Marxist ecological philosophy is consistent with China's traditional thought of "harmony between man and nature". The following is what I bring to you about Marx's ecological philosophy theory and its guiding significance, hoping to help you!
Ecological philosophy is a theoretical system composed of ecological view, harmonious view and dialectics of nature, which mainly embodies the characteristics of human subjectivity, scientificity and practicality. Marx's ecological philosophy theory more clearly embodies the subjectivity of human beings, who are the first subject of practice. Marx's ecological philosophy theory is the theoretical basis of building an ecological civilized society and the theoretical guidance of social harmony, stability and sustainable development.
Although Marx and Engels did not clearly put forward the concept of ecological philosophy, their ecological philosophy thought had already formed. Social contradictions and class contradictions brought about by capitalist big industry have deepened sharply; Industrial development makes people plunder land crazily and destroy forest vegetation infinitely, which makes Marx and Engels foresee the serious impact of ecological problems on human beings and predict the development of ecological philosophy. Ecology is an academic study on the logical relationship among human beings, nature and society. These relations are philosophical relations to clarify how man and nature get along, and ecology will inevitably develop into ecological philosophy. Ecological philosophy is developed from ecology, which is mainly a philosophical theory to study ecological problems. Starting from the relationship between man and nature, ecological philosophy focuses on the harmonious unity of human social and natural ecosystem, and explores the dialectical relationship between man, society, technology, tools and nature. Whether the relationship between man and nature is harmonious and unified is the key for human beings to constantly change the world and achieve world success in social practice. To deal with the relationship between man and nature and build an ecological and civilized society, we must adhere to the correct theoretical guidance. Marx's ecological philosophy takes people as the main body, and takes the whole material world as the research object from the perspective of people. It clarifies what kind of natural laws ecological philosophy follows and reveals the importance of harmonious development of nature. Today, with the rapid development of society and serious ecological damage, Marx's ecological philosophy has a theoretical guiding role in social development.
First, an overview of Marx's ecological philosophy.
1, man is the first subject.
Marxist ecological philosophy is consistent with China's traditional thought of "harmony between man and nature". In Marx's ecological philosophy, man comes from nature and creates society. Finally, the harmony between man and nature and society will be realized, and the normal operation of the whole ecosystem will be maintained. Man and nature and society are the relations between whole and part, system and elements. The harmonious development between man and nature is the highest goal of the development of human society and the realization of human values. Marx and man's subjectivity thought is consistent with China's traditional thought of "harmony between man and nature", and is accepted by China in building a harmonious socialist society. Marx's ecological philosophy is people-oriented, and people are the first subject. This paper expounds the relationship between man and nature from the perspective of man's main interests. "People-oriented" means taking people as the main body of transforming the world and looking at nature from the perspective of people. In order to realize the interests of mankind, we must deal with the relationship between man and nature and realize the sustainable development of human society. Marx once said: "The foothold of old materialism is civil society, and the foothold of new materialism is human society or socialized people" [1]. People-oriented means to take people's interests as the main body, coordinate the harmonious relationship between people, society and nature, safeguard the overall interests, not forget the public because of personal interests, protect the ecological environment, and make nature and society develop continuously. Capitalist society, material production and material desire are above everything else, plundering nature endlessly, causing soil erosion, grassland degradation and desert expansion. Serious selfish behavior has brought great harm to the whole nature. Marx believes that the capitalist mode of production is a double-edged sword, which promotes the development of human civilization, but also destroys the ecological environment and challenges the ecological carrying capacity of nature. Therefore, we can't blindly adhere to the high-speed economic development, but start from the long-term development of human society and find a sustainable development path.
