Ruan Ji, the word heir, Liu Chenwei (now Kaifeng, Henan) was born. Son of Ruan Yu. He used to be an infantry captain, so he was called Ruan Infantry in the world. He has the ambition to help the world, but he lived in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and there were few celebrities in the world. He only drinks heavily to avoid being hurt all over, and often makes some outrageous moves to show his resistance to dark politics and contempt for hypocritical etiquette. His masterpiece is 82 five-character love poems. Huaishi is a sad song of social life, which was squeezed out by sinister social reality and politics during the Wei and Jin Dynasties and condensed by the poet's blood and tears. It is the echo of the poet's painful heart. This poem expresses Ruan Ji's sorrow for life, his pain of hurting the world, his sympathy for others and his thought of transcending the world, and shows the poet's inner thoughts and feelings of loneliness, anxiety, depression and sadness. It is regarded as the most outstanding masterpiece in the history of China's poetry. Undoubtedly, this mainly depends on Ruan Ji's outstanding artistic achievements in "Poems about Huai". This paper attempts to make a brief analysis of Yong's artistic achievements by combining Ruan Ji's specific poems.
1. Ruan Ji's "Poems of Love" is full of anxiety and anger, showing profound rational thinking and sharp life sorrow.
During the Zhengshi period, there was a cruel and bloody power struggle in Wei, and Sima took power and slaughtered dissidents. In the political darkness and terror, few literati are completely self-sufficient. As the saying goes, "There are many reasons in the world, but few celebrities are completely self-sufficient" (1). Living people either abandon their lives and wander, or send their feelings to escape the disaster, or turn to writing and venting their dissatisfaction. The literati's political ideals are shattered, and there is a sense of crisis and disillusionment. The poetic style changed from generosity and tragic in Jian 'an to profound implication and profound sustenance. Poetry shows profound rational thinking and sharp life sorrow, and embodies the unique style of Zheng's poetry.
Ruan Ji's life is a life of struggle in contradiction and depression. He took advantage of the world, regarded himself as a talent, went to the battlefield of Guangwu, and lamented that "when there is no hero, there is no hero, which makes the vertical son famous", which is also reflected in his poems. Such as "Yong Huai" 38:
Yan Guangyan, Wan Li, Hongchuan, Turbulent Sese. A bow hangs a hibiscus, and a sword leans on the sky. Mount Tai becomes a grindstone, and the Yellow River becomes a belt. Depending on Zhou Zi, there is no reason to be glorified or withered. Donate your body and abandon nakano, and the kite will be harmful. If you are a hero, your reputation will be great from now on.
This shows his generosity and ambition to help the world. Another example is "Yong Huai" 39:
How generous a strong man is, aiming at conquering the Eight Wastes. Driving far away, I was ordered to forget myself. A good bow carries a black number, and there is nothing left in the armor. In the face of difficulties, regardless of life, the body is dead and the soul flies. Is it a whole? Fight for the battlefield. Loyalty is eternal glory, and righteousness makes the name. Hang down the voice to thank future generations, and the integrity is always there.
As the saying goes, a strong heart is not strong. Although full of ambition, there is nowhere to go. At that time, the darkness and meanness of the political struggle made him very despised, and Sima's murder of celebrities made him very afraid, so he adopted an attitude of not actively cooperating and not resolutely fighting. In life, he indulged in wine, pretended to be crazy and sold stupidly, and acted willfully; Politically, he is very cautious and does not hide anything; Fall in love with metaphysics, advocate Laozi and Zhuangzi, and pursue an ideal and beautiful realm; Emotionally, he hates hypocritical celebrities and laments the sadness and heaviness of life. All these, all from poetry, formed his unique characteristics. Let's take a look at his Poems on Huai River (32):
The sunshine in the morning is no longer bright, and the sky in the west suddenly quietens down. If you go here to pitch, how can it be like September? Life is like dust, lasting forever. Qi Jingsheng Qiushan was in tears. Kong was in Changchuan, but he regretted his death. Not enough people went, and those who came didn't stay. I want to climb Taihua Mountain and swim with pine nuts. The fisherman knows the troubles of the world and drives a canoe. (2)
He did not simply lament the shortness of life, but expressed it emotionally, which was different from Jian 'an poets. He dug up the sadness of life more comprehensively and deeply, so it was more painful. At the same time, due to the influence of metaphysics, it is more profound. He also realized the infinity of Tao. He thinks that the sage of Mingjun is helpless in the face of short life. Because of this, we seek eternal life to get rid of the sorrow of short life. However, it is very uncertain whether the immortal's things are credible or not. For example, Huai Shi is fifty-five:
What should people rely on to prolong life? Huang Hu calls for peace, and the future is hopeless. Sitting alone on the rock, I'm afraid to think.
