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Question Description:
What are the types of modern poetry? What are the formats~
And appreciate some good poetry.
Analysis:
Poetry
1. Characteristics of poetry
Poetry is a literary genre that highly reflects real life and expresses thoughts and emotions through rhythmic and rhythmic language, strong emotions and rich imagination. Color, beauty of phonology, and implication and conciseness have become the three basic characteristics of poetry. There are many kinds of poetry. From the content point of view, there are mainly lyric poems and narrative poems; from the form point of view, there are metrical poems, free verse and folk songs, etc.
2. Classification of poetry
Ancient Chinese poetry can be roughly divided into two categories: one is called ancient style poetry (or "ancient style"). This name began in the Tang Dynasty. The Tang people called the newly emerged metrical poetry at that time modern style poetry. , and the poems produced before the Tang Dynasty with less metrical restrictions are called ancient style poems. Later generations followed the theory of the Tang Dynasty and collectively referred to the Yuefu folk songs and literati poems before the Tang Dynasty as well as the poems written by literati after the Tang Dynasty in imitation of its style as "archaic poetry". According to the number of words in a poem, there are four words (such as "The Book of Songs"), five words (such as the "Han Yuefu" poem), seven words (such as Cao Pi's "Yan Ge Xing"), miscellaneous words (such as Li Bai's "The Road to Shu is Difficult"), etc. . Ancient poetry rhymes more freely. The other type is called modern poetry (or "modern poetry"), which is a new poetry style that appeared in the Tang Dynasty.
There are two types of modern poetry. One is called "quatrains", each of which has four sentences. The five-character poem is referred to as Wujue, and the seven-character poem is referred to as Qijue. One type is called "Lv Shi", each poem has eight lines. Five-character poems are referred to as Wulu, seven-character poems are referred to as Qilv, and those with more than eight sentences are called Pailu (or "Long Rhythm"). Rhymed poetry has a very strict rhythm. The chapters have definite sentences (except for rhythm), the sentences have definite characters, the rhymes have positioning (the rhyme positions are fixed), the words have definite tones (the flat and oblique tones of each word in the poem are fixed), and the couplets have definite pairs ( The two couplets in the middle of the verse must be in opposition).
3. Ci
Ci is a genre evolved from poetry. Ci is a kind of poetic style that emerged in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which is easy to sing and has sentences of varying lengths. The formal characteristics of words are "the tone has a definite pattern, the sentence has a definite number, and the words have a definite tone." Each word has a tune name, called "Cipai".
The length of the words is relatively short, the shortest is only a dozen words. For example, the "Sixteen-Character Order", the longest one is only 240 words, such as "Preface to the Song of Orioles". It is generally considered that the number within 58 characters is "Xiaoling", the number 59 to 90 characters is "Middle Tune", and the number above 91 characters is "Long Tune". From a structural point of view, most words are divided into segments, and a segment is called "一阕" (or "一片") in music. According to the number of pieces, the words are divided into monotonic (not divided into pieces), double tone (divided into two pieces), triple-fold (divided into three pieces, such as "The King of Lanling"), and quadruple-fold.
4. Qu
Qu is a classical poetry genre that emerged after poetry and lyrics and became popular after the Yuan Dynasty.
The music can be divided into Sanqu and drama. Sanqu is only used for a cappella singing, while opera music enters the drama and becomes libretto. There are Qu Pai and Gong Tiao. Qupai is the musical notation of a piece of music, which stipulates the number of sentences, words, rhythm, and rhyme format of the tune. Each Qupai belongs to a palace tune, and each palace tune has several Qupai.
The system of Sanqu is divided into two types: Xiaoling and Taoshu. The basic form of a Xiaoling is a single tune. Each Xiaoling has only one tune and rhymes to the end; a set of tunes (also known as a "suite") is a set of tunes that connect many tunes in the same palace tune to sing a content. It is suitable for describing scenes and expressing emotions, and can also narrate a fragment of a story. For example, Sui Jingchen's "Banshe Diao. The Return of Emperor Gao Zu"
Let's talk about the classification of ancient poetry
Chinese poetry has a long history and is extremely rich in excellent works. In ancient China, those that were not suitable for music were called poems, and those that were suitable for music were called songs and lyrics. The ancients said that "poems express aspirations and songs sing words" refers to the role of poems and songs. When people talk about poetry today, they mainly refer to poems in a partial sense, while when they talk about poetry, they refer to poems and lyrics.
There are many types of poetry.
According to the content, there are lyric poems, narrative poems, farewell poems, frontier poems, landscape pastoral poems, etc.; according to the structural form, there are metrical poems, free verse, prose poems, allegro poems; according to the time, there are new poems. and old poetry; from other perspectives, it can also be divided into: philosophical poetry, limericks, satirical poetry, recitation poetry, etc.
