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The spread and acceptance of Dickens and his novels in China in the 20th century.
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The spread and acceptance of Dickens and his novels in China in the 20th century.
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Author: Ge
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Comparative Literature and Comparative Cultural Studies
(Nanjing University, Nanjing 2 10093)
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In the first half of the 20th century, Dickens and many of his works were introduced to China, which greatly promoted ordinary readers to understand and grasp the extraordinary life experience, unique writing style and immortal literary contribution of this English novelist. In the second half of the 20th century, our evaluation of Dickens has always emphasized the critical and exposed features of his works, his humanitarian sympathy for the lower classes, and many related limitations. However, the creation method of Dickens' novels is far from the "realistic" creation method in the general sense. We should also give a positive and objective evaluation of his humanitarian thought.
[Keywords:] Dickens' humanitarian influence on China.
[China Library Classification Number] IO-03 [Document Identification Number] A [Document Number] JS07-005 (2000) 02-0114-07
[Date of receipt] March 5, 2000
[Fund Project] The social science fund project "English Writers and China" of Jiangsu Education Commission is one of the achievements of the project.
[Author Brief Introduction] Ge, male, born in 1967, is an associate professor in the Chinese Department of Huaiyin Normal University, a doctoral student majoring in comparative literature and world literature in the Chinese Department of Nanjing University, and the author (executive editor) of Bibi Literature Course.
First, "modality overlap in a beautiful society"
-Dickens was in China in the first half of the 20th century.
In the first half of the 20th century, every China reader who likes Dickens' works should first thank Lin Shu, because he was the first to bring Dickens to China. As a famous modern writer and translator in China, Lin Shu was the first person to introduce western literature to China on a large scale. It was after he came into contact with Dickens that he really realized the beauty of western literature. Therefore, among all his translations, Dickens' novels are the most important. From 1907 to 1909, Lin Shu translated five novels of Dickens: Funny Foreign History, The Story of Filial Piety, A Piece of Meat for the Rest of My Life, A Thief's History and Frozen Career. [1] These translations are recognized as ideal novels translated by Lin Shu. It is through his translation that readers in China get to know this famous British novelist for the first time. It has exerted a great influence on China's new literature writers.
After Lin Shu translated and introduced five kinds of Dickens' novels and had an important influence, a group of translators introduced several Dickens' works in succession during the Republic of China, which was deeply loved by people. In terms of novels, Yi Xue and Chen Jialin translated the Biography of Elegant Beauty (two volumes, namely Little Li Du); Wei translated A Tale of Two Cities (A Tale of Two Cities); Chang Jue and Fluttershy translated the History of Laughing and Wandering (two volumes, namely the abridged translation of Mr. Pickwick's Biography) [2]. Dickens' short stories and stories also have some translations, and some works have many translations. For example, the novella A Christmas Carol in Dickens' A Christmas Story has three classical Chinese versions, two vernacular versions and a parody version. Among them, Jing Sheng's translation of Ren Yanmeng was published in 19 14 Fiction Times 21; Sun's translation of Ode to the Birth of Jesus was published in Volume 5,No. 19 15 of Novel Monthly. 19 19 Shanghai Dongfu Brothers Library also published a translation of Ghost History by Wen Yehe. 1928, Shanghai Business Club published Xie's translation of Three Souls; 1945 Chongqing Cultural Life Publishing House published Fang Jing's translation of A Christmas Carol. The parody based on Dickens' story is "A Man who Insults Christmas" published by a Tianjin man in Saturday magazine [3]. This novella, translated or imitated for everyone, fully embodies Dickens' great idea that people must have more trust and love, and reflects the common aspiration of everyone through the process of an old and stingy businessman from extreme contempt for Christmas to sincere belief in the spirit of Christmas, from ruthlessness to gentleness and generosity. In addition, the novel is spread out through three ghosts, and its conception is peculiar, so it is deeply loved by readers.
Dickens' novella The Battle of Life is also one of the Christmas stories. In this novel, Zhou Shoujuan's classical version of Love and Chen Yuan's vernacular version of The Battle of Life appeared [4]. Dickens' short story "Star" also has translations by Yan Qiao, Yu Pei and Zhou Shoujuan [5]. Zhou Shoujuan also translated Dickens' other novels, such as Phantom and Dust of the Past.