2. Scientific nature is the main feature of Marxist ecological philosophy.
Marx's description of ecological crisis is "mercilessly criticizing everything that exists". Even so, Marx did not simply comment on social factors such as science, economy, ideology, etc., but used theories that can stand the test to help people master philosophy. We should not only follow the basic theoretical laws, but also practice in accordance with specific principles such as abstract to concrete and individual to general. Marx used these principles to expose the sharp contradictions and conflicts between the capitalist profit-oriented socio-economic system and the ecological environment system, and revealed the macro and micro consequences of ecological destruction. Marx's ecological philosophy theory is a highly scientific science. First of all, Marx's ecological philosophy is based on natural science theory and natural ecological law. Second, Marx's ecological philosophy insists on the primacy of matter, starting from materialism, and matter determines consciousness. As long as people abide by the laws of natural operation, they can create materials and carry out practical activities according to the laws of nature, and they can obtain material means of production from nature in a sustainable way. Otherwise, it will cause the exhaustion of ecological resources and receive vicious feedback from nature. Third, Marx's ecological philosophy found the causes of ecological environment problems and ways to improve the ecology. Both Marx and Engels believe that capitalist predatory production is the main cause of ecological destruction. The old mode of production has not adapted to social development and will only hinder social development. It is urgent to find a new production development model. Only by finding a mode of production in which man and nature live in harmony can we realize the sustainable development of society. Nowadays, establishing an ecological civilized society is the best way to solve ecological problems. Fourthly, Marx's ecological philosophy is the organic unity of scientific world outlook and methodology. Dialectics of ecological philosophy is the unity of material world and subjective world, the unity of theory and practice, and the basic theoretical basis for people to understand and transform the world.
3. Practical features
Marx's ideological spirit of "criticism and revolution" reveals practical viewpoints and has strict logic. Marx profoundly criticized Hegel's idealism and Feuerbach's materialism intuition and sensibility. Marx believes that everything in the world must be understood and mastered through practice, and the practice of material production and other social relations can be carried out smoothly. Practice subjectivity is the basic feature of Marx's ecological philosophy theory. First of all, Marx studied the relationship between man and nature from the relationship between practice and cognition. The old ecological philosophy ignored practice, and man was the subject of practice, so it could not correctly explain the relationship between man and nature. Marx's ecological philosophy holds that practice is the fundamental activity for people to understand and transform the world. People grasp the general law of world operation through practice, sum up experience and draw conclusions, so as to better guide practice. Secondly, Marx's ecological philosophy holds that practice is the fundamental way to solve ecological problems, and people act on nature through practice, making nature produce corresponding effects. Practice is the intermediary between man and nature. Practice is the way that people act on nature, which leads to ecological problems. People should also solve ecological problems through practice, maintain ecological balance and promote the harmony between man and nature.
Generally speaking, Marx's ecological philosophy is a philosophical theory based on man, practice and promoting the harmonious development between man and nature [2]. It embodies the organic unity of dialectics and methodology, and the organic unity of theory and practice.
Second, the theoretical significance of Marx's ecological philosophy
1, Marx's ecological philosophy contributes to the change of China people's development view.
The characteristics of Marx's ecological philosophy have well changed the development view of our people's production and life, and profoundly changed the old thinking of our people in dealing with the relationship between economic development and ecological environment protection. From the perspective of traditional development, the ecological crisis is caused by people's ideological mistakes, and the transformation of traditional ideas has become the key to China's economic development. We should abandon the traditional bad ideas, consider the harmony between material production and environment as a whole, and analyze and study it in an organic system. Establish a new concept of economic development, promote the development of China's socialist harmonious society, and achieve sustainable development without damaging the future. Practice needs theoretical guidance, and practice will develop in the right direction under the guidance of correct theory. Marx's ecological philosophy points out the direction for us. First, master Marx's ecological philosophy theory and adhere to the guidance of Marx's ecological philosophy theory. If you are familiar with Marx's ecological philosophy, you will master the theory of people-oriented thought, eliminate the wrong thought of material-oriented, and establish correct values. Secondly, Marx's ecological philosophy provides theoretical guidance for realizing sustainable development and ecological civilization construction. Marx's ecological philosophy provides correct theoretical guidance for human practical activities. Ecology is the scientific basis of Marxist ecological philosophy. Grasping Marx's ecological philosophy from the perspective of ecology can better guide us to establish an ecological civilized society. Third, adhere to Marx's ecological philosophy and establish correct values. Marx's ecological philosophy emphasizes the harmonious relationship between man and nature. As long as the relationship between man and nature is properly handled, an ecological civilized society can be established. Human practice promotes natural development, that is, mastering correct scientific theories; On the contrary, it hinders the development of nature and is misled by wrong theories. Master Marx's ecological philosophy and establish correct values. Therefore, Marx's ecological philosophy promotes the harmonious unity of ecological world, subjective world and objective world. Studying and studying Marx's ecological philosophy is helpful to realize the organic unity of truth, goodness and beauty [3].
