In the era of The Book of Songs, a society centered on men has been formed. Although the patriarchal clan system was not as strict as in the middle and late feudal society, it was a common phenomenon that women became accessories of men after marriage because they did not have independent economic status. As a social vulnerable group, women's marriage is their only support and outlet. Once the relationship between husband and wife breaks down, it is often women who suffer the most, and the life of abandoned women is even more miserable. The poem of abandoning a wife in The Book of Songs is a powerful proof of this universal social problem at that time.
The image of abandoned wives in The Book of Songs is vivid and vivid, which has its unique aesthetic and social significance. We can understand the life and feelings of the most unfortunate part of women who are vulnerable groups-abandoned wives, gain insight into the marriage and family situation at that time, understand the social status of women at that time, and appreciate the overall style and virtue of ancient women.
First, the discrimination of abandoned wife poems
There are 1 1 abandoned wives' poems and suspected abandoned wives' poems in The Book of Songs, which are all called abandoned wives' poems in different documents, namely, high week, high moon and peak ending.
To judge whether the above poem 1 1 is an abandoned wife, we must first have a clear definition of abandoned wife. The author thinks that the poem of abandoning a wife is a poem expressing a woman's feelings abandoned because of the breakdown of her marriage or her husband's change of heart. This definition requires that the poem of abandoned wife must meet two conditions: first, the abandoned wife was abandoned after marriage, and second, the abandoned wife left her husband's family. These two conditions exclude poems describing two situations: the lover changes his mind before marriage and leaves the woman, and the wife is left out by her husband after marriage.
Table 1 lists the nature analysis of this poem 1 1 in the works of Chu Binjie, Yu Guanying, Shen Zeyi and Nie Shiqiao. From the table 1, we can see that five poems, such as, Meng, Zhong Gu You Heng, Zheng Feng Zun Da Lu and Baihua, are considered by many scholars as abandoned wives, and the author agrees with them. As for White Boat, Sun and Moon and The Last Wind, there are similar tendencies among various schools. The first two heroines were left out in the cold after marriage, which is a poem describing the unfortunate marriage of women. The latter poem describes a woman's complicated feelings of hate and love after being molested, so it is not a poem about abandoning her wife. As for Xiaoya, I go my own way, while Xiaoya, Gu Feng and various schools have objections. I think the reason is that the writing tone in the poem is not as euphemistic, sad and sexy as women should be in the poem "Abandoned Wife", but directly scolds the other party, so it is not like describing abandoned wife. Therefore, the author thinks that these two poems are not abandoned wives' poems. There is also a big difference about Zhao Nan Jiang Yousi. It makes sense to describe whether a woman has been abandoned or whether a man has hurt his sweetheart's non-ego. This paper does not do textual research, but as far as the definition of the poem of abandoning a woman is concerned, even if it describes a woman being abandoned, it expresses her sadness and anger at seeing her sweetheart change her mind and marry another woman instead of herself. So it can't be regarded as a poem of abandoning a wife.
Table 1 Four Gentlemen's Analysis of the Nature of this Poem
Chu Binjie Yu Guanying Shen Zeyi Nie Shiqiao
Zhao Nan Jiang Yousi: The complaints of abandoned women, abandoned men and abandoned men.
In White Boat, the misfortune of a woman's marriage, the accusation of a woman's falling out of favor, the self-reproach of a woman's being insulted, and the self-injury of a woman.
A woman's misfortune in marriage was abandoned: a poem in which a woman complained about changing her husband.
The complex feelings of women after being teased in the final wind of Tai Feng.
Gu Feng's Poems on Abandoning Wife: Feelings of Complaining about Heaven and Others and Words of Abandoning Wife and Complaining about Heaven and Others
Feng Weimang's Abandoned Wife Poems: Abandoned Wife Private Prosecutions and Abandoned Wife Poems
Feng Wang's Zhong Gu you Heng's Poems on Abandoning Wife, Mourning for Abandoning Wife, Abandoning Wife and Abandoning Wife.