Before the 1920s, there were some articles introducing and commenting on Dickens. 19 1 1 In the fourth issue of the second year of Novel Monthly, an introduction to the release of exquisite portraits commemorating Dickens' centenary birthday was published. Sun wrote in Volume 4, No.3 19 13 of Novel Monthly that Dickens was "not only in one country, but also famous in the world." He also spoke highly of the social function of Dickens' novels, especially introduced Dickens' specialty in depicting characters, which shows that the author's appreciation for the artistic charm of Dickens' novels is beyond words. At the same time, it also shows that China's understanding and acceptance of Dickens' novels at the beginning of this century are mainly reflected in two aspects: the distinctive social function of the works and the exquisite art of character description.
In the 1920s, there were also many translations of Dickens' works. 1922 in April, the fourth issue of Xue Heng magazine published a portrait of Dickens. 1926 novel world 13 volume 14 to volume 14 volume 25 serialized Dickens' masterpiece Hard Times (now translated into Hard Times), translated by Wu Guangjian, published by Shanghai Commercial Museum 1926. In addition, in June 65438 +0928+10/October 65438, Wei Yi translated and published another representative work of Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities. A Tale of Two Cities translated and annotated by Shen Buzhou and others was also published by Zhonghua Book Company in Shanghai.
There are also many works about Dickens' evaluation and introduction in this period. Xie gave a comprehensive introduction to Dickens' creation in the article of Volume 13 No.6 of Novel Monthly. [7] Dickens is known as the most influential British novelist who describes social poverty after Scott. Thread magazine published the article "On Dickens" by German critic Mellinger. This paper introduces Dickens, a great novelist who is most loved by Germans. He has strong creativity and is convinced of his democratic and compassionate side [8].
Zhou Shoujuan translated some Dickens' novels, and at the same time, he introduced some anecdotes about Dickens to us many times. For example, the literati who love decoration [9] reflects one aspect of Dickens' life after he became famous. At the same time, Zhou Shoujuan also took Dickens' artistic creation characteristics as an example to show that it is not difficult to make novels, "but we must pay attention to everything in society." All the trifles. Slight staining. Don't interrupt This is depicted with a vivid pen. Then there will be an article out of manuscript. It was not a famous work before it started. It also points out that Dickens' method of drawing materials from this novel has many influences on his own creation. [ 10].
Han Zheng Shi also thinks Dickens is the most unique writer in English literature in the article/kloc-English novels in the first half of the 9th century. He has two great talents, that is, he can add artificial life to the dead; Can capture and describe the special shapes of characters like a great painter. In this paper, it is emphasized that Dickens has the talent of satirist. He can observe some strange things in an instant and draw them vividly and exaggeratedly. [ 1 1]
Compared with the 1920s, the 1930s was the climax of the translation and introduction of Dickens. The History of English Literature translated by Lin Huiyuan published by Shanghai Beixin Bookstore 1930 introduces Dickens' life experience, creative style, great achievements and the remarkable influence of his humanitarian novels in detail. According to the book, Dickens, as the greatest and most original writer in the history of English literature, used novels to awaken people to advocate humane reform of social ills, so he was the leader of the reform movement in the literary field. 193 1 year, The Boys Written by Dickens by Ms. Li Jie of the United States was translated and published by Shanghai Stone Light Society. When talking about Dickens in volumes 65438-0933 of Modern European Literature (Shanghai Business Edition), Lu also clearly revealed the novel theme of expressing personal resistance to society in his works. 1934, Chinese Weekly published a translated article entitled "The Secret Archives of the British Museum Newly Discovered in English Literature-The Tears History of the Famous Novelist Mrs Dickens", which timely introduced Dickens' emotional experience, unsatisfactory family life and many performances in his novels to China readers. 1935, an article by Zhu Zi was published in 55 Chinese magazines. 1936, the 4th and 6th issues of volume 6 of Literature magazine also published articles introducing the centenary of the publication of Dickens' masterpiece The Biography of Mr. Pickwick in Britain and America. In addition, there are many works that introduce Dickens and his novel art in detail, such as Lecture on Western Literature (English Literature by Ceng Xubai) published in 1935, History of the Development of English Fiction published in 1936 (Wilbur L. Cross) and 1937.
