Du fu (7 12 ~ 770)
China was a poet in Tang Dynasty. Beautiful words. Originally from Xiangyang (now Hubei), he was born in Gongxian (now gongyi city). As he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang 'an, he was recommended by Yanwu in Chengdu as an economic adviser and Yuan Wailang, proofreader of the Ministry of Industry. Later generations called him Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu.
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Du was the grandson of the poet Du all his life and lived in a family with Confucian tradition and literary tradition. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. After the age of 20, there are four periods.
During the roaming period, from the 19th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (73 1) to the 4th year of Tianbao (745), Du Fu lived a romantic life. He has roamed wuyue, Qi and Zhao successively. In the meantime, I failed to go to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam. Tianbao and Li Bai have been friends in Luoyang for three years. We broke up the next autumn and never met again. There are more than 20 poems of Du Fu in this period, most of which are five laws and five ancient poems, represented by Wang Yue.
During the five to fourteen years in Tianbao, Chang 'an, Du Fu was trapped in Chang 'an and was down and out. He keeps buttering up powerful people to get promoted. Took the exam for six years; In ten years, three gifts were appreciated by Xuanzong, and the prime minister was ordered to try them; But nothing came of it. It was not until October of the fourteenth year, one month before the Anshi Rebellion, that You Weicai led Cao to join the army. Frustration in official career and personal hunger and cold made him objectively realize the corruption of the rulers and the sufferings of the people, and gradually became a poet who cared about the country and the people. The creation has undergone profound and great changes. There are famous articles such as "Military Vehicle Shop, Two Roads", "Before Traffic Jam", "Love 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian after Traffic Jam", and there are also cautionary sentences such as "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road freezes to death". There are about 100 poems handed down in this period, most of which are five-character or seven-character ancient poems.
Dugong Temple in Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province (built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty)
From Su Zong's exile to the first year of Germany (756) to the second year of Gan Yuan (759), the Anshi Rebellion was the most prosperous. Du Fu also experienced hardships, but his creative achievements were enormous. After the fall of Chang 'an, he went to Suzong from Lingwu in northern Zhangzhou, but he was caught halfway and trapped among thieves for nearly half a year. Later, he fled Chang 'an and returned to Fengxiang Suzong, where he was picked up by Zuo. Soon after, he almost died because of Fang Yi's case. After the recovery of Chang 'an, he returned to Beijing as his original post. In May 758, Foreign Minister Zhou Hua Sigong joined the army and bid farewell to Chang 'an. During this period, Du Fu had a more sober understanding of the reality, and successively wrote Sad Chen Tao, Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Three Officials (Xin 'an official, Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan) and Three Farewells (New Wedding, Farewell to the Old). In 759, Guan Fu went hungry and Du Fu was disappointed with politics. After beginning of autumn resigned, he passed through Qin Zhou and Tonggu and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year. There are more than 200 poems handed down during this period, most of which are masterpieces of Du Fu's poems.
Wandering southwest period
From the first year of Shangyuan (760) to the fifth year of Daizong Dali (770) 1 1, Du Fu spent eight years in Shu and three years in Jingxiang. In the spring of 760, at the age of 48, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhua River in Chengdu, and lived there intermittently for five years. In the meantime, he exiled Zizhou and Langchang. In 765, after the death of Yanwu, Du Fu lost his support and left Chengdu with his family. He stayed in Yun 'an due to illness and moved to Kuizhou the following spring. In 768, he left the gorge, moved to Jiangling and Gongan, and arrived in Yueyang at the end of the year. In the last two years of his life, he had no fixed abode. Wandering between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengyang and Leiyang, I spent most of my time on the boat. In the winter of 770, Du Fu died on a ship from Changsha to Yueyang at the age of 59. Before his death, he wrote a 36-rhyme long poem "Sleeping on the Shocking Boat". There is a sentence that "the blood of the war is still there, and the sound of the military is still moving", and he still thinks about the national disaster. During the period of 1 1, he wrote more than 1000 poems (including more than 430 Kuizhou poems), accounting for 5/7 of all Du Fu's poems. Most of them are quatrains and metrical poems, and there are also long sentences. His representative works include Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River, Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity, Ascending the Mountain, and Revealing Wu Lang again.