Zheng Feng Along the Road is a poem about abandoning his wife. It seems that a woman has been abandoned by her lover.
"Xiaoya, I Go My Own Way" Abandoned Wife Poem This man was abandoned in his hometown and turned against his in-laws.
Xiaoya Gu Feng's Poem of Abandoning a Wife; The Private Prosecution of Abandoning a Wife; The relationship between monarch and minister has deteriorated.
Xiaoya Baihua's angry words after the poem of abandoning his wife was abandoned.
Therefore, the author sums up the poems of abandoning a wife as follows: Li Feng, Meng, Zhong Gu You Heng, Zheng Feng Zun and Baihua. However, "Xiaoya Baihua" is a complaint filed after being abandoned after applying for a job, and should be regarded as an abandoned wife. However, due to its aristocratic status, the analysis of the image of abandoned wives is not of universal significance, so this paper will not do the analysis.
Second, the image analysis of abandoned wives
(1) Gao Feng
The valley came quickly and fiercely, with dark clouds and heavy rain. Husband and wife share joys and sorrows, and should not be angry and incompatible.
Pick dysprosium and collect Philippine, without the following body. Throw away the good old words: till death do us part.
Walk out the door slowly, your feet are tempted to endure. Don't send the far one near, the latter only knows how to send it to the door.
Who calls tea bitter? It is as sweet as water. New faint feast, such as brother.
Weihe River enters Jingshui, although Hunhe River is clear. Yaner is new here, dizzy, and can't help it.
Don't pass me, don't send me away! I bow and don't study, I pity my queen!
I like to cross the river deeply, using rafts and boats to cross the river. As the river was clear and shallow, I swam to the other side.
There is nothing at home that you need to do wholeheartedly. If the neighbors are in trouble, help will not be delayed.
Yes, I can, but make me my goal. My good intentions, you don't look like goods that no one bought.
Once upon a time, I was afraid of family poverty and adversity. Now that my family is getting better and better, I think you hate me like an evil spirit.
Prepare dried vegetables and pickles and store them for the winter. The banquet is new, and I am anti-poor.
Rough students bully me, and I bear the burden of hard work. The original feelings are over, and the past love is blank.
The whole poem is written in the heroine's self-reported tone, without angry words, but full of sad words. Through the heroine's self-narrative language, her industrious, kind, docile and weak personality is clearly presented to the readers.
The heroine is hardworking and kind. When her husband's family is in trouble, she can wholeheartedly start a family business with her husband ("I was afraid of parenting before, but I was subverted"); Do one's best to be a good neighbor ("In this regard, we can make it a boat. As the river was clear and shallow, I swam to the other side. There is nothing at home that you need to do wholeheartedly. Everyone has a funeral and they will keep it. " ).
The heroine is gentle and affectionate. This is first manifested in her infatuation with her husband. She endured her husband's cold face. Even when he turned against each other and often provoked family disputes and wanted to abandon her, she still showed her loyalty with emotion and reason. She gently advised her husband not to look at the color but the heart, not to forget the oath, and hoped that her husband would change his mind ("We are United and should not be angry. Pick dysprosium and collect Philippine, without the following body. Virtue endures, mutually assured destruction "). When she learned that her husband was completely heartless and that love had drowned, she still didn't condemn her husband's heartlessness. She just asked gently in a reproachful tone, "If you don't miss the past, I will come." Have you forgotten all the old days? You once loved me! ) She is attached to her husband's previous "love", with warmth in anger and fantasy in blame. Secondly, she defended her abandonment. Her husband likes the new and hates the old, blaming her for being old and ugly. She insisted on defending herself. In the poem, Jing turbid water is compared to Wei water, because compared with Wei water, if Jing water stops flowing, it is clear. The implication is that he is not unattractive, and his appearance is not necessarily worse than that of the bride. It's just that her husband is infatuated with the beauty of the new wedding banquet and never wants to be near her again ("it's awkward to be turbid and nourish essence").
