National anthem
A song that represents a country and is formulated by its government. It is often sung or performed at grand gatherings and international exchange ceremonies.
◇The lyrics and content of the national anthem. Except for a few countries whose national anthems are purely instrumental music, the national anthems of most countries have lyrics. The lyrics of national anthems of various countries are extremely diverse due to differences in social systems, national nature, political lines, historical circumstances, geographical environment, ethnic composition, cultural traditions, customs, religious beliefs, etc., and generally include the following aspects:
< p>◇Reflecting patriotic thoughts such as the national anthem of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, with full revolutionary enthusiasm, it inspires people to love the socialist country and fight to defend the motherland and build a new country. The original title of the song is "Patriotic Anthem" .◇ Praise the national flag, such as the Romanian new national anthem that praises the tricolor flag (Romanian flag) and the American national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner" which was produced in the Second War of Independence from 1812 to 1814, as well as the national anthems of some countries, Contains content that specifically explains the meaning of the national flag, such as the national anthems of Ghana, Dahomey, Honduras, Costa Rica and other countries.
◇Reflecting the revolutionary struggle Most of them are historical songs that were produced during the revolutionary struggle and directly reflected the revolutionary struggle at that time. The Dutch national anthem, William of Nassau, was sung by the rebels during the Dutch Revolution in the 16th century. This song is considered to be the oldest national anthem in the world. France's "La Marseillaise" (1792), Poland's "Poland Shall Not Die" (1797-1806), Argentina's "Inhabitants of the Earth" (1813), the United States' "The Star-Spangled Banner" (1814), Spain's "Lego" "Ode to Liberty" (1820), Greece's "Ode to Liberty" (1823), Belgium's "Song of the Brabans" (1830), Czechoslovakia's "Where is My Hometown" (1834) and "The Lightning on Tatlow Mountain" "Twinkle" (1844), Yugoslavia's "Hi, Slavs" (mid-19th century), Italy's "Song of Mameli" (1847), Cuba's "Ode to Bayamo" (1868), Algeria's "The Vow" ( Produced in the eight-year war of independence from 1954 to 1962), etc. They are all national anthems produced in revolutionary struggles and have played an important role in history.
◇Praise for freedom Freedom is regarded as the life of the nation by people of all countries. Many national anthems produced during the bourgeois democratic revolution and national liberation struggle enthusiastically praise freedom, such as the national anthems of Greece, Dominica, and Peru. The Greek national anthem is called "Ode to Freedom" and has 158 verses. It is the longest national anthem in the world, but only the first verse is usually sung.
◇Singing about the land, rivers and mountains of the motherland. Some of these national anthems focus on describing the natural scenery, such as Sweden's "Your Ancient and Glorious Northern Country" and Denmark's "There is a Good Place". The first part of the Austrian national anthem, the Bulgarian national anthem and the Czechoslovakian national anthem "Where is my hometown" all use the first lyrics to describe the natural scenery, and the second lyrics to describe the quality of the people. Some national anthems also use astronomical phenomena to explain their country's geographical environment. For example, the national anthems of New Zealand and Brazil both mention the "Southern Cross" constellation in the night sky of the southern hemisphere.
◇Praise to national heroes such as Poland’s “Poland Will Not Fall” (also known as Dombrowski’s Mazurka), Denmark’s “King Christian Stands Upright at the Mast” (there is no express provision in Denmark There are two patriotic songs that serve as national anthems. The other one is the above-mentioned "There's a Good Place". Countries with similar situations include the Netherlands, Switzerland, etc.) and Spain's "Ode to Liego". The Italian national anthem is titled "Song of Mameli", and the lyrics were written by Mameli himself, which means to commemorate this patriotic poet.
◇Reflect the characteristics of the nation, history, culture, and religion. Many national anthems involve these aspects, and some national anthems take this as their theme. For example, the Indian national anthem is a typical epic, involving the nation, history , geography, culture and religion. The national anthems of Norway, Iceland and Honduras all have a certain epic quality.
◇Reflects the relationship between countries. For example, San Marino and Italy, Liechtenstein and Germany, and Andorra and France and Spain all have close relations with each other. This relationship is reflected in San Marino, Liechtenstein and Andorra respectively. in the national anthem.
◇Sing praises to the rulers. The national anthems of many monarchical countries sing praises to the emperor and queen, such as the British "God Save the Queen", Japan's "King Dynasty" and the national anthems of Monaco, Iran and other countries.
