1, narrative
Description: Describe the occurrence, development and change of characters experience or something.
Example: "It snows on the balcony at night, and the iron horse clears customs in the autumn wind" (Lu You's Anger)
Appreciate the unforgettable past of my personal visit to the anti-gold front in a narrative way.
Step 2 describe
Description: Describe and depict people, events and environment in vivid language.
Example: "People who go to Jiangyue are only a few feet away, and lanterns shine at night. The heron on the sand head stays silent, and the fish jumps at the stern and stirs "(Du Fu's" Mancheng Yi ")
Appreciation: The poem begins with the shadow of the moon in the water, vividly describing the egret bending over in the moonlight and staying quietly on the beach. The big fish at the stern jumped out of the water and made a harsh sound, which constituted the quiet beauty of the moonlit night on the river.
Step 3 discuss
Description: Views on the nature, right and wrong, value, characteristics and functions of people and things.
Example: "It's not that chrysanthemum is preferred among flowers, and this flower has no flowers" (Yuan Zhen's Chrysanthemum)
Appreciation: these are the last two sentences of the poem, which point out the reasons for loving chrysanthemums and praise their unswerving character after weathering and withering.
4. Lyricism
Description: express the author's strong subjective feelings such as love, hate, likes and dislikes, anger and affection. There are direct lyric and indirect lyric.
Example: "I began to recruit priests in the morning and felt sorry for my hometown. When a chicken crows at the Maodian Moon, people walk on the Banqiao Frost. Mistletoe leaves fall on the mountain road, and orange flowers are on the wall of the post. Because of thinking about Ling Du's dream, the geese return to the pool. " (Wen Tingjun's "Walking in the Morning")
Appreciation: The first sentence in the first couplet takes care of time, events and environment, writes about the hardships of tourists and directly expresses the poet's feelings. Compared with "hometown", "Hakka" will naturally give birth to a "sad" word.
Second, rhetorical methods.
1, metaphor
Compare one thing or situation with another. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. It can highlight the characteristics of things and visualize abstract things.
Example: "Looking at the landscape of Dongting from a distance, there are green snails in the silver plate" (Liu Yuxi's Looking at Dongting from a distance)
Poetry appreciation skillfully compares the "snail" to the mountain Yin Hui under the bright moon and the green snail in a silver plate. The colors are elegant and the mountains and rivers are integrated.
2. Metonymy
Explain that you borrow something related, not what you want to express. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.
Example: "Do you know, do you know? It should be green and fat and red and thin "(Li Qingzhao's Dream")
In appreciation poems, "green" and "red" are used to replace leaves and flowers, respectively, to describe the luxuriant leaves and the withering flowers.
Step 3 exaggerate
An enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function, degree, etc. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly.
Such as "white hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is like a long beard" (Li Bai's Song of Autumn Pu)
Appreciating sorrow gives birth to white hair, and the poet exaggerates to write white hair as long as "three thousands of feet", which shows the depth of sorrow.
4. Duality
Explaining two relative or similar meanings is expressed by a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
For example: "Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward" (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)
Judging from the structure of the article, this poem consists of four parts and eight sentences, each of which is a antithesis, round and natural, with no trace of axe chisel. "Boundless falling trees" and "endless Yangtze River" make the artistic conception of the poem appear broad and far-reaching, and the rustling leaves make people feel more colorful about the rolling water. More importantly, from here, I feel the pain that the poet's youth is fleeting and his ambition is hard to pay.
Step 5 compare
Explain that describing things as people is called anthropomorphism, or describing people as crops is called simulacra. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid.
For example, "The frost bird steals the eye and wants to go down, and the butterfly knows the death" (Lin Bu's "Xiaomei in the Mountain Garden")
Appreciate this couplet by anthropomorphic method. "Steal a glimpse first" wrote that the white crane loves plums very much. Before it could fly down, it couldn't wait to peek at the plum blossom first. The word "broken soul" describes the butterfly's love for Mei, exaggerating her love for Mei to the extreme.
6, parallelism
Several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone are spoken one after another.
For example, "the old vines are faint, the bridges are flowing, and the old roads are thin" (Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si")
Appreciate the combination of pure nouns and form a typical environment.
Step 7 ask questions
Explain the question first, and then express your opinion yourself. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable.
