1. expression technology
Expression refers to the specific methods that people use language art to reflect social life and express their thoughts and feelings. Different art categories have different forms of expression. For example, painting has techniques such as color brightness, lines, blocks, perspective and proportion, music has techniques such as timbre, timbre, rhythm, harmony, melody and polyphony, and movies have techniques such as montage, long shot, voiceover and close-up.
Literature is the art of language. It uses language art to creatively draw lessons from and use various artistic expressions, shape the image of language art, reflect social life and express thoughts and feelings, and has the characteristics of comprehensiveness and universality. Therefore, there are various expressions, different names, elegance and vulgarity, and they are magnificent, such as expressing ideas with objects, writing scenery and lyricism, narrating and lyricism, expressing one's mind directly, contrasting, setting off, expressing one's will, symbolizing, setting off, imagining, associating, caring, reflecting feelings in the scene, contrasting, setting off objects, setting off beautiful scenery and rendering.
(1) Different expressions have different styles. The text forms of literary language art include novels, poems, essays, dramas, and practical styles such as communication and reporting. Different styles have different expressions. The expressive techniques of lyric prose are rich and colorful, such as borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting things to express emotion, combining cadence with symbolism and so on. Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc. Argumentative writing skills such as quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative comparison, and analogical reasoning. There are many ways to express poetry, such as "Fu, Bi and Xing" in the traditional, metaphor, exaggeration and metonymy in the modern. Modern literature reading appreciation commonly uses imagination, association, analogy, symbol, contrast, rendering, rhetoric, intonation, allusions and so on.
(2) Different angles have different techniques. People can look at it from the rhetorical angle of language, such as metaphor, symbol, irony, analogy, metonymy, evil, exaggeration, repetition, duality, tactfulness and so on. We can look at it from the perspective of language rhythm, such as rhythm, meter, repetition, rhyme and so on. From the perspective of narrative description, such as front, side, contrast, contrast, direct and indirect, these are common perspective techniques; From the methods of describing scenery, such as the combination of static and dynamic (writing static with dynamic), the combination of generalization and concrete, from far to near (or from near to far). You can also look at the order of layout, such as chronological order, flashback, interpolation, supplementary order, suspense setting, echo before and after, suppression before promotion.
2. Rhetoric skills (or rhetoric methods and skills)
Rhetoric is a way or method to improve the effect of language expression by modifying and adjusting sentences, which belongs to one of the expressions.
There are many common rhetorical devices.
The main figures of speech in Chinese are: antithesis, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition, analogy, symbolic analogy, sleepover, intertextuality, questioning, quoting, calling, setting questions, thimble and so on. Among them, metaphor can be divided into simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), inverted metaphor (also known as inverse metaphor), counter metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as metonymy), metaphor (also known as strong metaphor), metaphor, embellishment metaphor and quotation metaphor.
Other special description methods include drawing, analogy (also called contrast), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering and filling (also called contrast)? , foil (also known as contrast, foil), inverted text, upside down, overlapping sound, overlapping words, truth (also known as Julian and thimble), contrast, duality (also known as duality and parallelism), renovation, repetition, rhetorical question, irony, parody, imitation, flying white, sharing (also known as juxtaposition and narration), etc. Overlap, compound deviation, * * * use, combined statement, call, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, reduction of use, metonymy, rhetorical question, ambiguity, parallelism, couplet, imitation (also divided into: imitation, imitation), list, connection, exaggeration.
3. Expression mode
Expression refers to the language methods and forms people use to express their thoughts and feelings through language, art, music and action. Different expressions are needed to express different contents. Expression and expression belong to the same concept. When people express their thoughts and feelings in language, expression is a formal element of the article, which is gradually formed with the emergence and development of language expression. Modern writing put forward the concept of "expression", which has continued to this day.
There are five common expressions: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation.
(1) narration? Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space. Widely used in writing articles.
(2) description? Description is an expression that describes the appearance and modality of the object (including psychological description, language description, action description, expression description, appearance description and environment description) and reproduces it to readers. It is one of the main forms of narration, especially literary creation. It is sometimes used as an auxiliary means in general lyricism, discussion and elaboration. Good use of descriptive techniques can make readers feel at home by seeing this person and hearing his voice, from which they can get a strong artistic infection.
(3) Lyric? Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings. Specifically, it refers to a literary activity that is organized in formal words and symbolically expresses one's inner feelings. It is subjective, personalized and poetic, as opposed to narrative. As a special way of literary reflection, lyric mainly reflects the spiritual level of social life, and realizes spiritual freedom through the aesthetic transformation of reality in consciousness. Lyricism is the dialectical unity of individuality and sociality, as well as emotional release, emotional construction and aesthetic creation. It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives.
(4) discussion? Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narrative, expository or literary works.
(5) description? Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, plants, stationery, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.
As the formal elements of an article, five expressions must serve the content expression. Writing something in different ways can produce different effects. This is the so-called expression function.
4. Expression skills
Expression skills refer to the skills that people use language, art, music and actions to express their thoughts and feelings. , can improve the skills of expression methods and forms, and enhance the effect of expression. Expression skill and expression skill are the same concept and belong to positive expression, just like rhetoric in language expression. The purpose of skills is to improve the expression skills and enhance the expression effect. Therefore, all ways and means to improve expression skills and enhance expression effect belong to the category of expression skills.
When people use language to express their thoughts and feelings, their text forms include novels, poems, essays, dramas, newsletters, reports and other practical styles, and their expression skills usually include the following five forms.
(1) Expression: narration, explanation, discussion, lyricism and description. Among them, the description methods include the combination of static and dynamic, the combination of positive and negative descriptions, and the combination of reality and reality. There are mainly direct and indirect lyricism. Indirect lyricism includes borrowing scenery to express feelings, embedding feelings in scenery, blending scenes, interacting scenes, fixing feelings with scenery, and embedding feelings in scenery. All scenery words are emotional words.
(2) Expression techniques: imagination, association, analogy, symbol, contrast, rendering, suspense, contrast, metaphor, expression of ambition, fu bi xing, dynamic and static contrast, combination of reality and reality, unity of scene and reason, lyricism by borrowing scenes, scene blending, lyricism by borrowing ancient times, irony by borrowing ancient times, bedding by allusion, contrast by contrast, and desire to promote.
(3) Material arrangement: clear priorities, simple details.
(4) Structure: connecting the preceding with the following, suspense, care, bedding, cohesion, bedding, care from beginning to end, straight to the theme, in-depth at different levels, first summing up and then dividing, first scenery, then feelings, and afterwards.
(5) Rhetoric: metaphor, pun, metonymy, repetition, parallelism, rhetorical questions, personification, exaggeration, duality and intertextuality.
5. Expression effect
The effect of expression, as the name implies, is the influence and function that people use language to express their thoughts in order to accept the object. As far as text reading is concerned, the expression effect is the influence and function of people's use of language expression skills (including expression methods, expression techniques, description methods, rhetoric, etc.). ) for readers, and it is used to evaluate the effect, such as thought-provoking, thought-provoking.
There are significant differences among expression techniques, expression skills and expression effects: expression techniques are a specific method form, including expression techniques, and expression effects are the final results, influences and functions.