1937 is the 25th anniversary of Dickens' birthday/kloc-0. This year, the first issue of the new three volumes of the translation published the "Dickens Special Issue", and the translation introduced three articles. The first article is a commemorative article written by Soviet critics, "On Dickens-a Realistic Master Fighting for Humanity". The article points out that Dickens, as an advocate of humanistic feelings, describes the situation of the little people in his novels, but his works also show obvious ideological contradictions: "He wants to get rid of the social ugliness produced by the capitalist system, but he doesn't touch the system itself, so he supports the creative activities of clear mitigation methods, and thus he hopes to compromise between labor and capital and between the rich and the poor. This produced his reconciled Christmas story, which reflected Dickens' character as a middle-class humanitarian "[12]. The author thinks that this tendency of reconciliation is the negative side of Dickens' thought. Through this translation, we can see the overall evaluation criteria of western humanitarian writers including Dickens in Soviet academic circles at that time, and then set the tone for China academic circles to comment on these western writers with humanitarian thoughts after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Another article published in the first issue of the new three-volume translation is Foucault's Young Diegens, which shows us Dickens' childhood sufferings, young people's entrepreneurial process and his unique creative talent. In addition, this issue of Translation also published Dickens and the Art of Fiction by French biographer Mo Luoya translated by Xu Tianhong. In the third and fourth issues of the new three volumes, the translation has successively translated and introduced Mo Luoya's Life and Works of Dickens (the first and second parts). Later, Mo Luoya's Philosophy of Dickens was also translated and introduced in the sixth issue of Modern Literature and Art of 194 1. The above four parts are all the contents of Mo Luoya's famous biography Dickens Review. Later, the book was published by Chongqing Cultural Life Publishing House (July edition, 1943). Although Mo Luoya is French, his understanding of Dickens seems to be deeper than that of most British critics, and many of his views are extremely novel and enlightening. Therefore, the translation and introduction of Mo Luoya's critical biography will help our readers understand Dickens comprehensively, profoundly and meticulously.
In the third issue of the new three-volume translation, an article by American woman writer Pearl Buck, I owe Dickens, was also published. In addition, the first issue of the new three-volume translation published a special issue of Dickens, and also published 65,438+00 pictures about Dickens' portrait, life, writing and residence in different periods. In a word, many translations and pictures published in Translation magazine have played a very good role in our deeper understanding of Dickens, and also brought a satisfactory end to China's introduction of Dickens in 1930s.
In the 1940s, there was a new upsurge in the translation of Dickens' works, but there were few comments and introduction articles about Dickens, but they saw a new perspective. For example, Zhu accepted and understood Dickens and his works from the perspective of religion. In Christianity and Literature, he called Dickens a humanitarian writer. His works often reveal Christian thoughts and feelings, and many of his works are based on the gospels of the New Testament. [ 13]。 Lin Hai, on the other hand, analyzes and evaluates the creative characteristics of Dickens and his novels from a comparative perspective. After comparing Dickens' and Thackeray's novels, Lin Hai vividly pointed out: "Dickens, like a religious figure, stood at the crossroads, shouldering the banner of humanitarianism, and painstakingly saved people's hearts. Thackeray, on the other hand, is like a philosopher of Lucretius School, sitting on the sofa on the eighth floor of/kloc-0, leaning over those who procrastinate and want to make a fool of themselves, and giving a few regrets or knowing smiles by the way. " . However, the author thinks: "Think about it, Thackeray, who sits on the 18 floor and looks on coldly, is more reliable than Dickens, who stands on the cross street and closes his eyes and talks nonsense" [14]. Other critical articles, such as Jiang Tianzuo, discuss the extremely flexible and rich language use in Dickens' novels from the perspective of translation [15]; An article translated by He Jiahuai fully shows the immortal artistic charm of Dickens' works through the vivid situation that a teenager loves Dickens' novels [16]; In another article, Lin Hai also introduced Dickens and his works in detail, including Dickensian humanism [17].