◇Promote religious ideas Words such as "God bless" are common phrases in some national anthems and have become general terms of praise. But there are also national anthems with relatively concentrated religious content. For example, Switzerland's "Swiss Psalm" is a typical religious song.
◇Musical genre and form of the national anthem. The most typical genre of the national anthem is a carol. Songs in the genre of marches and ballads often tend to become carols after they become the national anthem.
Most national anthems have lyrics. A few countries are purely instrumental music, such as the national anthem of Afghanistan, Iraq, the Democratic People's Republic of Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Maldives, Morocco, Mauritania, Guinea, Somalia, Puerto Rico and other countries.
The most common form of national anthem lyrics is a stanza song, which is composed of multiple lyrics with the same rhythm (singing the same tune).
Most of the lyrics are 2 to 3 paragraphs. National anthems in the form of stanza songs usually consist of two parts: the main song and the refrain. The refrain often expresses the central idea of ??the national anthem. Under normal circumstances, the main song always comes first and the refrain comes last. However, some Latin American national anthems have a relatively large structure, often placing refrains at both ends to form a "refrain - verse - refrain" format. The lyrics in some countries take the form of a changed "verse - refrain", that is, only the last sentence of each section of lyrics is the same and does not constitute a complete refrain. Although some countries adopt the form of verse songs, there is no distinction between verses and refrains. The national anthems of some other countries do not use the form of stanza songs at all.
The scale of national anthem music varies. Some are as short as possible, with only 11 or 12 bars; some have a longer structure, with more than 60 bars. Short national anthems often use sections, complex sections, multi-phrase sections and two-section forms, followed by three-section forms. The national anthems I grew up with mostly adopt the complex two-part form and the complex three-part form. The national anthem in the form of "verse verse-repetition" is often in the two-part or complex two-part form, and the national anthem in the form of "referral-verse-repetition" is often in the three-part or complex three-part form. Under normal circumstances, the music The reproduction is consistent with the reproduction of the lyrics; but sometimes the music obeys its own development laws and does not insist on being consistent with the structure of the lyrics. The national anthem of some multi-ethnic countries is a special suite composed of patriotic songs from different ethnic groups. For example, the national anthem of Czechoslovakia is a combination of the Czech patriotic song "Where is My Hometown" and the Slovak patriotic song "Lightning on Tatlow Mountain". The two are independent in terms of key, mode, tone, genre, style, etc. They are naturally combined to form a special suite.
◇The Chinese national anthem, the first national anthem in Chinese history, is "Gong Jinou" formulated by the Qing government in the third year of Xuantong (1911). The lyrics go: "Gong Jinou, bearing the sky, the people are happy." Fu Zao, Xi Tongpao, luckily encountered during the Qing Dynasty, Zhenxi, the sky protects the empire, the sky is high, and the sea is rolling." After the Revolution of 1911, the Zhengshitang Ceremony Hall of the Yuan Shikai government established "China's Majesty in the Universe" in June 1915. "Jian" is the national anthem, the lyrics are: "China stands majestically in the universe, and it is like the Balcuo, and the Chinese people come from the top of Kunlun, the rivers are mighty and the mountains are continuous, the Japanese and the five ethnic groups have opened up to the Yao Heaven, for hundreds of millions of years." In 1919, the Beiyang Government Based on Zhang Taiyan's suggestion, the National Anthem Research Association of the Ministry of Education decided to adopt "Qing Yun Ge" from "The Biography of Shangshu? The Biography of Yu Xia" as the national anthem. It was composed by Xiao Youmei and promulgated on March 31, 1921. The lyrics are: "Qing Yun Ge" The clouds are dim and misty, the sun and the moon are shining brightly, and the sun is shining brightly. "During the Kuomintang rule, the Kuomintang government announced in 1936 that the 1930 Kuomintang party song (the lyrics are from the opening ceremony of Dr. Sun Yat-sen at the Huangpu Military Academy on June 16, 1924. (composed by Cheng Maoyun) temporarily replaced the national anthem, and in 1943 it was announced as the official national anthem.
On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the 1st Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference decided that before the national anthem was formally formulated, "March of the Volunteers" composed by Tian Han and Nie Er would be used as the national anthem. National anthem. On March 5, 1978, the 1st Session of the 5th National People's Congress revised the lyrics of the national anthem. On December 4, 1982, the 5th Session of the 5th National People's Congress decided to revoke the decision on modifying the lyrics of the national anthem passed at the 1st Session of the National People's Congress and restore the original lyrics of "March of the Volunteers".