2. Marx's ecological philosophy provides ideas for building an ecological civilized society.
Both Marx and Engels emphasized the harmony and unity between man and nature, and criticized the viewpoint of opposition between man and nature. They pointed out that the environment creates and influences people, and people also transform the environment through practical activities, and people reasonably adjust the material transformation between man and nature under the conditions suitable for human nature. The construction of socialist ecological civilization must be guided by Marxist ecological philosophy [4]. First of all, Marx's ecological philosophy is the basis of the development of practical philosophy theory. To master the scientific theory of people-oriented, we must understand Marx's ecological philosophy theory. The main idea of Marx's ecological philosophy is people-oriented, safeguarding the main interests, solving ecological problems and promoting the development of overall interests. Mastering Marx's ecological philosophy will lay a foundation for better developing people-oriented Scientific Outlook on Development and promote the sustainable development of socialist society. Marx's ecological philosophy embodies the dialectical unity between man and nature, which requires us not only to pay attention to immediate interests, but also to grasp all interests, consider the interests of future generations, safeguard ecological civilization and promote social sustainable development. Second, Marx's ecological philosophy requires us to master the basic laws of nature and deal with the relationship between man and nature. The more practical the production activities, the richer our understanding of nature, the stronger our ability to master the laws of nature, and the easier it is to create diversified production activities. While promoting economic growth, we should also pay attention to the construction of ecological civilization. Marx's ecological philosophy is a dialectical view of nature. We need to look at problems dialectically, guide practice with correct theories, realize the harmonious and unified development of man and society, man and nature, and social and natural, complete the construction of an ecological and civilized society, and promote the sustainable development of society. Marx's ecological philosophy points out the direction for us.
3. Ecological philosophy provides theoretical guidance for building a harmonious society.
China is a socialist country that adheres to Marxist theoretical thinking, and Marxist ecological philosophy has laid a profound theoretical foundation for China to build a harmonious socialist society. At the beginning of the founding of New China, China's economy was seriously backward. Coupled with the traditional economic development thought, China adopted an extensive economic development model for a long time. While pursuing economic benefits, it ignores the coordinated development of social benefits and environmental benefits, which brings great hidden dangers to the future economic development and arouses the profound contradiction between man and nature. Therefore, we should base ourselves on the national conditions, proceed from China's basic national conditions, combine Marxist theory, maximize economic benefits under the guidance of correct ecological theory, and handle the relationship between man and natural ecology well. Marx's ecological philosophy theory provides theoretical guidance for the development of socialist harmonious society, points out the direction of progress, and also improves the courage of the vast number of socialist builders. At present, the scientific socialist development concept represents the combination of political construction, social construction, cultural construction, ecological civilization construction and Marxist ecological philosophy, which is the most comprehensive ecological theory to guide China to build a harmonious socialist society.
Now the speed of economic development is faster than ever before, and economic globalization has made mankind experience unprecedented ecological deterioration. In order to improve ecology, people should master the theory of ecological philosophy, adhere to the correct theoretical guidance, engage in practice in the right way, and handle the relationship between man and nature well. Marx's ecological philosophy theory is a scientific theory that keeps pace with the times and provides a good guidance for solving ecological problems.
Changes of Marxist philosophical theory
Any scientific theory is not static in this era of drastic changes. As the greatest form of scientific theory in its era, how can Marxist philosophy adapt to the gradual flow of the times, listen to the voice of the times, keep up with the pace of the times and change its own form? This is a common concern in current academic circles. Based on the development of natural science, social history and scientific theory, this paper attempts to explore the new characteristics and new forms of Marxist philosophical theory by analyzing the internal structure and historical changes of Marxist philosophical theory methodology.
First, the historical evolution of the internal structure of Marxist philosophy
Since the birth of/kloc-0 in the 1940s, Marxist philosophy has experienced more than a century of historical shocks, and its internal structure is undergoing tremendous changes. Here, we try to find the objective facts of the historical evolution of the internal structure of Marxist philosophy by comparing and analyzing the theoretical sources of Marxist philosophy in two periods: the classical Marxist period (1940-1940s) and the contemporary Marxist period (after1940s).