The so-called ancient poetry refers to the old poetry as opposed to the new poetry, that is, the poetry of Chinese society before the "May 4th", also called old-style poetry.
In addition to being divided by content, ancient poetry can also be divided by sentence pattern: four-character poems, five-character poems, six-character poems, seven-character poems, miscellaneous poems, etc.; according to genre, it can be divided into: Chu Ci style, Yuefu style, song line style, metrical style, etc.; according to the requirements of rhythm, it is divided into: ancient style poetry and modern style poetry.
Ancient style poetry and modern style poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty. Before the Tang Dynasty, poetry writing did not pay attention to level and contrast, but used rhyme freely and the number of sentences was not restricted. Each sentence could have four characters, five characters, six characters, seven characters, or miscellaneous characters (later generations used ancient poetry, seven-character poetry, etc.) (more), people in the Tang Dynasty therefore called this type of poetry ancient style poetry, also known as ancient poetry and ancient style.
Modern poetry, which is opposite to ancient poetry, is also called modern poetry. It is a metrical poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. It is divided into two categories: quatrains and rhymed poetry. There are strict regulations on the number of words, the number of sentences, the rhythm, and the use of rhyme. For example, rhythmic poetry originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. Each four-part couplet has eight sentences. Each sentence must have the same number of words and can have four or five rhymes. The two couplets in the middle must be in opposition. The second and fourth couplets must be opposite. , six or eight sentences rhyme, the first sentence may or may not rhyme. If the verses are laid out and extended to more than ten sentences based on the fixed patterns of the verses, it is called rhythm arrangement. Except for the first and last couplets, the upper and lower sentences need to be in opposition, and there are also opposite sentences in every other sentence, which is called "fan pair". For another example, quatrains are only four sentences and two couplets, also known as quatrains, truncated sentences, and broken sentences. They all have certain requirements for level, rhyme, and antithesis.
In terms of strict rhythm, in addition to verses and quatrains, metrical poetry also includes lyrics and music. However, modern poetry is only called verses and quatrains and does not include lyrics and music. Therefore, strictly speaking, metrical poetry in a broad sense cannot be completely equal to Modern poetry.
Poetry genres that are opposite to the metrical genre in a broad sense include Chuci style, Yuefu style, Gexing style, etc.
Chu Ci style is a poetry form created by Qu Yuan of Chu State during the Warring States Period. It is characterized by the use of Chu dialect and rhyme, and has a strong Chu flavor. The "Chu Ci" edited by Liu Xiang of the Eastern Han Dynasty has seventeen chapters, mainly the works of Qu Yuan, and Qu Yuan's works include "Li Sao" as his representative work. Therefore, later generations also called "Chu Ci style" and "Sao style".
Yuefu style refers to the lyrics collected and preserved by Yuefu institutions from the Han, Wei, Tang and Five dynasties that can be set to music.
Songxing style is a variation of Yuefu poetry. There are many Yuefu poems after the Han and Wei Dynasties titled "Ge" and "Xing". Although the two names are different, there is no strict difference. They both mean "song", and their syllables and meter are generally relatively free. The form adopts the ancient style of five-character, seven-character, and mixed-character, which is full of changes. Later, it became an integration of "song and line". In the Tang Dynasty, poets in the early Tang Dynasty wrote Yuefu poems. In addition to using the old Yuefu titles of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets also created new titles. Although the title was Yuefu, it was not limited to the rhythm, so it was called New Yuefu. This type of poetry developed greatly by Li Bai and Du Fu. For example, Du Fu's "Sorrowful Chen Tao", "Ai Jiangtou", "Military Chariots", "Beautiful People", etc., and many of Bai Juyi's works are in the Yuefu song style, and most of them use a mixture of three and seven words.
After understanding the classification of ancient poetry, when we face a specific work, it is easy to identify its genre type. For example, Chen Zi'ang's "Dengyouzhou Taige" (No ancients are seen before, and no newcomers are seen after. Thinking of the long journey of heaven and earth, I shed tears alone with sadness.) and "Flowers are not flowers" by Bai Juyi (Flowers are not flowers, fog is not fog, Come in the middle of the night and leave in the morning. How long will it take for the spring dream to come?), some people say it is rhymed poetry (see Volume 1 of the "Chinese" Teaching Reference Book for Secondary Vocational Schools, published by Higher Education Press, July 2000. Page 222), but according to the characteristics of rhythmic poetry, these two poems cannot be counted as rhythmic poetry in any case. In fact, the title of Chen's poem has made it clear: it is a line poem; as for the white poem, after careful analysis, it should be a New Yuefu poem with a mixed use of three and seven words.