriate. After thinking for a while, he began to circle the word "to" and changed it to "to". Later, I thought about it and felt that the word "country" was not appropriate. As a result, the word "country" was circled again and changed to "gold" and "full". This has been changed more than ten times, but Wang Anshi still hasn't found his most satisfactory word. He felt a little headache, so he went out of the cabin and looked at the scenery to rest his mind. Wang Anshi went to the bow and looked at Jiangnan. The spring breeze blows, the grass dances, and the wheat waves fluctuate, which makes it more vibrant and picturesque. He felt refreshed and suddenly saw the spring grass green. He is very unhappy. He hurried into the hut and took out another piece of paper. He changed the phrase "the spring breeze will come to Jiang Nanan again" in the original poem to "the spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan". In order to highlight his hard-won "green" word, Wang Anshi deliberately wrote the word "green" bigger and more eye-catching. A "green" word makes the whole poem vivid and vivid. The word "green" became what later generations called "poetic eye". Later, many articles about word refining took him as an example. Teacher: Listen to the story and have a try. Bring the words "to" and "to" into the poem and compare them with "green" to see how the reading effect is. Health: I think the word "Tao" in Spring Breeze to Jiang Nanan is too dead and lacks poetry. Although it is more vivid than the word "Dao", it is still not enough to express my desire to return to Jinling. Or is the word "green" really used well, expressing the moving scene of the whole Jiangnan full of vitality and spring. Teacher: Yes, it turns out that the word "green" is an adjective indicating color. Used in poetry, it means blowing green, and it has become a colorful and dynamic verb, giving people a visual aesthetic feeling. Generally speaking, the wind can only be distinguished by hearing and feeling, but spring is a gentle wind, which blows cold on the face and is silent. Now, we use "green" to describe it, turning difficult hearing and feeling into vision, that is, seeing the arrival of spring breeze, showing the change from spring breeze to the vibrant and prosperous Jiangnan water town, giving people a strong aesthetic feeling. Teacher: Another example is the famous sentence in Song Qi's Magnolia, "The smoke of poplar is lighter than the cold, and the branches of red apricots are full of spring." In principle, the meaning of spring should correspond to the word "thick", but why did the author choose the word "noisy" instead of using it? Health: I think the author uses the word "noisy" to describe apricot flowers as adults, which makes people feel that apricot flowers are in full bloom and show the scenery full of spring and vitality to the fullest. Teacher: "Red apricots are full of branches in spring", and the poet recited this swan song. If this sentence is the crowning touch of the word, it is better to say that it is an emotional flower blooming in the poet's heart. "Spring" can only be understood, but not expressed. Spring has come, and red apricots are blooming all over the branches. The poet wrote the word "Noisy" on this spring scene, and vividly wrote it with personification. "Noisy" is not only a painting scene, but also a love story. It not only depicts the gorgeous scenery of apricot blossom, but also depicts the vivid expression of apricot branches swaying and flowers fluttering in the spring breeze. The word "noisy" is not only colorful, but also seems to have sound. It is no wonder that Wang Guowei spoke highly of this word in Ci Hua on Earth: "With the word' noisy', the realm is exhausted." It can be seen that behind the birth of famous poems, there are many refined words of poets. It is a true portrayal of the poet Lu Yanrang's tempering language, the heartfelt words of the poet Jia Dao's "singing for three years" and the unremitting pursuit of the poet Du Fu. Third, taste the charm of refined words with your heart. (1) Charm1-convey accurate poetry. Example 1: The Miracle screen of "Morning Plum" shows: "Zita Law Lane in Qiancun Village opened last night ()." Teacher: Do you know what words should be filled in brackets? Health: "one". Teacher: Write down this word and read it again. Health: In the former deep Xue Cun, a branch was opened last night. Teacher: The author used the word "number" at first, but after listening to the poet Zheng Gu's opinion, he changed it to "one". Can you tell me the advantages of changing it to "one"? Health: The title of the book is "Zaomei", which refers to the plum blossoms in full bloom in early spring, with a small number. Using "one" can highlight the characteristics of early plum. In this case, "a branch opens" is the crowning touch of this poem. Plum blossoms are known as "the first branch of the east wind", which means "early"; And this "branch" quietly "opens early" before all the plums, which makes this plum look different. It is said that the poet Zheng Gu changed the words "several branches open" in Miracle's poems to "one branch opens". Miracle was deeply moved and worshipped Zheng Gu as the "word teacher". It can be seen that skillful practice can convey accurate poetry. (2) charm 2-highlighting the characteristics of things. Example 2: Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou" shows: "The old friend said goodbye to the West Yellow Crane Tower, and the fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March." Teacher: Why did the poet use "Fireworks March" instead of "Flowers March"? Health: Why? Teacher. Teacher: Use the word "smoke" to describe the catkins dancing in March in Yangchun, just like smoke waves. The author skillfully uses one sentence to present the charming scenery of the bustling place in Yangchun in March. Example 3: Bai Juyi's Mujiang Song shows on the screen that a setting sun is spreading in the water, half river rustling and half river red. Teacher: Can you find those subtle words? Health: Of course it is paved. Teacher: This poem is called Ode to Mujiang, which is about the scenery in the evening. At this time, the sun is close to the horizon and almost touches the ground. It really looks like it is "spread out" on the river. The word "paving" also describes the softness of the autumn sunset and the calmness of the river, giving people a sense of leisure. In fact, the word "rustling" in the poem is also well used. The poet's observation is very meticulous. In the