First of all, the development of natural science has promoted the historical changes in the internal structure of Marxist philosophy. In the period of classical Marxism, its natural science foundation was1the "three great discoveries" in the middle of the 9th century-cytology, the law of conservation and transformation of energy and evolution. In the period of contemporary Marxism, its natural science foundation is a new scientific and technological group represented by "three theories"-information theory, cybernetics and system theory. The development of natural science from "three great discoveries" to "three theories" has promoted the historical evolution of the internal structure of Marxist philosophy.
1. From the combination of materialist dialectics and historical view, as the natural science foundation of Marxist philosophy in two different historical periods, an important feature of "Three Discoveries" is that "Three Discoveries" only describe the nature and relationship of the objective world itself, while "Three Discoveries" not only describe the nature and relationship of the objective world, but also consider how the cognitive subject and the practical subject systematically understand and control it. For example, cybernetics not only discovered a new form of universal connection of materialist dialectics-information connection, but also discovered the * * * same law of three different forms of movement: life system, social system and technical system. This links the life system, social system and technical system, and builds a scientific bridge between the inorganic world and the organic world. The principle of universal connection of materialist dialectics has been further deepened and developed, which provides natural scientific conditions for the closer and more scientific integration of materialist dialectics and historical materialism in Marxist philosophy. In the period of classical Marxism, due to the limitation of natural science conditions, the general principles of dialectical materialism were directly applied and popularized mainly in the field of social history. The internal relationship among materialism, dialectics, epistemology and historical view of Marxist philosophy has not yet reached a completely organic scientific integration.
2. From the material point of view, in the period of classical Marxism, Lenin made a comprehensive and scientific definition of the material category of philosophy. He said: quality is a philosophical category that marks objective reality and is perceived by people through their senses. It exists independently of our feelings and is copied, photographed and reflected by our feelings. And pointed out that "the only characteristic of matter is that it is objective reality" (ibid., p. 266). However, classical Marxist writers failed to fully demonstrate and explain the structure, form and attributes of matter. The new discovery of modern natural science makes people realize that natural matter has infinite forms, structures and attributes besides the three basic aspects of matter, energy and dual interests, which further demonstrates the objective reality of matter and enriches and develops the material view of Marxist philosophy.
3. From the perspective of epistemology. It can be analyzed from two aspects: first, the development of electronic computers and artificial intelligence has raised a series of new problems to be solved for the epistemology of Marxist philosophy. Epistemology in the period of classical Marxism takes human understanding as the research object from beginning to end. So, how to understand the magnifying effect of the new generation of computers and artificial intelligence on human intelligence? How should Marxist philosophy absorb these scientific and technological achievements and make them an integral part of Marxist philosophy? These questions will undoubtedly have a positive impact on promoting the historical transformation of the internal structure of Marxist philosophy from the perspective of epistemology. Secondly, the development of contemporary science and technology has further enriched the contents and methods of Marxist philosophical epistemology. For example, because the main task of information theory is to study and solve the problem of human understanding and utilization of information, it promotes people's understanding from matter-energy to matter-energy-information. Compared with the classical Marxist period, this is a great leap in practice and understanding; Compared with the internal structure of classical Marxist philosophy, the internal structure of contemporary Marxist philosophy is more epochal and scientific in epistemology.
Second, the changes and development of social history have promoted the historic changes in the internal structure of Marxist philosophy. As we know, at the beginning of19th century, the capitalist mode of production has occupied a dominant position. Liberal capitalism was the center of that era. In order to complete the historical mission of overthrowing the capitalist system and establishing socialism and capitalism, the proletariat urgently needs the guidance of an advanced philosophy. Classical Marxist philosophy is produced under such social and historical conditions. With the development of history, the capitalist era has become the ruins of history; Socialism has become the center of the times. Socialism has become a powerful socialist world system in the contemporary world, spanning Asia, Europe and the United States. At the same time, contemporary capitalism has changed the political and economic structure of capitalist society due to the development of science and management revolution. Therefore, people should not only see the historical trend of the inevitable demise of capitalism, but also see the new situation and new characteristics in contemporary capitalist society. These social and historical phenomena put forward new requirements for contemporary Marxist philosophy: we should not only study the new situations and new problems in the process of socialist construction and reform, but also study the new situations and new problems put forward by the proletariat in capitalist countries in Du Hui's practice, promote the internal structure of Marxist philosophy from the perspective of social history, and realize the transformation from the classical Marxist period to the contemporary Marxist period on the basis of social and historical development.
