Ci was first popular among the people in Sui and Tang Dynasties. However, from the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties to the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the content of Ci has been limited to the category of love affairs and parting. The poet's lyric poetry is regarded as the "twig of poetry" in the "frolic game", and "colorful words" is almost an invisible subject, and the style of lyric poetry is full of fragrance, softness and charm. It was not until the appearance of Su Shi's ci that the face of the ci world was changed. Hu Yin, a lyricist in the Southern Song Dynasty, pointed out: "With the Su Family in Meishan, we can wash away the rich and fragrant state, get rid of the degree of taking precautions, and make people climb high and look far, hold their heads high, and escape the dirt. Therefore, The Collection of Flowers is a soap opera, while Liu's is a platform." Jin Renyuan Haowen pointed out: "Since Dongpo came out, I don't know that there is something outside my temperament, and it really has the spirit of' flowing horses for ever'."
Su Shi (1037-11kloc-0/) was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan). A litterateur, politician, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty, one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties", was called "Su San" with his father Su Xun and his younger brother Su. Su Shi received a good family education when he was a child and studied hard. When he was young, he showed outstanding talent. In the second year of Song Renzong Jiayou (1057), when the imperial court recruited Jinshi, Chief Secretary Ouyang Xiu saw his article and even called "Quick! Come on! " And predicted: "Thirty years later, no one taught me." Sure enough, Su Shi lived up to expectations and eventually became a literary leader.
Su Shi's career collapsed and his fate was ill-fated, and he was repeatedly suspected, hated and excluded by small groups. But he never gave up his pursuit of ideals and lost his enthusiasm for life. Brave all the way, standing proudly. The hardships of life and the ups and downs of his career made him a master of poetry, ci, prose, fu, calligraphy and painting. Wang Zhuo in the Southern Song Dynasty believed that Su Ci: "It was pointed out all the way, which made the author start to shake." Su Shi does have his special position in the field of ci. It was he who extended the spirit of poetic innovation in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of Ci. Sweep away the traditional ci style in the late Tang and Five Dynasties; Created a bold and unconstrained ci school that is juxtaposed with the graceful school; Expand the theme of ci and enrich the artistic conception of ci; Break the boundaries between poetry and ci, break through the boundaries of poetic rhyme, and form its unique and unprecedented diversified ci style.
First, good weather, majestic and heroic.
When it comes to Su Shi's ci, most people will sum up his ci style with words such as boldness and atmosphere, and readers will often be infected by his open-minded spirit. Actually, it's exactly the same A large part of Su Shi's works are full of heroism. He often integrates his personal feelings into his ci, and in writing people, chanting scenery and chanting things, he shows the pure beauty of super-flat reality with heroic images and flying momentum. Its language is bold and unrestrained, its tone is sonorous and powerful, and its pen and ink are smooth. Liu Chenweng in the Southern Song Dynasty praised: "The word reaches Dongpo, which is aboveboard, like poetry and prose, and the wonders of heaven and earth."
For example, "Jiang Chengzi? Hunting in Michigan:
"Old chat young crazy. The left side leads to yellow and the right side leads to blue. Golden hat, mink and fur, thousands of riding rolls and leveling posts. In order to repay the people of the whole city for following my generous hunting proposal, I will shoot this tiger myself like Sun Quan.
The wine is full and the box is still open. What's wrong with the slight frost on the temple? Hold a festival in the clouds, when to send the phoenix hall. I will make my strength as full as the full moon, full as the full moon, heading northwest and shooting at the team in West Xia Jun. "
This word was written by Su Shi when he was in Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong). Through the vivid description of the grand occasion of hunting, the author expressed his patriotic sincerity and ambition to make contributions in the border area. The first one is about hunting, and the second one is about expressing ambition. Spectacular scenes, warm atmosphere, high style and powerful pen have turned the children's feelings of traditional graceful words into heroic spirit of solidarity. When you are studying, if you are there, you are infected.
See his masterpiece Niannujiao? Chibi nostalgia:
"The river of no return, waves, eternal romantic figures. Old camp west, people say it's the war of the Three Kingdoms, Battle of Red Cliffs. The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once.