He believes that not only the laws of nature make life die young, but also the impermanence of the world and the sinister society give people a lot of worries. This is where his thinking on this issue is deeper than that of his predecessors.
The dark and terrible political reality of the Zhengshi era and the influence of Zhuangzi's theory left a deep imprint on his mind, such as the sixth poem of "Yong Huai";
I heard yesterday that Dongling melon is near Qingmen. Even the fields are separated from the buildings, and the mother and son are hooked. Five-color obsidian Asahi, guests will be surrounded. Cream is fried by itself, and money is more harmful. Cloth can last a lifetime, but is it enough to spoil Lu?
Self-frying with ointment and cutting with lacquer wood are common propositions in Zhuangzi. It is no accident that it often appears in Ruan's poems. As the saying goes, Ruan Ji's talents are rich but useless, and Sima Shi killed celebrities, which made him very scared. Not only does the external natural society oppress people, but its own contradictions, anguish and anxiety in people's psychology are also hurting people's souls and lives.
Day after day, day after day. Change the color to normal and the spirit will disappear. There is soup and fire in the chest, and the change is the same. Everything is infinite, and seeking perfection despite difficulties is unforgiving. But I'm afraid that in an instant, my soul will drift away with the wind. I've been walking on thin ice all my life, but I'm worried
Although Ruan Ji's lifestyle is unrestrained, in fact, his heart is extremely painful. This poem expresses the poet's loneliness and anxiety, his life is in danger, and his sadness in a sinister situation. So many sorrows in life can't be told and vented, and can't be understood by others, so the pioneers of thought add to the loneliness of life. There are few intimate friends and I don't want to tell them. Lonely sadness also gnaws at the poet's heart. History records that he "drove alone, didn't take the road, and the track was poor, but cried." The 17th poem of "Poems about Huaihuai" expresses this lonely life thought:
Sitting alone in an empty classroom, who can be with their loved ones? Going out on Lin Yong Road, there are no horses driving. Looking up at Kyushu, you can divide the wilderness. Lonely birds fly northwest, leaving animals southeast. I miss my relatives and friends day and night. I write my own words.
This poem is a virtual empty world except myself. Sitting alone in the empty hall, there is no one to be close to, and there are no cars and horses coming and going. This means that there is no one to associate with during his long life journey. Even if you climb to Kyushu, there are only birds and beasts. This realm is very strange. No one is amiable, and birds and animals cannot be a group. This more prominently shows the loneliness and loneliness of this world without a confidant.
It is precisely because Ruan Ji observed life with profound philosophical thinking that he explored the sorrow of life more comprehensively and profoundly and wrote with great compassion and infinite compassion. He is not the "worry about life" of personal fate as understood by Li Shan, but the interpretation of the tragedy of life in the universe after rational thinking, so He Chao thinks that "the worry about books is greater than life". He has transcended personal life and death, but faced most of life. As the saying goes, "Love hurts for a while, but the heart has a hundred generations", so he is deeply worried.
In artistic expression, Ruan Ji used a lot of allusions, symbolized the image with metaphors, and rendered the atmosphere to express his deep feelings. Try to read his poems (I);
Can't sleep at night, sit up and play the piano. Thin curtains look at the bright moon, and the breeze blows on the chest. Lonely in the wild, birds are singing in Beilin. What will you see when you wander, and you will be sad when you meditate.