The heroine is confident and self-reliant. Although the heroine yearns for the old love and hopes that her husband will change his mind, she will be angry with her husband's rude feelings. However, she did not reprimand her husband, nor did she cry and plead in a low voice. "Don't let me die, don't let me die" implies the heroine's characteristics of both rigidity and softness. This confidence comes from her own affirmation ("the river is turbid, the river is turbid."
The other side of the heroine's personality, diligence, kindness, tenderness, self-confidence and self-improvement, is her weakness. For the arduous work at home, she tried her best to bear it, worked hard, and repeatedly endured her husband's emotional indifference and torture. She tried to change her mind even when her husband welcomed the new students and put her in unbearable humiliation. When she was abandoned and had to go back to her parents' house, she deliberately walked slowly, still hoping that her husband would come to see her off, even if it was to see her out of the door. "The road was delayed and the center opposed it. It's not far. Give me a present. "This weakness can not help but make readers mourn his misfortune, but also want to provoke him.
This work vividly depicts the complex character of the heroine and a moving image of a persistent, hardworking, gentle and affectionate working woman in ancient China.
(2) "Feng Wei seeks self-protection"
Embrace trade silk for self-protection. When robbers came to trade silk, they came to me.
Sending a child involves gas, as for Dunqiu. When I was a robber, I had no good media.
There is no anger in the child, and autumn lasts.
Take the other side of the wall to get back to the customs. I didn't see the resumption of customs, so I cried.
Seeing the resumption of GATT, I was full of laughter and laughter. Well, Parr, the body is not responsible.
Driving your car to bribe me to move.
Mulberry leaves flourish before they fall. In the nest, there is no mulberry;
I am a girl, so I don't have to worry about it. The anxiety of scholars can still be said;
You can't say a woman is worried.
Mulberry fell, yellow, and fell. Self-pity, poor three years old.
Qishui soup, curtain skirt. Women are unhappy, and scholars do their best.
Scholars are also extremely useless.
Being a woman at the age of three is exhausting. Sleepless all night, there must be a dynasty.
As for violence, what you say must be done. My brother didn't know, but he smiled.
Calm down and think about it, and you will bow your head and feel sorry for yourself.
Being together always makes me complain. Qi has a shore and discipline has a plate.
General's corner banquet, talking and laughing. Swear, forget it.
On the contrary, I don't think about it. I'm already embarrassed!
The whole poem describes the whole process of love, marriage, humiliation and abandonment between the heroine and her husband, expresses her regret and determination, and clearly presents her industrious, kind, gentle and peaceful character to readers.
The heroine is polite. When my sweetheart came to propose, she didn't agree, because there was no matchmaker and it was impolite ("I won't have a good matchmaker").
The heroine is gentle and affectionate. First of all, it is manifested in the infatuation with the sweetheart before marriage. The woman refused to get married because there was no good media, which caused the man's dissatisfaction and anger, so she sent the man home. After a long time, the woman finally agreed to get married on the road ("the child is not angry, the autumn lasts"). Since then, women have been looking forward to their sweetheart's wedding every day ("there are ears across the wall looking forward to returning"); I can't help crying when I haven't seen my sweetheart ("I cried when I didn't see the reentering"). After being mercilessly abandoned by her husband, a woman still remembers the childhood happiness she spent with her husband ("the banquet at General's Corner, laughing and laughing") and her husband's love oath ("grow old together").
The heroine works hard. She did not abandon her husband's poverty, but took on all the housework and worked hard day and night ("I was poor at the age of three." "Three years old is a waste of time for women. If you can't sleep at night, there must be a dynasty. " ).
