Tang poetry and Song ci are two pearls in the history of China literature. The Tang Dynasty is called the era of poetry, while the Song Dynasty is called the era of ci. Ci originated from the folk, began in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Five Dynasties and flourished in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, with the development of the city and the rise of the citizen class, people's pursuit of cultural life became more intense. At that time, there were not only teaching halls in the court, but also geisha halls in many cities, and even some bureaucratic gentry had geisha dancers at home. This social fashion provided conditions for the general development of Song Ci. There are a huge number of Song Ci poems, and The Song Ci Poem compiled by Tang Guizhang contains more than 1,33 famous poets and more than 19,9 works.
In the process of the development and prosperity of Song Ci, the guiding role of the whole society is also very obvious. If the poets in the Tang Dynasty were just tools and playthings for the royal family and its rulers to some extent, then the poets in the Song Dynasty have jumped onto the political stage from being appreciated by others and become the protagonists in the political stage in the Song Dynasty. Every emperor in the Song Dynasty loved Ci, and every minister in the Song Dynasty was a poet. Song Dynasty politicians Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Sima Guang and Su Shi were all famous poets at that time. Li Qingzhao, a woman who never appeared in the feudal society, has also become a pronoun, and her name has been immortal. In the imperial examination at that time, there was a proverb: "Su Wen is ripe and eats mutton; Su Wensheng, eat vegetable soup. " This shows the extent to which the poet Su Shi was worshipped. It is the recognition and admiration of the whole society that makes Song Ci have a long-lasting influence.
The reasons are as follows:
① The prosperity of handicraft industry and commercial economy in the cities of the Song Dynasty is the material basis for the prosperity of Song Ci.
② The expansion of the civil class and the improvement of living standards require a rich cultural and recreational life.
③ The social contradictions in the Song Dynasty are acute, and writers can express their thoughts and feelings better with Ci.
The prosperity of Song Ci is closely related to the special background of the Song Dynasty and the stylistic characteristics of Ci. Ci originated from the folk, and it has a strong entertainment color. Because of the policy of valuing literature over martial arts in Song Dynasty, civil servants enjoyed very generous treatment. Song Taizu openly encouraged ministers to "buy more singers and dancers" when "relieving the soldiers with a glass of wine". If there is something good in the world, there will be something bad in the world, so the whole society has formed an atmosphere of competing for pleasure. Because of the relative social stability and political stability in the Song Dynasty (especially in the Northern Song Dynasty). Ci, a literary form with strong entertainment color and almost no traditional political and moral load, finally found the most suitable growth environment in the Song Dynasty, so it developed at an unusual speed.
Let's talk about the achievements of Song Ci. Ci originated from the lyrics of the Tang Dynasty, and the sentences are long and short, which are closely combined with the music and can be sung. Due to the commercial development, urban prosperity and the increasing number of citizens in Song Dynasty, the words that can be sung were more suitable for the entertainment life in the market than other forms of literary works. At that time, the class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were sharp, and the words with irregular sentences were more convenient to express people's thoughts of worrying about the country and the people, so they gradually flourished and became the mainstream of literature instead of poetry. According to the four stages of the early Northern Song Dynasty, the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, the text introduces the style and achievements of Liu Yong, Su Shi, Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji and Lu You respectively. Liu Yong is an important representative of the graceful school in the northern song dynasty. He has lived in the city for a long time, and his works mostly show the prosperity of the city and the feelings of joys and sorrows of men and women, especially the loneliness and homesickness of his journey. His ci works are mostly colloquial, popular and vivid. "Wherever there is a well water, you can sing willow ci" (Ye Mengde: "Summer Stories"), so they are widely circulated. His ci works also incorporated a lot of narrative elements, which not only expanded the realm of ci, but also opened the door for the development of Yuan Qu. Su Shi is the pioneer and main representative of the bold school in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. His ci poems have a wide range of themes, which greatly expanded the content of ci poems and injected great vitality into ci poems with heroic and unrestrained feelings. At the turn of the Song Dynasty, Li Qingzhao was an outstanding graceful poetess. She put forward the idea that "Ci is not the same" and was good at expressing her true feelings with simple words and expressions. Xin Qiji and Lu You, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, advocated active resistance to gold, and their works were mainly bold and unconstrained, which deeply expressed their strong desire to restore the Central Plains. Su Shi and Xin Qiji were the most representative and accomplished ci writers in the Song Dynasty, and their lives were introduced in the "History and Verticality" column and the illustrations respectively. It must be pointed out that the bold writers in the Song Dynasty mainly wrote bold and unconstrained works, but they also wrote some very touching graceful words, not just bold and unconstrained.