sunset, the river appears "red" where it receives more light, and dark blue where it receives less light. The poet vividly described the rippling of the river and the change of light color in the evening. From the above two examples, we can easily find that refining words can accurately highlight the characteristics of things. (3) Charm III-Creating atmosphere and artistic conception. Example 4: Wang Wei's "Crossing the Kanto" shows: "The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen." Teacher: This poem is called "a magnificent sentence through the ages" by Wang Guowei. Can you find the wonderful words used in this poem? Health: Is it "straight"? Teacher: Yes. There is another word-"round" life: the sunset is round, nothing special. Teacher: Your question was also mentioned in the forty-eighth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions: "Lonely smoke in the desert, the long river sets the yen". How straight do you want to smoke? The sun is naturally round. The word' straight' seems unreasonable, and the word' round' seems too vulgar. "However, the book also says," But when you close the book and think about it, you seem to have seen this scene. "Why do you say that? You see, the word "straight" shows the strength and perseverance of solitary smoke, and shows a lonely and desolate environment. Sunset, originally easy to give people a sentimental impression, uses the word "round" here, but gives people a feeling of warmth. " "Straight" and "Round" set off on the Gobi Desert in Wan Li, giving people a sense of vastness and creating a vast and desolate artistic conception beyond the Great Wall. It can be seen that refining words can create an atmosphere of poetry and create a far-reaching artistic conception. (4) Charm 4-Express feelings and express the main idea. Example 5: Lin 'an House with Lin Sheng's title displayed on the screen: "Warm wind makes tourists drunk and makes Hangzhou Bianzhou" Teacher: Which word in this poem is skillfully used? Health: smoked. Teacher: Then how do you understand the word "smoke" in "Warm wind makes tourists drunk"? Health: "Smoke" means "blow". Teacher: Why didn't the poet say "warm wind makes tourists drunk" but "warm wind makes tourists drunk"? Health: Because the word "smoked" gives us a feeling of drunkenness, these dignitaries listen to songs and dance by the West Lake all day, doing nothing, regardless of the lives of ordinary people. Teacher: Through the word "Xun", the author reproduces the grand and complicated historical background behind the poem word by word, reverts to vivid pictures, smokes wealth, smokes people's hunger, and smokes a Southern Song Dynasty that abandoned the country and hated the people's guts. The poet used an emotional word "Xun" to express his great dissatisfaction with the powerful people in the Southern Song Dynasty who only knew pleasure, forgot national humiliation and family feud. Therefore, for poets, refining words is to better convey feelings and express the theme of poetry. Only by combining the content of poetry with the poet's emotion and guiding students to taste the beauty of the poet's refined words can we truly feel the charm of refined words. Refining Chinese characters is the highest realm of ancient poetry creation, and conveying accurate poems, depicting vivid images, creating appropriate artistic conception and expressing unique emotions are the goals pursued by the ancients. Of course, the ancients' refining of Chinese characters is sometimes a function and sometimes a variety of functions, so we can't stick to one function and ignore other benefits. If we can start from words, grasp accurate poems, appreciate vivid images, experience appropriate artistic conception and feel unique emotions, we will have gained the true meaning of appreciation of ancient poems. Fourth, in-depth exploration will refine the text. Teacher: Just now, we realized the beauty of refined words. I wonder if the students have noticed what words ancient poets usually pay attention to? That is to say, what kind of words does the poet refine? Let's review the poem we just enjoyed. The picture shows the bird staying in the tree by the pool and the monk knocking at the door on the moon. The gentle spring breeze turns green again, but, moon in the sky, when can you take me home? Poplar smoke is lighter than Han Xiao, and the branches of red apricots are full of spring. Old friends frequently waved to me, bid farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower, and traveled to Yangzhou in this beautiful spring filled with catkins and flowers. A sunset gradually sank into the river, half green and half green. Snow covered the village. Last night, flowers were in full bloom in the snow. The vast desert is lonely, and the Yellow River sets the yen. Warm winds make tourists drunk and make Hangzhou a continent. Health: There are verbs, adjectives, numerals and so on. Teacher: These are three main categories. Let's see why the author repeatedly tempered these words. For example, "the branches of red apricots are full of spring." The word "noisy" is dynamic and vivid. If a verb is used well, the image in the pen will come alive and the scenery described will move, thus making the works endless. Another example is "the desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen." "Straight" and "round" are adjectives, which embody image characteristics and create artistic conception. In fact, a considerable part of the task of turning the invisible into tangible in poetry is undertaken by adjectives, which makes people feel like hearing their own voices, seeing their own people, touching their own things and experiencing the surrounding environment. Another example is "In the former deep Xue Cun, a branch was opened last night." "One" is a numeral, which plays a prominent role here. From the perspective of literature, especially poetry, numbers seem a bit boring. In fact, the pen of a good poet is like a wand in a fairy tale, which can make the desert gush out of the oasis. Only after careful selection of quantifiers can we produce rich and meaningful poems under their urging. It can be seen that the ancients wrote poetry as "a flower and a leaf see the world, and every word is always related to love"! Extracting Chinese characters is the tireless creative pursuit of ancient China poets. When we usually read ancient poems, we pay attention to the meticulous and proud handwriting of these writers. When we read them carefully, we will find that every word is really a world!