Example: "Who is the hero in the world? There is wine on the river, which is fair to Cao. " (Yuan Xiao Qu's "Spirit", by Aruvi)
Appreciation begins with a question, points out the theme, leads to the following, and describes the heroic achievements of the characters in the Three Kingdoms in different levels.
8. rhetorical question
Express clear meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.
Example: "Although the disciples in Jiangdong are here today, are they willing to make a comeback for you?" (Wang Anshi's Overlapping Wujiang Pavilion)
Appreciation uses cold rhetoric sentences, emphasizing the inevitability of history.
9. cheer up
Explain that xing is to say something else first so that the lyrics can be sung.
Example: "I want to know why my Jinse has fifty strings, each with a youthful interval."
Appreciating the first couplet was inspired by playing musical instruments, which led to the idea of "China Year".
10, combination of excess and deficiency
Description refers to scenes and events in reality and imaginary scenes and events set off each other, interweave together and express the same feelings.
For example, it's freezing and cold, the pavilion is late, and the shower begins to rest. All the accounts are in no mood, and the blue boat in homesickness is urging. Holding hands and staring at tears, I was speechless. ..... (Liu Yong's Lin Yuling)
Appreciate the last movie, except "I miss thousands of miles of smoke and waves, and the dusk is heavy and the sky is wide", which is all about the real situation in front of me. The writer and his beloved can't stand the separation and must be in another mood. This is real writing. The next idea about future life is an empty article, deliberately depicting the poet's feeling of loneliness. The combination of reality and reality vividly writes about the reluctance to leave.
Third, the technique of expression
1, allusions
Explain two useful things: quoting classics and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words.
For example, "In those days, Jin Ge's iron horse swallowed Wan Li like a tiger" (Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia") and "After ten miles of spring breeze, the wheat turned green" (Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow").
The word appreciation is practical except reviewing the author's experience of going south 43 years ago. "When Jin Ge was an iron horse and swallowed Wan Li like a tiger" is about the heroic deeds of Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition against the enemy. By praising Emperor Wu of Song and satirizing the shameless behavior of the pacifists in the Southern Song Dynasty, the author showed his determination to oppose Jin Zhuzhang and restore the Central Plains.
Du Mu's poem quoted in "Spring Breeze Shili" shows the prosperity of Shili Long Street in Yangzhou in the past. Let the Wheat Green, the bleak situation that the writer saw today, is the real writing. These two contrasting pictures convey the poet's feelings about the prosperity and decline of the past.
2. Lenovo (brand name of computer)
Explain that one thing is linked with another related thing, or similar features in things are linked to form a model.
Example: "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of strands of green silk hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " (He Zhangzhi's Liu Yong)
Appreciating the poet's association with the green ribbon from the drooping willow branches, using clever metaphors, he created a novel image with unique romantic color and changed the symbolic meaning of willow lyric.
Step 3 imagine
Explain people's thinking process of creating new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis on the basis of existing materials and ideas.
For example, "the lake is full of moonlight, and the mirror on the pool surface is not polished." Look at the Dongting landscape. There is a green snail in the silver plate. "(Liu Yuxi's" Looking at Dongting ")
Appreciating this poem, I chose the perspective of moonlit night, and through imaginative description, I recreated the lakes and mountains of Dongting on paper in an ingenious way.
Step 4 set off or contrast
Description refers to the use of ethidium to make the characteristics or traits of nails more prominent. There are two kinds: front lining and back lining.
Example: "A river that is gone forever, a person who has lost all the waves, a person who has been romantic for ages. On the west side of the base, humanity is the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms. " (Su Shi's "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" "Far away in Fuzhou, she is watching the moonlight, and she is watching it alone from the window of her room. For our boys and girls, poor little baby, too young to know where the capital is. Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? . (Du Fu's Moonlit Night)
Zhou Yu is a figure to be created in the appreciation of this poem, but from the beginning of "Romantic Figures of the Past Ages", how many heroes are drawn from "Battle of Red Cliffs", and finally Zhou Yu is focused alone, highlighting Zhou Yu's main position in the author's mind. Couplets and necklaces describe the beauty of his wife, reflecting the poet's melancholy and painful mood.
5. Translation
Explain that the environment and scenery are described in many ways, highlighting the image and strengthening the artistic effect.
