The following is the relevant information about his life and works:
Nikolai vasilyevich Nikolai Nikolai Gogol (1809— 1852), 1809 April/0/was born in a landlord family in Boltava, Ukraine. Influenced by art since childhood, he loves painting, folk songs, legends and folk dramas in Ukraine. His childhood was spent in a quiet country life. 182 1 to 1828 studied in nyeren senior science middle school, and was deeply influenced by the freedom-loving poems of December Party members and Pushkin and the works of French enlightenment scholars. He decided to serve the motherland early and benefit the people. Due to the early death of his father, the family became more and more embarrassed. 1828, he left home to make a living in Petersburg. After several twists and turns, I have worked in the State-owned Property and Public Real Estate Bureau and the Land Administration Bureau, and I have endured the hardships of the world and small staff. The harsh social reality made him gradually wake up from his ideal dream. Through the gorgeous appearance of Beijing, he saw the darkness and corruption of officialdom and the suffering and injustice of ordinary people.
In Petersburg, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol was lucky enough to meet the famous poets Rukovski and Pushkin at that time, which had a great influence on his creative path, especially his friendship and communication with Pushkin became a much-told story in the literary world. From 183 1 to 1832, Nicola Nikolai Gogol, who was only 22 years old, published a collection of short stories, The Country Nights of Dikangka, and entered the literary world. This collection of novels is an exquisite combination of beautiful legends, magical fantasies and realistic sketches. With a lively, fresh and humorous style, it depicts the poetic nature of Ukraine, eulogizes the courage, kindness and love of freedom of ordinary people, and at the same time lashes the ugliness, selfishness and meanness in life. It is a combination of romanticism and realism, and Pushkin praised it as "an extraordinary phenomenon", thus establishing Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's position in the literary world.
1In the autumn of 834, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol taught at St. Petersburg University. After more than a year, he gave up his post to specialize in literary creation. During this period, he published two collections of novels, Milgrad and Essays (later called The Story of Petersburg). In Night Talk in Dikangka, the writer changed his fascination with quiet rural life, and turned to satirical brushwork to expose the ugliness, darkness and injustice of society, expressing deep sympathy for the fate of the little people at the bottom of society, which marked that his creation has embarked on a new stage. Especially after Pushkin's unfortunate death in 1837, he pushed the creative method of critical realism to a new height, undoubtedly standing in the position left by Pushkin, and * * * became the founder of Russian critical realism literature.
While writing novels, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol also began to write satirical comedies. 1836 In April, the famous comedy "An Imperial Envoy" was staged in Alexandra Theatre in Petersburg, which caused a sensation throughout the capital. The play vividly reflects the disadvantages and darkness of Russian authoritarian society, thus profoundly exposing the ugliness and decay of the bureaucratic class.
1June, 836, due to the government and reactionary literati's attack on "imperial envoys", Nikolai Nikolai Gogol decided to go abroad for medical treatment. Since then, they have come and gone, mostly abroad and rarely in their own country. In foreign countries, while recovering from illness, he was engaged in the creation of Dead Soul, which began as early as 1835. The first part of Dead Soul finally came out at 1842. This is a voluminous masterpiece. Through the vivid description of various bureaucratic landlords, the phenomenon of Russian autocratic rule and serfdom eating people was strongly exposed, which greatly shocked the whole of Russia.
Away from the motherland and life, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's creative thoughts are in crisis. The deep-rooted religious atonement thought, mysticism and fear of revolutionary change in his world view expanded rapidly. He returned to religious superstition and patriarchal clan system to save his soul, to find a way out of society, and to publicly repent of his works that exposed social contradictions in the past. All these wrong and retrogressive behaviors were naturally severely criticized by the revolutionary democrats represented by belinsky. Nikolai Gogol wrote the second draft of "Dead Soul" twice in extreme depression, and was also burned twice. He died suddenly on March 4, 852, at the age of 43. Nikolai Nikolai Gogol has never been married, and spent almost a short life in poverty. During his 20-year creative career, he enriched the treasure house of Russian literature with a series of well-known masterpieces and became a master of Russian realistic literature in the19th century. Under the influence of his creation, a large number of critical realism writers such as Necrasov, Turgenev, Goncharov, herzen and Dostoevsky appeared. As Dostoevsky said, "All of us were conceived from the coat of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol."
Therefore, it is natural that Nikolai Nikolai Gogol is called "the father of Russian prose".
The Selected Short Stories of Nicola Nikolai Gogol contains 1 1 works, which are selected from Dikangka's Night in the Country, Milgler and Essays (that is, the Story of Petersburg). Soloqin Market (183 1), Night in May (or: Women Falling into the Water) (183 1), Silent Night (1832), Ivan Fedorovici The Story of the Quarrel between Ivan Ivanovich and Ivan Nikiforovich (1834) is a famous work in Mill's collection of novels: Neva Street (1835), Nose (1836), Portrait (1842), Coat (/kloc). Only the carriage (1836) is a separate one.