Dickens' works translated and published in this period are quite rich. Except for the previous editions, many of them are first editions. For example, The Story of Dusk (six short stories, Chongqing Qiangzi Publishing House, February 1944) and Cricket by the Fireside (Shanghai Tonghui Publishing House1October1947+065438) translated by Zou; David copperfield has been translated (Chongqing Cultural Life Publishing House, June edition 1945) and translated by Dong (Shanghai Camel Bookstore, June edition 1947). Oliver Twist is translated by Jiang Tianzuo (1948 March Shanghai Camel Bookstore); A Tale of Two Cities was translated by Master Hai (Shanghai He Zhong Bookstore April 1940), Xu Tianhong (Chongqing Cultural Life Publishing House 10/946) and Luo Jinan (Shanghai Camel Bookstore May 1947). The Biography of Pickwick is translated by Xu Tianhong (1945165438+10 Shangrao Battlefield Book Publishing House) and Jiang Tianzuo (1948 March Shanghai Camel Bookstore). Most of these translations are accompanied by the preface or postscript of the translator, which gives a detailed and in-depth introduction and analysis of the novelist and his works, which is of great help to guide readers to understand and accept Dickens.
In a word, the above is a description of China's translation of Dickens and his works in the first half of the 20th century. However, Dickens' acceptance and influence in China during this period were not comparable to those of Russian writers such as Turgenev, Dostoevsky and lev tolstoy in both breadth and depth. Russian literature has aroused great interest and eager yearning of pioneers of new literature in China. The reason is that the similar national conditions between China and Russia have contributed to the profound literary intimacy between China and Russia, which is unmatched by any other literature in Europe. It is the needs of social reality and the requirements of literature itself that make China writers have this kind of affection and intimacy for Russian literature. Relatively speaking, other European writers, including Dickens, have a lower position in the minds of China's new literature writers. Moreover, the idealism, romanticism and humanitarianism in Dickens' realistic novels are hardly accepted by new writers who advocate that society is life. In addition, in terms of national cultural psychology, China writers have some psychological obstacles when they accept the British national psychology and cultural life shown in Dickens' novels. Therefore, Dickens could not reach the level of comprehensive, profound and conscious acceptance during this period.
Second, "social critics who fight for human nature"
-Dickens was in China in the second half of the 20th century.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the first article about Dickens was a translation called "America in Dickens", which was translated from a Soviet publication. This paper discusses Dickens' trip to the United States from 65438 to 0842 and his notes on his visit to the United States, and holds that Dickens' experience in the United States aroused his anger and censure, while the notes on his visit to the United States accused American social organizations and all lifestyles, and exposed the true face of American slave owners. At the same time, the article also points out that Dickens' book has not lost its authenticity today, and the social and national system it reveals also belongs to the United States in this century, and it is now fantasizing about turning the whole people into obedient slaves [18].
China's research and evaluation of Dickens was deeply influenced by the academic viewpoints of the Soviet Union. When accepting Dickens, the academic circles in the Soviet Union put special emphasis on the critical and exposed contents in his works, the duality of democracy and humanitarianism, and the realistic creative methods, and explicitly opposed the understanding and evaluation of Dickens by British and American critics. This can be clearly seen in two articles translated from the Soviet Union published in the first issue of 1956 "Literature and History Translation Series": an overview of English literature and an evaluation of Dickens' works. The author of the latter article also said that the British reactionary critics completely lost their national pride, did not know how to care for their great art, kept silent about their great heritage, or deliberately belittled the distortion, suppressed the significance of their exposed works, belittled his critical significance in creating images, and avoided talking about critical realism methods, calling him a romantic writer. Furthermore, it is believed that western bourgeois critics can't reveal the true content and significance of Dickens' realism, and only Soviet literature and art armed with Marxism–Leninism's method and the works of Russian revolutionary democratic critics in the 9th century can give Dickens a scientific evaluation [19]. Influenced by this research idea of Soviet academic circles, the starting point and basic content of China scholars' evaluation of Dickens are basically the same. For example, Quan Zengqi wrote "Talking about Dickens" at 1954 in order to refute the rejection of Dickens' works by British and American critics. In view of the British and American critics' view that Dickens' works are sloppy in structure, exaggerated in characters, explicit in ridicule and sentimental, this paper refutes them one by one with his works. At the end of the article, it is pointed out: "It is of great significance to read Dickens today. Today, capitalism in Britain, America and other countries is still rampant, although it is dying. In the struggle against capitalism, Dickens remains our ally and a powerful fighting force. " [20]
In the following years, the academic and reading circles attached great importance to Dickens' introduction and research, especially in 1957 and 1962, which had two climaxes.