Back in Gong Jin, when Joe got married, he was handsome and heroic. A white figure with a feather fan came face to face, and while talking and laughing, the enemy warships burned to ashes. I am wandering in the battlefield today. I feel a feeling heart and give birth to white hair prematurely. Life is like a dream, sprinkle a glass of wine to pay tribute to the bright moon on the river. "○5
This word was written by Su Shi when he lived in Huangzhou (near Huanggang, Hubei). At the age of 47, Su Shi traveled to Chibiji, the Yangtze River, facing the vast flowing water of the Yangtze River, expressing his nostalgia for the past and the memory of the hero, in order to express his ambition to make contributions and the difficulty of serving the country. The first part describes the scenery, and the second part describes Zhou Yu's achievements and expresses her feelings. He captured the details with wonderful and vivid pen and ink, showed Zhou Yu's heroic demeanor, and created a heroic image of a determined, calm and wise Confucian general. It is the first time that such an image has appeared in literati ci. Ci not only integrates scenery, lyricism and discussion in one furnace, but also naturally integrates fantasy with reality, past and present. Its rich content, lofty artistic conception and majestic momentum are unprecedented in the field of ci poetry. Xu Hong in Qing Dynasty called this poem: "He has his own heroism, so he is a hero."
There was a "curtain corporal" who compared Su Ci with Liu Yong Ci: "Liu Zhonglang's Ci won seventeen or eighteen girls, holding red fangs and singing' Yang Liuan, Xiao Feng and the waning moon'; The bachelor must be a Kansai, holding an iron plate and singing' River of No Return'. " ○7 It can be seen that the difference between "Su Hao is greasy with willow" is well known. If we say that in the era of graceful ci, the works simply presented "feminine beauty", then, since Su Shi founded the bold school and guided the masculine beauty all the way up, "masculine beauty" and "feminine beauty" began to coexist in the ci world.
There has always been a saying that "the word reaches Su Shi, and his style is the first to be respected". The so-called "style" is the genre and form of words, and the so-called "respect" is the dignity, dignity and height of image status. Before Su Shi, the creation of ci was to write ci according to the score, or to write ci according to the sound. Ci has become a kind of music literature, which has strict norms in phonology, sentence pattern, antithesis and structure. The poet's conception and creation strictly follow this artistic requirement. Su Shi's creation broke the shackles of this rigid form and was a historic revolution at that time. Li Qingzhao, who advocated the theory of "other schools" of ci, criticized his ci as "poetry without words and unreadable", which is actually the uniqueness of Su Shi's ci. However, Wu Chaoqiu (that is, Chao Buzhi) has a unique eye, saying: "Dongpo vulgar ci is called disharmony by many people, but it is outstanding and cannot be tied to the Song Dynasty." ○8 In short, Su Shi's nature is bold and unconstrained, and he doesn't like to cut down the melody. This is his ideological nature. He himself once said his article: "My article is like a fountain, which can be published by any means. It is not difficult to giggle on the flat ground in one day. It twists and turns with rocks, shapes with things, and is unknown. What is known often does what should be done, and often stops at what cannot be stopped. That's all. " 9 words, too, are the natural expression and confession of their emotions. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty concluded: "Since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Wan Qing and Qi Li were the main poets, and Liu Yong was the main poet, which seemed to be the same poet as Bai Juyi. To Su Shi, there was another change, such as the poet Han Yu and the school of Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty. " ○ 10 Lu Fangweng, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, also commented: "Gong can't sing, but he is bold and unconstrained, and he doesn't like to cut it to suit his ears. Try to take the song of Dongpo's poetry. At the end of the song, I feel the wind and rain. "
Second, flowing, clear and open, ultra-worldly.
Creating broad-minded and extraordinary artistic conception is another style of Su Ci. In this kind of broad-minded words, Su Shi highlighted his unconventional, refined, broad-minded, cheerful, noble and independent characteristics by emptying his artistic style. The so-called open-mindedness, that is, the use of quiet and broad-minded, flowing natural creation rules, such as spring flowers scattered empty, no trace can be found. Create a transcendental ethereal artistic conception and achieve profound, meaningful and memorable effects. The predecessors' evaluation of Su Shi and his praise of "no worldly customs" and "the birth of a fairy figure" are all based on the ethereal aesthetic principles of Su Ci.