Thirdly, the self-development and self-sublation of Marxist philosophy have promoted the historical change of the internal structure of philosophy, which is also the theoretical basis for the historical change of the internal structure of Marxist philosophy. This can be analyzed from three aspects: First, as an open scientific theoretical system, the concept and category of Marxist philosophy are limited by the historical era. Its connotation and extension will also develop with people's in-depth understanding of nature, society and human thinking, and constantly develop self-sublation and l'j self-development. Since the foundation of Marxist philosophy, the development of science, technology and social history has proved that the basic principles of Marxist learning are scientific and progressive. On the other hand, contemporary Marxist philosophy closely links philosophical principles with practical activities, thus re-examining and defining the connotation and extension of some concepts and categories in classical Marxist philosophy. At the same time, contemporary Marxist philosophy also pays attention to introducing and supplementing some new philosophical concepts and categories, such as system, structure, information, etc., thus accelerating the historical change of the internal structure of Marxist philosophy. Second, the conflict between theory and reality promotes the self-adjustment of the internal structure of Marxist philosophy. In other words, in the face of new scientific reality and historical reality, the individual principles of classical Marxism collided with real life. This kind of conflict urges people to seek explanation methods, new viewpoints and principles, and plays a self-deepening role in the historical development of the internal structure of classical Marxist philosophy. Third, critically absorb the reasonable factors of the theoretical achievements of contemporary philosophical schools and promote the development of contemporary Marxist philosophy. Contemporary Marxist philosophy not only pays attention to absorbing the socialist theoretical achievements of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other countries, but also pays attention to critically absorbing the outstanding achievements of some philosophical schools in the West and the East, which promotes the transformation of the internal structure of Marxist philosophy from the classical Marxist period to the contemporary Marxist period.
Second, the methodological "intermediary" of the theoretical form change of Marxist philosophy.
The realistic basis and theoretical basis of the historical change of the internal structure of Marxist philosophy are all caused by the continuous expansion of the field of practice. This change has greatly developed and changed the content of contemporary Marxist philosophy compared with the classical Marxist period, and provided practical feasibility for the new development of Marxist philosophical theory. In order to finally realize the new development and leap of Marxist theoretical form, the change of philosophical methodology must be the intermediary. In other words, only by using the most advanced scientific methodology can the theoretical form of Marxist philosophy be pushed to a new historical height. Because Marxist philosophy has always emphasized the consistency of theory and method. In his philosophical system, "method is the method to master certain theoretical knowledge and the object of its practical change" is suvorov's materialistic argument. B Published by Renmin University Press, the theory and method are always unified. In this sense, if we use a formula to express the historical change process of Marxist philosophical theory form, that is, the change of practice structure-the change of methodology theory form.
By studying the previous philosophical forms, especially the theoretical forms of materialistic philosophy, we can find the fact that any specific philosophical methodology always appears as a specific philosophical theoretical form at all stages of human historical development.
In ancient times (before16th century), due to the low level of productivity, natural science and social science were still in a seamless state, and each science had not yet formed a strict theoretical system. People know things mainly by intuitive observation, intuitive guess and formal logic reasoning. On the basis of this intuitive observation method, materialism is a simple theoretical form of materialism.
In modern times (1617th century), natural science and social science began to separate and embarked on the road of independent development. During this period, "natural science is mainly the science of finding cage materials and the science of established things" (Volume 4, there is a lack of certain connection between disciplines. Therefore, people's way of understanding the world mainly adopts analytical methods. This analysis method is, is or will be a way of thinking that studies the whole into parts, or decomposes complex things into simple things to be discarded, or decomposes historical processes into fragments, or solidifies the dynamic into static ones. Because in this kind of research, we often forget the connection of things, only see part, not the whole, only trees and forests, thus forming a unique form of mechanical materialism in modern times.
In the era of classical Marxism (1940-1940s), due to the appearance of cytology, conservation of energy, ft: law and evolution theory, natural science was gradually discovered as "essentially a science of sorting out materials, a science of processes, a science of the occurrence and development of these things, and a science of combining these natural processes into a great whole".