Sleepless poets wander around playing the piano in the cool breeze and bright moon, and can't see anything except lonely and mournful birds. This sad scene atmosphere is a profound sorrow for history and society, an infinite sorrow for life, and a vivid portrayal of unspeakable loneliness and pain.
Current events make heroes, and current events make scholars. Ruan Ji was the product of that society at that time. His contradictions, his anxiety and his depression were also caused by that society at that time. No one has ever described life as so lonely and sad. Reality can't be released, so he only yearns for the ideal king of thailand, which is a vast world where the poet's spirit can gallop freely and get rid of secular bondage. Therefore, an ethereal Zhuangzi-style ideal world often appears in Ruan Ji's poems. Such as "Yong Huai" 43:
Honghu lake flies, and flying is suitable for wild. Shuang Ao Ling Changfeng, Wan Li died in a flash. Rice is solid, in the evening among the mountains of Sudan. Among antibodies, can Guo Can make a net? Do you promise to join hands with the local Qushi?
Another example is Yong Shi Huai 2 1:
There are idle cranes in the clouds to resist mourning. As soon as I flew into the sky, I wasn't singing. Do you swim with quail or even play in the atrium?
This empty land was compared by him to Dapeng, a carefree place, which was manifested as a declaration of peace. In this realm, he can be free, unrestrained, run freely, think freely, and achieve harmony with Tao.
Secondly, Ruan Ji's "Huai Shang Fu" is implicit and profound, which created a precedent for political lyric poetry in the history of China literature.
Ruan Ji's poems have profound implications. Liu Xie said, "Ruan Zhi is profound". Ruan Ji is the first poet in the history of China's poetry who made great efforts to create five-character poems and contributed to their development. He got rid of the imitation of Yuefu folk songs and no longer exposed current events by imitating Yuefu narrative style like Jian 'an poets. Instead, it combines attacking current events with expressing anger, further strengthening the lyricism of five-character poems and making them more artistic. In his poems, metaphors and hints are often used to express feelings. His poems either borrow the past to narrate the present, or convey the immortal's meaning, or express the meaning with history, and use classical passion, giving people an artistic feeling of uncertainty, unprovoked feeling and vague meaning, forming a far-reaching, elegant and strange artistic style. Zhong Rong said that his "words are in the eyes and ears, feelings are sent to the table of eight shortages, and the purpose is far-reaching and it is difficult to have fun", which mainly refers to this. Sixty-seven "Huai Shi":
Hong shengzi system, clothes are always. Set the order of precedence, and things will be in order. Let the whole color be decorated and folded. There is xuan wine in the hall, and the room is full of rice beams. Li talked outside, and the incense went out indoors. Speak your mind and say the right side again. I'm worried about my attitude and my intestines. (4)
This poem mocks those hypocritical Confucian scholars and exposes their hypocritical nature. The first eight sentences are dignified, dignified and respectful of ancestors. In the middle four sentences, the contrast tore off the mask of the owners, and finally ended with "I am worried about my intestines", satirizing the ugliness of those hypocrites and expressing my indignation. In art, the use of contrast, "talk outside Li, the fragrance is extinguished indoors." The comparison between the first eight sentences and the last six sentences shows the hypocrisy of Confucian scholars. In addition, figures are vividly represented by metaphors and typical details. For example, Poems on Huai River XI:
Zhanzhan Yangtze River, maple trees everywhere. Gaolan was soaked by the road, and Qingli died. Looking at the sadness in the distance, spring feels my heart. There are many literati in the Three Chu Dynasties. Zhu Huazhen is fragrant, but high talents chase after her. One is the plaintive yellowbird, who can not cry? (5)
Another example is Yong Huai 3 1:
Driving words makes Wei Du, looking south and blowing one. Xiao Guan has a legacy, and Liang Wang is here. Soldiers eat chaff, saints live in Artemisia. Before the song and dance is over, Chi Bing has come back. I have no materials, and there is dust in Zhu Gong. The army was defeated by Huayang and turned out to be dust.