Example: "When the sky is high and the wind is urgent, apes crow and birds crow, and the blue lake and white sand return" (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)
Appreciate what you saw and heard at the first pitch, and there are six close-ups in succession, rendering the characteristics of Qiu Jiang scenery.
Step 6 mark
Explain the concepts, thoughts and feelings that express similar or similar characteristics through concrete images that are easy to be associated.
For example, "Castle Peak seems to want to retain people and surround the county town for thousands of times" (Li Deyu's "Climbing Cliff City")
I really appreciate these two sentences, describing that green hills are surrounded by mountains, and your county and city are tightly blocked and heavily fortified. It symbolizes the persecution of political opponents and the sorrow of writing.
7. Contrast and contrast
Compare two different things or situations.
Example: "The King of Yue Gou Jian defeated Wu Gui, and the soldiers took all their clothes and went home. Maids are like full spring palace, but only partridges fly today. " (Li Bai's Visit to Ancient Vietnam)
Appreciation of the first three sentences describes the prosperity of the past, and the last sentence describes the desolation of today, which forms a strong contrast and makes readers feel particularly profound, which contains the poet's deep historical thinking.
8. Rhythm
Explain the negative and positive aspects at the same time, and highlight only one of them, so as to achieve the purpose of inhibiting this and promoting that or inhibiting that and promoting that. There are two kinds: first rising and then restraining, first restraining and then rising.
For example, "Young women in the boudoir don't know how to worry, put on makeup and go to tall buildings in spring. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. " (Wang Changling's in my heart forever)
Appreciate this poem by praising it first and then restraining it. First, write that the young woman "doesn't know how to worry" and then say that she "regrets". By describing the subtle changes of young women's mood, this paper profoundly shows the sentimental and sad feelings of young women caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".
9. care
Interpretation refers to the necessary answer to what has been written before in the poem. This method is used properly to make the structure compact and rigorous.
Ex: Is it raining all the way to Chu? The bell in the evening came to us from Nanjing. The rain is heavy, the sky is not right, and the birds fly slowly. (Wei's "Farewell to Li Zhou in the Night Rain")
Appreciate the two sentences in the first couplet. The poet stands by the drizzly river at dusk, points out the "dusk rain" in the poem title, and takes care of the word "send" in the poem title.
10, dynamic and static
Explain that the dynamic and static descriptions of things and scenery set off each other and constitute a kind of interest.
For example, the birds in the sand head are silent, and the fish in the stern are screaming. (Du Fu's "Mancheng Yi")
Appreciate the "movement" of the fish jump in the fourth sentence, and set off the "quietness" of the first three sentences.
1 1, front/side description
Explain that the direct description of the description object is a positive description; Describe the things around the object to make it more vivid and prominent.
Example: "A tree has thousands of branches in the spring breeze, which is softer than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng all day? " (Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci)
"The desert dusty sky is faint, and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Hebei at night and has been reported alive. " (Wang Changling's "Joining the Army")
The appreciation of the first sentence and the second sentence of White Poem describes the beautiful shape of willow in spring with the method of positive description. The second sentence of Wang's poem describes the side situation. On the one hand, the wind is very strong, and it is convenient to roll up the red flag for urgent marching. On the other hand, it is highly alert and unobtrusive, highlighting the tense atmosphere of war.
12, express your mind directly.
Explain the scenery and express the poet's philosophical thoughts in the face of natural scenery.
Example: "The mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river. But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. " (Wang Zhihuan's "In the Heron Villa")
Appreciate the first two sentences of landscape writing, and the last two sentences directly express the feelings generated in such an environment. The natural situation, the vast weather and the poet's philosophy in front of this scene are integrated.
13, borrowing scenery to express emotion in the scenery
It shows that the poet's thoughts and feelings are not positive, but completely in the natural scenery in front of him, expressing his feelings through the natural scenery.
For example, "I sail far across the sky, only the Yangtze River flows in the sky" (Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou")
Appreciate the old friend's figure farther and farther, and finally disappear completely. The rolling river is like thinking about friends constantly.
14, support things and express your heart
Explain that on the basis of trying to describe things, we should integrate the author's feelings and entrust the author's mind.
Example: "A tree has thousands of branches in the spring breeze, which is softer than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng all day? " (Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci)
Appreciate the expression of ambition by holding things, and write that the willow is alone in the deserted garden, expressing the feeling that talents are buried.