(A) the classification of ancient poetry (including poems, words and songs)
1. From the form of poetry can be divided into:
(1) Ancient poems, including ancient poems (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Pay attention to the styles of ancient poetry such as Song, Song Xing, Quotations, Qu and Ling, which also belong to ancient poetry. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains. Rhyme requires a unified number of words in a poem, which has five words and seven languages, referred to as five laws and seven laws for short. Usually, a metrical poem consists of eight sentences in quadruplicate: first couplet, parallel couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet, and the upper and lower sentences of each couplet (namely parallel couplet and neck couplet) must be antithetical sentences. Rhyme requires rhyme and smooth rhyme; The second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences rhyme, the first sentence can be put on or off, and the words of each rhyming sentence are flat. There are "flat rise" and "flat rise" in the upper and lower sentences. Quatrains, also known as truncated sentences, broken sentences and quatrains. There are usually five words and seven words in every four sentences, referred to as the five elements and seven absolutely. In addition, the metrical requirements of metrical poems also apply to quatrains.
③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. According to different words, it can be divided into long tone (9 1 word or more), middle tone (59-90 words) and short tone (58 words or less). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.
④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
2. From the theme of poetry can be divided into:
(1) Write lyric poems (including pastoral poems), which praise scenic spots and describe natural scenery. Because of their dissatisfaction with reality, some ancient poets often attached their feelings to mountains and rivers, and expressed their thoughts and feelings by describing the scenery of rivers and lakes and natural scenery. This kind of poetry often contains the feelings expressed by the scenery described later, which is what people often say. Its style is fresh and natural. Such as a night-mooring near maple bridge by Zhang Ji and Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains by Wang Wei.
(2) To chant things and express poems, the poet describes the shape, characteristics, charm and personality of the things he sings, so as to entrust the poet with his own feelings, express his ambition and express his spirit, quality or ideal. How to chant willow and Wang Anshi's plum blossom.
(3) I feel sorry for poetry, which is caused by one thing, such as farewell, homesickness, missing friends, etc. Such as Farewell to Shu, I heard that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Kiln on the left, and Liu Yong's Farewell to the Forest.
(4) Memorizing the past and chanting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or expressing their opinions, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing vicissitudes of life. For example, Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Kou Ting Nostalgia", Du Mu's "Guo Hua Qing Palace", Bo Qinhuai, Chibi and so on.
⑤ Poems describing frontier battles, describing frontier scenery and the military life of frontier soldiers, or expressing optimism and heroism or homesickness, with tragic style and bold brushwork. For example, Wang Changling's Out of Fort and Join the Army, and Li Bai's Guan Shanyue.
3. The difference between classical poetry and modern poetry
Classical poetry refers to the form of poetry before the appearance of metrical poetry in Tang Dynasty. Classical poetry is also called archaic poetry or ancient style, and its main forms are The Book of Songs, Songs of Chu, Yuefu in Han Dynasty and Yuefu in Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Classical poetry is not bound by the metrical form of modern poetry, and its form is relatively free. Even in the Tang Dynasty, many poets liked to write poems in classical style, such as Chen Ziang's Youzhou Tower, Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip, Li Bai's Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu and Li Ping's poems.
Modern poetry, also known as modern poetry, is a metrical poem relative to ancient poetry. Modern poetry originated in the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty.
1. In terms of rhyme, ancient poetry can be used or not, and it can be changed after being used; Modern poetry must be rhymed without rhyme, and even the first sentence can be rhymed without rhyme.
2. From the word count, there are three words, four words, five words, six words, seven words and miscellaneous words in ancient poetry; Modern poetry has five words and seven words.
3. In terms of the number of sentences, classical poetry is unlimited, which can be long or short; Modern poetry can be divided into metrical poems (eight sentences, quadruple: first couplet, parallel couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet, and parallel couplet and neck couplet must be opposite) and quatrains (four sentences), and can be divided into five laws, seven laws, five sections and seven sections respectively.