Du Fu wrote more than 1400 poems. It profoundly reflects the social panorama of more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty, and vividly records Du Fu's life experience. Closely combine social reality with personal life to realize the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form; Represents the highest achievement of Tang poetry. Known as the history of poetry by later generations. However, Du Fu did not objectively describe and write history with poetry, but expressed his subjective feelings through unique artistic means while profoundly and widely reflecting reality. As Pu Qilong said: "Poems of Shaoling are a person's temperament, and things of the Three Dynasties must be sent to others." (Reading) In the late Tianbao period, Du Fu wrote many poems about current politics. Short stories such as Washing Horse, Love, Being a Taoist, Three Jueju, Sick Orange, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Appearing as a Wulang, etc., while novels such as Shu Huai in Kuizhou, Cottage and Farewell are the combination of personal feelings and facts. There are a lot of war themes in Du Fu's poems. Du Fu has different attitudes towards different kinds of wars. Those who oppose the imperial court's belligerence and consume national strength are "Garage Shop" and "Going to the Foot of the Backyard". Two poems, Watching An Xi Soldiers Go to Guanzhong and Stand by, Watching Soldiers and The Year of National subjugation, supported the suppression of rebellion and resistance to foreign aggression. Two groups of poems, Before the Frontier and After the Frontier, not only praised the bravery of the soldiers, but also condemned the insatiable frontier expansion of the king and the arrogance and extravagance of the lords. The confession of a soldier sums up the unfortunate fate of countless brave soldiers. In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", the poet sympathizes with the people's sufferings and hates barbaric Latin; However, due to the current situation of the enemy and the shortage of soldiers, he can only comfort the conscripts with tears, which shows the sharp and complicated contradictions and conflicts in the author's heart. Du Fu has many poems praising nature. The object of singing is often related to oneself and current events, and it is a blend of feelings, scenes and events, not just scenes. The most representative ones are Spring Hope and Sword Gate. Du Fu also has some poems praising painting, music, architecture, dance, utensils and agricultural production, which also focus on the author's feelings and have the characteristics of the times. In Du Fu's poetry collection, there are also some poems with weak flavor of the times and indifferent personal feelings, especially some poems written in Chengdu Caotang. This is the expression of his mood after he got a temporary rest after a long wandering. In his poems, such as Screen Trace, For Agriculture, Tian She, Xu Bu, Heart of Water Threshold, Afterward Tour and Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, the poet has a delicate observation on the dynamics of flowers, trees, birds, animals, fish and insects, and has infinite love and profound experience. It embodies the other side of Du Fu's poetry and life. Du Fu's poems about missing relatives and friends are mostly sentimental and spoony. For example, I miss his wife on a moonlit night, and my brother misses his younger brother on a moonlit night. Among many poems and songs about cherishing friends, the most outstanding one is to commemorate Li Bai. From breaking up with Li Bai to his later years, there were 15 poems that remembered or talked about Li Bai. Showed his admiration and friendship for Li Bai. Du Fu also commented on poems with poems, and expressed his artistic thoughts of "learning from others" and "being unique" in Six Jueju, Occasionally Asked and Twelve Poems for Relieving boredom (the fourth to the eighth). During his stay in Chang 'an and wandering southwest, Du Fu also wrote some poems with boring content and low style, which were dedicated to dignitaries, officials and social parties. There are many five-character poems in it. Du Fu's poetry system is diverse, with many advantages and diverse styles, which can bring forth the old and innovate. His five-character ancient poems are extensive and profound, and they combine feelings, records and feelings in one furnace, which opens the realm of the Five Ancient Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty. Representative works include Five Hundred Words from Beijing to Fengxian, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Gift to Chu Shi, Three Officials and Three Farewells. Seven-character ancient poems are good at stating opinions, with bold and gloomy feelings and strange style. Such as Drunk Songs for Zheng Guangwen, Washing Horses, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sui Yanxing, etc. Fifth, the five-seven-word rhyme is extremely skilled. The five laws are the longing for spring, reaching Li Bai at the end of the day, traveling later, "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night", water sill, going abroad overnight, climbing Yueyang Tower, and the seven laws are Shuxiang and Elymus. The two sides of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army, and Su Fu, Bai Di and five generals. Du Fu also has many five-character poems and several seven-character poems, which have greatly developed the poems. His "Autumn Li Ke Bai Yun" has 1000 words. But Du Fu also heaped up allusions and presented entertainment works. His quatrains are lyrical, reflecting current events, opening up the discussion body of quatrains, opening up a new road and making great contributions. Du Fu's poems are profound and sincere. The artistic collection and innovative development of classical poetry; It greatly expanded the field of poetry in content and form, and had a wide influence on later generations. Du Fu was also honored as a poet by later generations. Du Fu was down and out all his life, and wrote a poem, "A hundred years' song is bitter, and there is no confidant" (Du Fu's "Southern Expedition"). However, after his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems have a profound influence on the literary thought of the New Yuefu Movement and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art since ancient times. ..
Textual research data for nearly a thousand years, the wind of governing Du Fu has been endless. There are many works about the chronology, classification and annotation of Du Fu's poems in Song Dynasty, such as Du Gongbu's Collection, Du Fu's Nine Poems, Lu? Cai Mengbi edited Du Gongbu Caotang Poetry and Xu edited Du Gongbu Poetry. There are more than 100 kinds of comments on Du Ji by later generations, among which Du Gongbu's Notes on Du Ji, Qiu's Detailed Notes on Du Shi, Yang Lun's Jing Quan of Du Shi and Pu Qilong's Interpretation are widely circulated. There are biographies of Du Fu in both old and new Tang books. After the Song Dynasty, there were a lot of words to comment and explain Du Fu's poems. Zhonghua Book Company compiled A Collection of Research Materials on Du Fu and Classical Literature of Tang and Song Dynasties. In the late Ming Dynasty, Wang Siyuan had Du Yi, and Qing Hongshi had Du Shi Shuo. In addition, Zhonghua Book Company also compiled the more important papers after the May 4th Movement into the Collected Papers on Du Fu Studies. Biographies and new research monographs include Feng Zhi's Biography of Du Fu, Xiao Difei's Study of Du Fu, Fu Gengsheng's On Poetry and Zhu Dongrun's Narrative of Du Fu. More detailed chronicles include Wen Yiduo's Notes on Mr. Shaoling's Chronology and Du Fu's Chronology of Sichuan Institute of Literature and History Research.
Three officials, three parting.
Li Shihao, Tongguan Li, Xin 'an Li
Wedding farewell, old age farewell, homelessness