During the period of 1957, China imported a large number of Dickens' works, which was caused by the performances of several films adapted from Dickens' novels in China, such as The Story of Pickwick, Tears of a Lone Star and Oliver Twist. In order to satisfy the audience's strong interest in Dickens and his works, scholars have written articles on Dickens and his related works in People's Daily, Liberation Daily, Beijing Daily, China Film and Popular Film. Although these introductions are common sense and appreciative, they provide a rare opportunity for ordinary readers in China to know Dickens. At that time, Talking about Dickens, written by Hua Linyi and published in the first issue of Journal of Nantah, analyzed Dickens' important work Hard Times. The method of social, political and historical criticism, which was first adopted in this paper, later became a basic research mode for people to evaluate western writers in China for a long time.
1962 is the 50th anniversary of Dickens' birthday 150, which has become an opportunity for China scholars to introduce and evaluate Dickens. Various newspapers and periodicals published a large number of articles, including some important research papers, which formed the real climax of introducing and studying Dickens in the seventeen years after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
Notable are articles by Nanjing University, Fan Cunzhong and Mr. Yao. Chen Jia's paper A Tale of Two Cities by Dickens was also written in response to various incorrect and even deliberately distorted opinions of British and American bourgeois literary historians and critics on their understanding and evaluation of A Tale of Two Cities. This paper not only refutes the fallacy that many bourgeois literary critics try to belittle Dickens and say that he denigrates the French Revolution, but also points out that Dickens' class limitations and humanitarianism make him adopt a series of incorrect or even fundamentally wrong attitudes towards the historical process of the French Revolution, but does not deny the justice and inevitability of the French Revolution [2 1]. Fan Cunzhong's paper Dickens and the American Problem summarizes Dickens' reflection on the American situation in the mid-Kloc-0/9th century and his understanding of some social problems in the United States, and holds that the materials he provided are more real and typical than those contributed by traditional historians in many aspects, which is of great progressive significance. [22] Yao's article Dickens from Hard Times pointed out that Dickens exposed social ugliness and sympathized with the sufferings and misfortunes of the poor people, but it also showed that his practice of transforming social reality with emotion and friendship as a prescription would lead people to the right path of struggle. The article also points out the harmful side of Dickens' humanitarian thought, that is, opposing the proletarian revolutionary movement with abstract love and trying to replace class struggle with class harmony. [23] A comprehensive analysis of Dickens' creation in this period is a 30,000-word paper "Dickens' Creative Process and Ideological Characteristics" published by Yang in Literary Review (No.6, 1962).
The above commentary focuses on ideological content analysis and tends to discuss social and political aspects, so the conclusions are similar. 1962+65438 Wang Zuoliang published Dickens and Others in Guangming Daily on February 20th, which was the only article focusing on the artistic analysis of Dickens' novels at that time. Although the length of this paper is short, it firmly grasps Dickens' creative characteristics, and points out that in his novel art, the blending of real details and poetic atmosphere, the blending of specific plots and far-reaching social significance, and the humorous and tragic basic life situation make Dickens' works rich and dramatic.
To sum up, looking back at Dickens' acceptance in China during the seventeen years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, we can see that:
First, the understanding and evaluation of Dickens was greatly influenced by the academic circles of the former Soviet Union. Using the methods of Marxism and social and historical criticism, this paper analyzes the ideological content of Dickens' works from two aspects: ideological viewpoint and research method, with special emphasis on his criticism and exposure of capitalist society, his humanitarian sympathy for the lower class and the application of realistic creative methods. At the same time, it also points out Dickens' class limitation, advocating the duality of class harmony theory and humanitarian thought, which was caused by the political climate and theoretical orientation at that time.
Secondly, an important starting point of studying Dickens is to refute the relevant comments of British and American literary historians and literary critics, thinking that this can defend Dickens' outstanding position in the history of literature. Another important starting point of introducing and evaluating Dickens is to make the past serve the present, so as to understand and treat the ugly social reality of the current Anglo-American capitalist countries, focusing on the cognitive value and documentary value of Dickens' novels, while ignoring or even rejecting their aesthetic value. The reason is related to the international political situation in which the Sino-Soviet Oriental Group opposed the Anglo-American capitalist camp at that time, and it also made the evaluation and acceptance of Dickens an important aspect of anti-British and anti-American activities, which played a role as a weapon, so the research in this period was marked with a distinct historical era.