The heroine is confident and self-reliant and knows the fate of Tianan. "A woman is unhappy" is her affirmation to herself. She thinks that she has done nothing wrong, and it makes no sense for her husband to abandon her. She is extremely sad for her husband. "What a scholar did" and "It is useless for a scholar, and virtue is two or three" are her direct reprimands for her husband's unjust behavior. However, she has no ability to resist being abandoned by her husband. The heroine knows that there is no room and possibility for recovery, and she can only grieve alone and regret marrying the wrong husband ("bow her head and mourn for herself"). In this case, she can only accept her fate, "instead of thinking, it is already embarrassing", and she can only silently follow her misfortune.
(3) Feng Wang medieval postal scale.
Motherwort in the valley will wither and dry up. A woman was abandoned, sighing and distressed.
Alas, I met someone who was unlucky.
Motherwort in the valley will scorch and dry up if it dries up. A woman was abandoned, sighing and screaming silently.
It's embarrassing, and it's embarrassing to meet people.
Motherwort in the valley will scorch and dry up if it dries up. A woman was abandoned, sobbing and crying.
Take a sip and cry. Why not?
This is a poem that pities his wife and abandons her children. The poet sympathetically uses the withered motherwort in the valley as an image to compare the image of an abandoned wife. When the unhappy heroine is abandoned, "sigh, scream, cry" goes on in three stages. She sighed first, then sighed, and finally cried, creating an image of an abandoned wife who was sad, resentful and self-regretful.
(4) Zheng Feng Methodist.
Walking along the road, mixing with your son's departure,
Do all kinds of evil!
Walk along the road, stir by hand,
I am ugly, I might as well not win!
This poem neither recalls nor regrets the past of the abandoned wife, nor tells the bitter grievances, nor denounces the ungrateful man. Instead, it intercepted a typical scene: the abandoned woman followed the ungrateful man, holding his sleeve and hand, begging him not to forget the old feelings and not to abandon herself. These words and deeds clearly show the heroine's persistence, infatuation and bitterness. Women's "hand-in-hand" and "hand-in-hand" actions and mourning words vividly depict women's helplessness and make people feel sympathy. The condescension of "no evil, no evil" indirectly shows women's lack of confidence.
Third, the multi-level analysis of abandoned wives' poems
(A) Abandonment factors (see Table 2)
As can be seen from Table 2, the decline of womanhood has become the main factor for husbands to abandon their wives, and the change of environment-the improvement of life-has further promoted the changes in men's minds-"learning, trying their best" and "being virtuous". But this is only a literal analysis from the poem, and we should see the relevant factors reflected behind the text and the background of the whole social history. A problem worthy of study is abandoning his wife and having no children. Children should be most worried about abandoned wives, but there is no sympathy for children in these four poems. In that historical era, the main task of marriage was to carry on the family line, and infertility would become the primary factor for a wife to be abandoned by her husband. In addition, in that feudal patriarchal society, men have the initiative in marriage, and women have no resistance to ungrateful husbands. Therefore, in this unequal society between men and women, these factors are not decisive, and the social status centered on men and the customs of the whole society are the fundamental reasons why women are abandoned.
Table 2 Abandonment factors and attitudes after abandonment
The attitude of abandoned factors after being abandoned.
Life in "Gu Feng" has improved "birth and education"
Female color declines "Jing turbidity follows Wei"
When a man marries a "new banquet", he complains without anger, and there is hope in complaining.
Feng Weimeng's life has been improved. "Do whatever you say."
Women's color declines. "Mulberry has fallen, but it is yellow."
Men are full of regrets and have no illusions.
In Youheng, Feng Wang, the color of women declined.
Men are not good at "unlucky for everyone", and they feel sad, complain and regret themselves alone.
In "Zheng Feng Along the Road", the woman's color declines, "I am ugly", crying and begging for mercy.