Su Ci used a variety of lyrical techniques such as metaphor, symbol, personification and contrast when creating ethereal and distant realm. Present an open environment. In Su Shi's view, Ci is not only the carrier of emotion, but also the declaration of life philosophy. This change in performance function will inevitably lead to changes in expression techniques. In other words, while maintaining the traditional techniques, the composition of narrative text is increased, and lyricism and reasoning are combined into one. Emotion is the foundation of words, and reason is the sublimation of the beauty of words. They are both external and internal.
We can understand it through examples. Such as "Water Regulation":
"When is the bright moon? I take my glass from a distance. I don't know about palaces in the sky. What year is tonight? I'm willing to ride the wind to the sky, I'm afraid I can't stand the cold for nine days in a pavilion of fine jade. Dance and enjoy the shadow of the moon, which is in the world.
The moon turned into a scarlet pavilion, hanging low on the carved window, shining on the sleepy self. The moon should not have any resentment against people. Why is it round when people are gone? People are sad and happy, and they are separated and reunited. The moon has yin and yang, and there are gains and losses. Nothing is perfect, even in the past. I hope people will live for a long time and have a good scenery thousands of miles away. "
At that time, Su Shi was appointed as the magistrate of Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province). Because of disagreement with Wang Anshi, a political reformer in power in North Korea, he was very frustrated politically. And my younger brother Su Zhe, who works as a secretary in qi zhou (now Jinan), has not been together for seven years. On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, I express my feelings for the moon, so I have something to do. The first part of the poem begins with enjoying the moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival, which leads to some fantastic ideas such as "Palace Que in the sky", "Qionglou Yuyu" and "Going home by the wind". However, I am afraid that "the heights are too cold". It is better to "dance the shadows" on earth. He wants to live but can't escape, which shows his love for real life. The next movie is pregnant with the moon. The poet skillfully connected the profit and loss of the moon with the separation of people by romantic means, from looking at the moon to complaining about the moon, to releasing the moon, and finally freed himself from the imperfect understanding of the life of the universe, and took the appreciation of the moon as spiritual comfort. The whole word is wonderful in conception, free and easy in style and won by reason, which has been circulated for thousands of years. Hu Zai said: "The Mid-Autumn Festival Ci came out from Dongpo's" Water Tune Song Tou "and has been abandoned."
And another poem by Su Shi, Dingfengbo, is even more unique:
"Don't listen to the leaves in the forest, why don't you sing slowly. Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life.
The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time. Looking back at the place where I met the wind and rain, going back, for me, there is no wind and rain, but it is still sunny. "
I also expect you to run around in the rain channel without embarrassment, and you are greeted by oblique photos. Through the description of the little things in life, he expressed the poet's super-broad philosophy, regardless of gains and losses, and everything went with the flow. This is a kind of ideological realm similar to Zen Buddhism's "enlightenment", which shows that Su Shi often realizes it by adjusting his own heart and subliming himself when resisting foreign invasion. Su Shi's pursuit of the aesthetic realm of appealing to both refined and popular tastes and his intoxication and love for broad-minded life can be seen here.
Third, innovation, charm and sincerity.
There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi (see Dongpo Yuefu edited by Zhu Xiaozang), among which there are a lot of graceful words besides bold and broad-minded works, which are also meaningful and touching to read. But both are graceful words, but Su Ci is different.
First of all, the novelty of content is one of the main characteristics of Su Ci. Su Shi's different life experiences and unique thoughts determine that he must inject new vitality into his ci on the basis of traditional graceful ci. Traditional euphemism is based on expressing children's feelings, and its function is to entertain and cheer up. Su Shi, on the other hand, took ci as poetry, which broke the field of poetry. Anyone who can enter the poem can enter the word, and the content of the poem can be moved to the word, so that the word can be lyrical and clear. It can express social life and natural scenery. Before Su Shi, the faint sadness of ordinary literati's ci all inherited the human grief complex in China's traditional culture, and many of them were works of moaning without illness, with little or no heartfelt words of bumpy life. Su Shi, on the other hand, integrated his broad mind and profound ideological experience into his ci, making his ci closer to the pulse of life and the times.
