What are the achievements of early human civilization?

The original meaning is "Hejian area", also known as "two river basins". Broadly speaking, it refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Tigris River and the Euphrates River, east to Zagros Mountain, west to Syrian desert, south to Persian Gulf and north to Toros Mountain. The northern part is a mountainous area, which passes through grasslands and plains to reach the swamp and river delta in the south. Mesopotamia is one of the oldest cradles of human culture, and irrigated agriculture is the main foundation of its cultural development. In 4000 BC, the culture was relatively developed, and the Babylonian and Assyrian empires appeared. Since then, it has been ruled by Persia, Macedonia, Rome and the Ottoman Empire. After World War I, its main part became independent Iraq. In a narrow sense, it only refers to the area between the two rivers.

One of the earliest civilizations in the world-Mesopotamia civilization (also known as Two Rivers Civilization) originated in Sumer (middle and lower reaches), the watershed of Tigris River and Euphrates River. Mesopotamia is the seat of Babylon, in today's Iraq.

From 4000 BC to 2250 BC, the civilization of the two rivers reached its peak, which was called "the land of Shinar" in the Old Testament. The fertile soil piled up on both sides of the two rivers is called "fertile crescent belt" in history (the area with the same name as the "Golden Triangle" in South America is called "evil crescent belt"). Because the two rivers will not flood regularly like the Nile, it is necessary to observe the astronomical phenomena to determine the time. Sumerians living in the lower reaches invented the lunar calendar, which divided the year into 12 months and ***354 days, and invented the leap month, which was 1 1 day different from the solar calendar. Divide an hour into 60 minutes and take 7 days as a week. He can also calculate fractions, add, subtract, multiply and divide, solve quadratic equations with one variable, and invent 10 decimal method and 16 decimal method. They divided the circle into 360 degrees until π was close to 3. Even calculate the area of irregular polygons and the volume of some cones.

In 4000 BC, Sumerians first invented hieroglyphics with ideographic symbols and signifier symbols, because most of these characters were carved on bricks, stones or black basalt. On the clay tablet, "the pen is heavy and the imprint is deep", which looks like a wedge, so it is called cuneiform writing.

A famous example is the New Babylon Wall, one of the "Seven Wonders of the World". The city wall is bright blue as the background color, from white; A yellow lion; The patterns of cows and dragons are all over the city wall, arranged orderly from top to bottom, strutting and lifelike. It was called "Hanging Garden" by later generations.

Later, the Nile civilization and the Indus civilization developed under the impetus of the two river civilizations. The Greeks learned mathematics, physics and philosophy from there; Jews learned theology from there and spread it all over the world; Arabs learned architecture from there and used it to educate the whole barbaric Europe in the Middle Ages.

Around 2000 BC, the Amorites established the Kingdom of Babylon, with Babylon as its capital. Chamra, BC 1792.