(2) Attitude after being abandoned (see Table 2)
These four abandoned wives show different attitudes towards being abandoned, reflecting everyone's different personality, which can be found in the character analysis in the second chapter. Compared with Meng, the heroine in Tai Feng is more confident and independent. She not only feels beautiful, but also has a certain ability to make a living. This is the capital that she hopes her husband will change his mind. Therefore, there is resentment and anger in the whole poem, and there is hope if there is resentment. The heroine of Feng Wei's Self-protection thinks that she is old and her complexion is fading, and her husband can't change his mind, so she can only regret herself bitterly and have no illusions. The two heroines in Feng Wang Nakatani Youheng and Zheng Feng Zun Lu Da have the worst self-confidence. The difference is that they are introverted and extroverted, and their attitude is that they are sad, self-pitying, crying and begging.
(3) Life after being abandoned
There is no direct description of the life of abandoned wives in the poems of abandoned wives in The Book of Songs. In that historical period, abandoned women could only go back to their parents' home to live, but in their parents' home, women were not only not understood, but also laughed at by their brothers ("they laughed when they didn't know"). There will naturally be nothing to see in life, and the life of a wife abandoned in her parents' home will be very embarrassing. Therefore, self-reliance is the only choice to abandon his wife and support himself like the heroine in Gu Feng ("I have a purpose to save, but also for my own winter").
(4) The general characteristics of ancient married women.
Through the analysis of the image of abandoned wives, we have an overall impression of ancient married women, and we can see their mental outlook and good moral character.
1. Diligent. Such as: Gu Feng, Gu Feng, What is death? I begged it. All the mourners, climb over to save them. ""I used to be afraid of carrying bows, and I was subverted. "
; "Feng Wei for Self-protection" "Self-pity, poor three years old. Being a woman at the age of three is exhausting. If you can't sleep at night, there must be a dynasty. "
2. docile and affectionate. Such as: "Feng Wei seeks self-protection", "The general has no anger, and the autumn is long. Take the other side of the wall to get back to the customs. I didn't see the resumption of customs, so I cried. Seeing the resumption of GATT, I was full of laughter and words. "
3. Self-affirmation. For example, Gu Feng and Gao Feng "pick the cymbals and pick the Philippines, there is no following body", "Jing turbidity follows Wei, which is embarrassing"; Feng Weimeng: "Women are unhappy".
4. Feelings are single-minded and nostalgic. Such as: "Gu Feng, Gu Feng" "Road resistance, the central anti-. Not far from Iraq, send me a gift ","If you don't miss the past, I will come here "; "Feng Wei for self-protection" and "Banquet at the General's Corner, laughing and laughing"; "Zheng Feng follows the Tao" is "I am not evil, I don't take old things" and "I am ugly, I don't take good things!" .
5. Be weak and accept your fate. Such as: "Feng Wei Meng" and "Do your best without thinking"; Feng Wang has a constant in the Middle Ages, I sigh, I scream, I cry, what's the point?
Four. conclusion
The abandoned wives' poems in The Book of Songs have successfully created a vivid image of abandoned wives. We have seen the tragic fate of abandoned wives in that era. They once created a home with their husbands through love, sharing weal and woe, and those husbands who abandoned them have vowed to live with their children. But when their lives are stable and carefree and their faces are gone, their husbands will like new things and hate them. In that patriarchal society, they are helpless and helpless. It is in their bitter complaints that we have a deeper understanding of the social reality that men are superior to women.
References:
Chu Binjie: Outline of China Literature History, Beijing, Peking University Publishing House, 1986.
Chu Binjie: The Book of Songs, Peking University Publishing House, 2002.
Chu Binjie: Complete Notes on the Book of Songs, Beijing, People's Literature Publishing House, 1999.
Wei: Chu Ci and its fine works. Changchun, Times Literature and Art Publishing House, 1995.
Yu Guanying: Selected Poems, Beijing People's Literature Publishing House, 1956.
Shen Zeyi: A New Interpretation of The Book of Songs, Shanghai, Lin Xue Publishing House, 2000.
Nie Shiqiao: A New Book of Songs, Jinan, Qilu Bookstore, 2000.