If Soloqin Market is a colorful picture of Ukrainian life, then One Night in May (or: Woman Falling into the Water) is a passionate hymn of youth love. They are full of poetic sketches of Ukrainian people and mountains, full of rich life interest and the fragrance of earth. In Silent Night, an ordinary rural blacksmith was praised as a positive figure, which broke through the barriers of sentimental literature serving the court nobles and created a precedent for a generation of civilian literature. However, the writer's beautification of Queen Catherine II and his praise of religion reflect the limitations of the writer's thought. Ivan Fedorovici Spanka and Her Menstruation is no longer a story about ghosts and gods, but a masterpiece that profoundly exposes the wretched and boring life of landlords and criticizes the decay of patriarchal serfdom, marking the turning point of the writer's creation from romanticism to realism. The Old Landlord depicts the parasitic life of a landlord couple. For decades, they ate and slept, slept and ate, and then died naturally from ancient times to the present. While deeply criticizing them, the author also expressed a little regret, which can be said to be a sad song about the decline of patriarchal landlord system. The story of the quarrel between Ivan Ivanovich and Ivan Nikiforovich describes two landlords who live together and are very friendly. They actually became sworn enemies for a dirty word, fought a lawsuit all their lives, and mercilessly exposed the social parasitism and mental deformity of serfdom landlords.
"Neva Street" tore open the splendid appearance of Petersburg and exposed the cruel reality of social life: Pisca, a kind-hearted and ambitious painter, committed suicide because of disillusionment in the face of the cold reality; Although the cynical and snobbish Captain Pirogov has his own way, and even his career is booming, readers will surely think of how unfair the world is when they meditate! Through a grotesque story of losing his nose, Nose satirizes the misdeeds of Kovalev, a small official, who speculates for profits and dreams of promotion and wealth day and night, from which we can see the clue of modernist absurd techniques. Portrait tells the story of a talented painter being corrupted by money, but in the second half of the novel, the writer advocates religious atonement and mysticism as a good way to save the soul, full of abstract discussion and preaching, which should be said to be an artistic failure. The coat is a protest against the unreasonable society by the insulted and hurt little people. It is another representative work of critical realism after Pushkin's Postman. However, The Carriage is somewhat different from the above works in subject matter, only showing the stupidity, vanity, shallowness and meanness of a landlord who is used to bragging and laughing.
It is often said that Nikolai Nikolai Gogol is one of the most fascinating and elusive Russian writers in the19th century. That's true. Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's creation is a vast and profound art treasure house.
His works run through a unique style of satire and humor. He gives sharp satire and ridicule to all ugly phenomena in real life, but there is always a gentle humor and tears of regret in the ridicule. Especially in dealing with the tragic fate of the little people, it is even more sad and angry, and "smiling with tears" is beyond words.
His works often make people laugh with extreme exaggeration and strange and unusual shapes, which is the result of his careful outline with magical brushstrokes. For example, a pair of landlord's bloomers are described as "inflatable, which can support the barn and utility room outside the yard", and a heavy smoker is compared to "a big chimney removed from the roof" and so on. In Nicholas Nikolai Gogol's works, landlords, bureaucrats, nobles and loan sharks behave perversely, funny and ugly. Writers exaggerate with cartoons, endow them with deformation, express feelings beyond words, and contain the meaning of praise and criticism. This exaggeration is an important means to form the satirical and humorous style of Nicholas Nikolai Gogol's works.
His works are rich in artistic techniques. In his novels, legends, stories, dreams, fantasies, delirium, monologues, dialogues, thoughts, essays, lyricism and arguments are integrated into one, which is natural. He often appears in his works as a storyteller or the first person, naturally giving out long lyric exclamations or philosophical arguments (occasionally in danger of being too indulgent or intoxicated) and having face-to-face spiritual exchanges with readers. He likes to describe the appearance and posture of the characters in detail, so as to portray the characters and deepen the theme. He draws the nose or lips of the characters one by one, which is very delicate and prominent.
His works have a unique style, rich and gorgeous language, extremely smooth and close to nature. His writing is full of rhythm and music, with bright and exciting timbre, lingering sound and rich timbre. As belinsky said: "Nikolai Gogol is not writing, but painting;" His description is full of vivid reality. You can see and hear them. " No wonder some people call him "the painter of language".
After the publication of Dead Soul, Nicola Nikolai Gogol lived abroad for six years. Being divorced from the domestic advanced literary world and often surrounded by reactionary literati, his thought changed from criticizing serfdom to praising and maintaining serfdom. He burned part of the manuscript of the second part of "Dead Soul" and prepared to rewrite it, intending to write a positive image of the landlord class. His views were severely criticized by progressive writers and artists. Nikolai Nikolai Gogol was not satisfied with the second draft of the second part of "Dead Soul" written later, and was finally burned to death before his death, which was extremely contradictory and painful in his heart.