After the Cultural Revolution, the introduction and research of Dickens, as an outstanding representative of critical realism, reached a new climax. , 1978 On Dickens' Tale of Two Cities in the first issue of Foreign Literature Studies and 1979' s Dickens, an outstanding writer who criticizes realism, basically inherited the overall evaluation of Dickens before the Cultural Revolution and laid the foundation for China academic circles to comment on Dickens for a long time after the new period.
In the 1980s, there were many articles introducing and studying Dickens, and new research trends appeared, which were embodied in the following aspects.
There are many critical articles about humanitarianism in Dickens' works, but all of them point out its duality and highlight its negative significance. The "Left" tendency in some article comments is quite obvious, which shows that we should try our best to understand this dominant idea in Dickens' novel creation objectively and deeply.
Dickens' outstanding achievements in characterization are well known. During this period, there was an article devoted to the characters in his works. Ruren discusses the unique "freak portrait" in Dickens' works [24]; Guo Shanbao believes that a prominent feature of Dickens' humanitarianism is to focus on shaping children's images; [25]。 Other articles talked about Dickens' images of working people, women and flat characters.
The content about the artistic characteristics of Dickens' works has always been concerned, and there are many articles in this regard. Pan Yaoquan's article made a general discussion on this earlier [26]. Li Zhaoxing, Guo Shanbao and Wang Li also expounded Dickens' novels in their articles, which were enlightening [27].
What deserves our attention is that during this period, when evaluating Dickens' works, some articles broke through the traditional conclusions and showed a new understanding that was more in line with the actual situation of Dickens' novel creation. For example, A Christmas Carol, as an excellent work full of humanitarian thoughts, was unanimously criticized and denied by most critics in the past because it advocated the idea of reconciling class contradictions. This simplistic comment, which follows the "class theory", was challenged in the early 1980s. Guo Shanbao believes that the more important value of this work lies in the exploration of the duality of human nature, and it is the exploration of how people lose their humanity and how to return to it. Dickens' profundity lies in seeing that the evil of capitalist society lies not only in class oppression and the opposition between the rich and the poor, but also in destroying human nature and all human nature, and the loss of all human nature is the main drawback and deeper trauma of capitalist system. The return of all human nature is the main problem that society urgently needs to solve. As a humanitarian writer, Dickens' sympathy is poured not only on the suffering working people, but also on all those who are forced to lose their humanity [28].
Compared with the general negative criticism of A Christmas Carol in the past, Dickens' another work, Notes on a Beautiful Journey, has received unanimous positive comments. People only see Dickens' exposure and criticism of all aspects of American social life and system, especially slavery, which is quite different from the actual situation described in the work itself. In the preface to the Chinese version of Notes on a Visit to the United States, Zhang Ling clearly pointed out that Dickens' visit to the United States was full of vigor and prosperity in the early stage of capitalist development, and Dickens' affirmation of certain aspects of American society at that time was in line with the historical truth. In the past, some critics interpreted Dickens' view of the United States inaccurately only according to the needs of the international situation and international relations at that time, such as exaggerating Dickens' criticism of some prison management systems in the United States to reflect the "inhumanity of the prison system", interpreting Dickens' general introduction or slight evaluation of American nationality, social customs and daily life at that time as strong condemnation and accusation, and others indiscriminately thought that it was because they affirmed and praised some advantages of American society at that time. These views of Zhang Ling should be instructive for us to objectively re-evaluate Dickens' works.
Zhu Hong published a series of articles on the appreciation of Dickens' novels from 1982 to 1984, covering most of Dickens' works. These articles were later collected and published, and became the singles of Dickens' Novel Appreciation (Shanxi People's Publishing House 1985). The magazine Appreciation of Masterpieces also serialized the contents of the Commentary on Dickens translated by Zhu from the fourth issue 1984, which was also published by Shanxi People's Publishing House as a single book with 1984+0 1. In addition, Dickens' works published in this period include: The Collection of Dickens' Comments edited by Luo (Shanghai Translation Publishing House 198 1), Dickens, a great English novelist (Beijing Publishing House 1983) and Dickens' Comments by Ivashova (Guangdong People's Publishing House/kloc-0). These works greatly promoted the process of extensive popularization and in-depth study of Dickens and his works in China, and created favorable conditions for Dickens' acceptance in China.
Since 1990s, many biographies about Dickens have been published, such as Dickens: His Tragedy and Victory by Edgar Johnson (Tianjin People's Publishing House 1992) and Cha by Jackson.