Chapter III Su Shi
Section 1 Life and Personality
1. Experienced a life of ups and downs
Before the political reform, he was famous in the capital and entered the official career. At the beginning of his political reform, he left the central government and served in four states, Wutai Poetry Case and relegated Huangzhou.
during the modernization, Yuan You returned to the central government and held important positions. The old party split and even released foreign posts.
zhe zong was in charge of politics, the new party revived and was demoted to Hainan, Lingnan, and Huizong was pardoned to the north
Second, Po Xian's character of Hongbo Tongda
Su Shi read extensively all his life, went in and out of Confucianism and Taoism, absorbed Buddhism and Zen, took various schools, and integrated the similarities of the three schools into one, each with its own uses, so his thought and character were broad and open, flexible. The coexistence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in Song Dynasty was most obvious in him. Confucianism is adopted in political attitude and tenure, and Buddhism is adopted in life cultivation and relegation. It is not only "diligent and ambitious," but also able to adapt to the situation when frustrated, take things as they are, and pursue self-improvement.
In short, he has an extremely practical side and a very detached side; There is a very serious side, but also a very easy-going side, in the unity of contradictions, showing unusual personality charm
The bachelor's word of "Being a Family" in the second section
"Mr. Dongpo is not addicted to temperament, and occasionally writes songs, pointing out that going up all the way will make the author feel refreshed." (Wang Zhuo's "Bi Ji Man Zhi") Liu Chenweng's "Preface to Xinjiaxuan": "The words reach Dongpo, and they are open and aboveboard, such as poetry and prose, such as the wonders of heaven and earth, and they are more clumsy than the female acoustic language of the group."
Su Shi's greatest contribution to Ci is "taking poetry as Ci". It is to write words by the method of writing poems, and to incorporate the theme, image, artistic conception and creative method of poems into words as much as possible, so as to make words' poetic' and become a new independent style of words.
The specific performance is to open up the realm of ci and improve the quality of ci. It expands the expressive function of words, enriches the emotional connotation of words and expands the time and space scene of words. Break through the rhythm and weaken the musicality of ci, so that ci can become a new style poem that can develop independently. Use allusions to change the language characteristics of words. Su Ci has a variety of styles, especially its original creation, which brings a brand-new aesthetic realm to the history of Ci.
Intensive reading works: Jiangchengzi, Dingfengbo and Shuilongyin
Su Shi's poems in the third section
Su Shi's poems are the most abundant, with about 2,7 poems. Ye Xie's "Original Poems" says: "Su Shi's poems are unprecedented in both ancient and modern times. Everything in the world, laughing and cursing, are all inspired by the pen, and they come out as they please." His poems have inherited the fine traditions of Tang and Song Dynasties, and have a wide range of themes and diverse styles, which embodies extraordinary creative talents and artistic expression ability, and fully shows his turbulent life, mixed thoughts, spirit of fraternity, bold talents, broad-minded personality, and often contains profound philosophy.
intensive reading works: You Jin Shan Temple, Drunk Book of Looking at the Lake Building on June 27th, One of them, Drinking the Rain after Chu Qing on the Lake, Wu Zhong Tian Fu Tan, Litchi Tan;
Section IV Su Shi's Essays and Fu
Su Shi has more than 4, articles in various styles, with colorful artistic features, representing the peak of Song Wen's creation. His argumentative essays are eloquent and lively. The narrative is free to write, with a wide range of postures, free to connect and disconnect, and easy to understand. Fully demonstrate his composition skills and brilliant whimsy. Essays are interesting in writing and touching the spring, which can best show his charming personality and interesting life.
intensive reading works: Night Tour in Chengtian Temple and Fu on the Former Red Cliff
The significance and influence of Su Shi in the fifth section
Su Shi is a talented literary giant, which can be called the representative of the highest literary achievement in the Song Dynasty. He typically embodies the cultural spirit of the Song Dynasty. His comprehensive literary talent and outstanding personality charm made him the favorite writer and the most cordial friend of the literati in the late feudal society of China. Honest intellectuals in any situation can find * * * in his works.
At that time, his works were widely circulated and had a far-reaching influence. Under his influence, Sumen writers made great achievements. His creation of poetry, prose and ci reached the peak of development in their respective literary fields and became a model for future generations to learn.