These two poems are sharp in writing, exposing the rulers' extravagant state behavior and expressing their own sad thoughts.
Prior to this, the subject matter of literati's works was narrow, focusing only on personal lamentations, while Ruan Ji's five-character poems were the confluence of his life and feelings. With simple and vivid language and symbolism, he expressed his anguish and social darkness in twists and turns, bringing the five-character poem to a new stage and becoming a tool for literati to reveal their hearts and express their thoughts. Since then, poetry has moved from expressing ambition to expressing feelings. It is very reasonable to say that "Xiao Ya is the reason for his poetry" in Shi Pin. For example, the second part of Poems on Huai River:
The second princess swims by the river and enjoys the wind. Gracefu is fragrant when making friends. Love and affection are unforgettable for a thousand years. The whole city is obsessed with Cai, so let it stay in the intestines. Thanksgiving worry, day lily tree orchid room. Whoever the frost is given, the rain complains about the rising sun. How to cross the stone and get out of the injury again.
The whole poem satirizes the real relationship between the monarch and the minister with metaphor and contrast, but borrows and fictionalizes the distant mythical love story. The last two sentences are the key for readers to find sustenance, but the poet only uses allusions to ask questions, which makes the meaning more and more obscure. This is called "romance". The love between men and women is a metaphor for the separation of monarch and minister. Qu Yuan's Li Sao and Cao Zhi's Seven Sorrow have existed for a long time, but they are in direct proportion, but this poem is an allegory. The first twelve sentences are all used to compare the last two sentences, forming a strong contrast. The reason why it is so subtle and tortuous is because of that era and the author's situation.
Ruan Ji is angry and jealous of the secular world, but he always remains helpless and silent. His ruthless criticism and satire of everything in reality, his helplessness and dissatisfaction with reality, he fled all this, and he put himself in the world of Peach Blossom Garden. He understands the cruelty and helplessness of reality and pursues the ethereal fairy. He hid his thoughts in his mysterious remarks, such as "My Feeling Poems" 24:
Yin worries make the heart knot, and worry often surprises. Zhu Hua at large suddenly leans to the west. Crickets are crouching in the atrium. If you don't have a kind heart, who will light up my feelings? May a thousand miles cry and a bird is in the clouds. Sanzhi extends to Yingzhou, and you can live a long life after a long journey.
Another example is Yong Shi Huai 45:
You can't appreciate orchids, but who is Cao Zhu proud of? Xiuzhu is hidden in the mountains, and the social work is close to Zengcheng. In the valley of Greyan, melons are full of life. Joy wears away the spirit, while sadness deeply hurts people's feelings. It's no use knowing to worry, so if it's too clear.
His works, like others, make people feel nothing real and tangible, just like Mr. Yu's evaluation of Wei and Jin figures: they are like withered leaves, neither belonging to the sky nor the earth, and only they can read their lives silently.
Thirdly, Ruan Ji's Poem of Ode to the Huai Dynasty initiated the style of lyric poetry in the five dynasties of ancient China.
Ruan Ji's Poem of Yearning for the Huai River is either implicit or straightforward, which shows the poet's deep sadness in life, full of strong sadness and life consciousness, and gives people the inspiration of "Ling Tao, thinking deeply". Ruan Ji's poems vividly show the mental journey of intellectuals in Wei and Jin Dynasties, which has profound ideological significance and cognitive value. He made an important contribution to the development of five-character poetry, created a new form of lyric poetry, and created a precedent for later generations to write poems with Zuo Si's Ode to History and Tao Yuanming's Drinking.
Ruan Ji's Poem of Ode to the Huai Dynasty appeared in China poetry circle with its unique artistic style and aesthetic taste, which aroused strong repercussions at that time. After Ruan Ji, poets scrambled to imitate his works, which had far-reaching influence. Later generations gave a very high evaluation of "worrying about its chaos, worrying about it for no reason, and letting it go, being sincere, enough to envy the eight shortcomings and cage everything", which is truly deserved.