For example, his "Jiangchengzi":
"Ten years of life and death is incredible and unforgettable. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty.
At night, I suddenly dreamed of going home, and the window of Xiao Xuan was being decorated. Care for each other without words, only tears thousands of lines are expected to break the heart, and the moon and night are short and loose. "
This is a eulogy. Su Shi wrote his grief over his dead wife's separation for ten years in plain language, and his feelings were extremely sincere. In the last movie, the screenwriter missed his wife Wang Fu thousands of miles away from life and death, but there was nowhere to talk. "Even if we met, we couldn't get to know each other because of" grey face and frosty temples ". It not only depicts the desolation of a solitary grave thousands of miles away, but also depicts the bitterness of the living. In the next film, Wang Fu is still dressing up in front of the "Xiao Xuan Window" as always, and the two of them "silently care for each other" and "only shed a thousand tears". This situation is heartbreaking and makes people cry. At the end of the poem, Wang Fu should miss himself in the grave, and his feelings deeply show his grief. The whole word sets each other off, the scene blends and is integrated, which is beyond the predecessors.
See his "Hidden Dragon" again? The second rhyme Yang:
"As beautiful as flowers, no one regrets teaching. Throwing it on the side of the road seems heartless, but it is full of affection. It was she who was injured, euphemistically confused, trying to open her mouth but closing it tightly. To go with the wind, to find a loved one, but also by the relentless call of the oriole.
I don't hate this kind of flowers falling completely, but I hate the West Garden, which is full of withered flowers. Where are the traces when it rains? A pool of ping is broken. If the spring scenery is divided into three parts, two of them become dust, and the other part disappears when it falls into the water. Fine, it seems that it is not easy, it is a crystal tear. "
When Su Dongpo was demoted to Huangzhou, his good friend Zhang Zhifu wrote a poem about Huayang in Shuilongyin, and Su Shi gave it to him with the poem, which was the word. In ci, Su Shi wrote the lingering feelings of missing women by chanting Huayang. To put it mildly, people and flowers set each other off, and their feelings are moving and beautiful, and they are created by scenery, which is very infectious. The last sentence: "Not flowers, a little tears" is the finishing touch, clean and tidy, with endless aftertaste. Wang Guowei once compared this word with Zhang Zhifu's Shui Long Yin, saying: "Dongpo's Huayang Ci is like the original song; Zhang Zhifu's words are like rhyme. " ○ 16 shows the novelty and uniqueness of Su Shi's graceful and restrained words.
In addition, as a graceful word, Su Shi pursues another fresh and elegant aesthetic taste, which embodies a picturesque artistic beauty. Such as "Beautiful and Comfortable, Higher than People's Appearance" ○ 17 "Song of the Cave Fairy" (jade bone of Ice Muscle); For example, "He Xinlang" written by Gao Athens (such as smoke flying and dancing); Wait a minute. There are also some descriptions of rural vitality, such as Huanxisha (rustling skirts and falling jujube flowers), and some descriptions of loneliness, such as divination (hanging trees without a moon). Su Shi's development and change along the creation of traditional graceful words, bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new, is a transformation of the artistic beauty of the subject matter.
To sum up, we can't generalize the overall style of Su Shi's ci unilaterally with boldness, because Su Shi's ci works are higher than those since the Tang and Song Dynasties in both boldness and grace. Therefore, to be exact, the dominant style of Su Shi's ci can only be summarized by style diversification.
In the history of China literature, Su Shi had a great influence on later generations. He is an outstanding writer in the history of China. His ci creation pushed the history of ci development to a peak. His literary achievements attracted wide attention from scholars at that time and later generations. Many famous literati in later generations were deeply influenced by Su Shi, such as Lu You and Xin Qiji in Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Haowen in Jin Dynasty, Yuan Hongdao in Ming Dynasty, Cha in Qing Dynasty, etc.