The science of determining things. "Its essence is a system of contradictory dialectics, and the philosophical method it emphasizes is contradiction analysis, that is, the synthesis of one-by-one analysis. The chess foundation of this methodology; T, the classical philosophical materialism form of Ma Yi's sheep righteousness thought will obviously show the dialectical scientific characteristics accordingly, thus producing the theoretical form of dialectical materialism.
In the contemporary era (after the 1940s), the field of science is changing with each passing day. The confluence of natural science and social science has produced a large number of comprehensive disciplines; At the same time, the trend of discipline differentiation is also very prominent. All these reflect the overall characteristics of high differentiation and comprehensive unity of contemporary natural sciences. Differentiation comes from the synthesis between disciplines, which is the premise of further synthesis, and new synthesis prepares for the emergence of new differentiation and new interdisciplinary science. Therefore, compared with the classical Marxist period, the self-generated natural science landscape is not only a continuous chain, but a crisscross three-dimensional network structure. We believe that on the basis of the development of this scientific theory, people mainly adopt two philosophical methods to understand the development laws of nature, society and human beings. The first method is multi-level method, that is, the research object is regarded as a multi-level whole first, then the rest of the whole is decomposed into different levels, and finally the relationship and characteristics between different levels, adjacent levels and specific levels are studied to achieve an overall understanding of things. The function of multi-level method is that higher-level learning is the forerunner of lower-level learning, and lower-level learning is the foundation of higher-level learning. There are two specific reasons for the emergence of this multi-level method: first, it is the result of an infinite level of in-depth understanding of the whole world.
All these levels are interrelated and interdependent, and are in the process of continuous survival and extinction. In order to correctly grasp the infinite and diverse material levels of the whole nature and their relationships, and deepen our understanding of the infinite levels of the whole nature, its methodological basis is the multi-level method. The second is the result of the vigorous development of emerging disciplines. According to statistics, the total number of contemporary disciplines has exceeded 2600, and it is still developing. There is a strict hierarchical relationship between disciplines? How to classify the contemporary scientific system is a problem that scholars at home and abroad pay attention to. In recent decades, some foreign scientists have tried to describe the structure and level of contemporary scientific system with various models such as "pyramid", "tree" and "net", and compare the process of continuous expansion of science. Some scholars in China divide modern science into natural science, social science and thinking science. Some are divided into natural science, social science, philosophy and mathematics. The methodological basis of these models and schemes is mainly that scientists consciously or unconsciously adopt multi-level methods.
The second method is big analysis-big synthesis method. The reason why this method is called "big analysis-X synthesis method" is determined by the characteristics of the unity of high differentiation and high synthesis of contemporary scientific theories. This method is the dialectical unity of contradiction analysis-system synthesis, that is, the dialectical unity of analysis-synthesis and synthesis-analysis. Regarding the method of comprehensive analysis, we have already made some analysis when talking about the philosophical methodology in the classical Marxist period, so I don't need to go into details here. However, if the cognitive method of human beings stops at the stage of analysis and synthesis, then the development law of the whole nature, society and human thinking can only be understood as a development chain composed of different parts and stages, but not as a three-dimensional network structure that is constantly developing and changing. In order to realize this expectation, we must extend our understanding from analysis-synthesis method to comprehensive analysis method, that is, system synthesis method. As an important part of the grand analysis-grand synthesis method, the comprehensive analysis one by one is a "three-dimensional" method to examine the elements, levels, structure, functions, contact methods, external environment and expected purposes of the whole system on the basis of analyzing the overall understanding of things achieved in the stages of synthesis. Because this method should consider the characteristics of the whole system, the analysis and synthesis should be synchronized with every link of the analysis, and the object should be regarded as a whole, and the characteristics and motion laws of the whole system should be revealed in the dynamic relationship of interdependence, mutual combination and mutual restriction between the whole and the part. This method has achieved a qualitative leap in the field of Marxist philosophical methodology, and made the dialectical elements of "combining analysis and synthesis" advocated by Marxist classic writers reach a multi-level and multi-functional dialectical unity at a new height.
To sum up, Marxist philosophy, as a scientific theoretical system, its theoretical form of materialism will also change with the emergence of new contemporary philosophical methodology.
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