(B) Introduction to the genre of classical poetry
Four-character poem is the earliest poetic style in China's ancient poems. Poems before the Spring and Autumn Period, such as The Book of Songs, are mostly four words. After the Han Dynasty, the style changed slightly. Four-character poems in The Book of Songs, Poems in Sao Style of Chu Ci, Four-character poems and Five-character poems in Han Yuefu and Wei and Jin Dynasties were three poetic styles before the Tang Dynasty. The Book of Songs initiated the realistic tradition of China's ancient poetry creation.
Chuci is a poetic style that rose in Chu during the Warring States Period. The name of "Chu Ci" was first seen in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, but it was sometimes called "Ci" or even "Ci Fu" in the Han Dynasty. Because the most representative work of Chu Ci is Qu Yuan's Li Sao, later generations also refer to Chu Ci with "Sao". Since the Han Dynasty, "Songs of the South" has become a general collection of works by Qu Yuan and others. Lisao is the title of Songs of the South, the representative work of Qu Yuan and the longest lyric poem in ancient China. From the Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Li Sao has always been regarded as the general name of all Qu Yuan's works. In the history of literature, it is often called "Feng" and "Sao" to summarize the Book of Songs and "Sao" to summarize the Songs of the South.
Han Yuefu originally referred to the "Yuefu" established by Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, and was an official in charge of music. Its task is to make music scores, collect lyrics and train musicians. Later, people called the lyrics collected and created by Yuefu also "Yuefu" or "Yuefu Poetry", which became a musical poem name. Among them, the one belonging to the Han Dynasty is called Han Yuefu.
Modern poetry, as opposed to classical poetry, is a general term for metrical poems and quatrains formed in the Tang Dynasty. There are five or seven words and four or eight sentences. There are strict rules on the level of each sentence. The two couplets in the middle of the rhyme must be right, and the quatrains are not necessarily right. They must rhyme to the end.
Rhyme originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. This is a kind of modern poetry. Rhyme is divided into five words and seven words, each with four lines, which are called first couplet, parallel couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet in turn; Every two sentences, the first sentence is called a sentence, and the next sentence is called a sentence; The level of each sentence has strict regulations, especially the level of the second, fourth and sixth words, which cannot be changed at will; Even-numbered sentences must rhyme (the first sentence can be put or not), and generally rhyme to the end; The two couplets in the middle must be fighting each other.
Quatrains are also called truncated sentences and broken sentences, with only four sentences, mainly five words and seven words, referred to as five quatrains and seven quatrains for short. Before the formation of regular poems in the Tang Dynasty, there were quatrains, which were rhyming and smooth. For example, the ancient quatrains are recorded in Yu Tai Xin Yong, which is used by later generations to distinguish modern quatrains. The quatrains in the near aspect after the Tang Dynasty are also called quatrains. Every couplet, even the tone and rhyme are the same as metrical poems, and they are not necessarily opposite.
Genre of lines, songs, quotations and poems. Since the Han and Wei Dynasties, there have been many Yuefu poems with the theme of "Song" and "Xing". Although the names are different, there is no strict difference, so there is a combination of "Song and Xing". Its syllables and meter are generally free, and its form adopts the ancient style of five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, which is full of changes. Wang Zhuo's "Biji Manzhi" Volume 1: "Ancient poetry or Yuefu is a poem that can sing. Therefore, there are songs, rhymes, quotations, lines and songs in Yuefu. " Zhao's "ancient" cirrus says: "When a song starts, it is called a journey ... since it is a quotation, its voice is a bit awkward, so it is called a journey. Monkey, his voice is also good. " "Walking" is like Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip, "singing" is like Fu's Hut Blown by Autumn Wind, and "quoting" is like Li He's Quotation and Ode, which is full of sadness and lament, such as Li Bai's Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu.
Poems with ancient sentences as their themes, poems written for imperial examinations, poems written at the behest of the emperor, or poems written by poets at gatherings or on the spot are often titled "Dedicating Virtue", such as Wei's "Dedicating Virtue to Sending".
Ancient poetry, also known as ancient poetry and ancient style, originated in the Han Dynasty, mostly in five-character or seven-character sentence patterns, but also in five-character or seven-character sentence patterns, mixed with long and short sentences. There are no strict rules for leveling, which embodies the free rhythm; Rhyme is relatively free, you can rhyme to the end or change rhymes. Generally, the space is longer and the capacity is larger. Li Baiyou is good at writing classical poems.