(1) Realism and Romanticism
Realism advocates objective observation of real life, accurately and delicately describes reality according to the original style of life, and truly expresses the reality in typical environments. Typical person. Romanticism is good at expressing the passionate pursuit of ideals, and often uses passionate language, magnificent and magical imagination and exaggeration to create images.
(2) Artistic conception:
As the name suggests, "meaning" means affection, subjective thoughts and feelings; "jing" means realm, which is a three-dimensional artistic picture. In literary works, "meaning" cannot be stated nakedly and needs to be expressed through objects; "scenery" cannot be purely objective objects and must be triggered by meaning. Therefore, the so-called "artistic conception" can be said to be an intriguing artistic realm formed by the organic integration of the poet's subjective thoughts and feelings and the life picture depicted in the poem.
Image is something in poetry that is imbued with the author's emotions. When appreciating, it must first be clear that the author wants to express his inner feelings through imagery. In addition, we must also understand our traditional aesthetic habits, such as "looking at the moon and cherishing the distance", "sad for the spring and sad for the autumn", "seeing the flowing water and thinking about the passing of time", "the drizzle of the sycamore tree and the misery and desolation" and so on, which are in line with the traditional aesthetic characteristics of our country. Artistic conception is the harmonious unity of the two factors, meaning and scene, in the poem. When appreciating the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet, it is necessary to understand the artistic conception, and to understand the artistic conception, one must have a grasp of the aesthetic characteristics of the image.
For example: Zhang Ji's "Night Mooring at Maple Bridge"
The moon is setting, crows are crying, the sky is full of frost, Jiangfeng is fishing and fire is facing melancholy;
Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City , the midnight bell rings to the passenger ship.
This is a poem, but it is also a painting. In the near distance of this painting are the "fishing fires" of "Jiangfeng" (the name of the second bridge, namely Jiangcun Bridge and Fengqiao) and the passenger ships moored at night. In the distance, there is frost and falling in the direction of "Wudi" (name of the place). Under the waning moon, you could still vaguely see the temple through the trees. What a beautiful "Mooring at Night on Maple Bridge" picture is this! The poet is very good at coloring. The frosty sky is transparent and the fishing fire is bright. The two complement each other from afar. The fishing boats nearby and the mountain temple in the distance are connected by the sound of bells. In this way, the distant view and the close view are intertwined and connected, making the whole picture rich in color and full of vitality. In addition to colors, there are also sounds. The bells in the night sky reach the passenger ship one after another, knocking on the hearts of the passengers. How could this not arouse travelers’ endless reveries and bring them into dreams with melancholy thoughts? The mood of this maple bridge at night is lonely, but due to the author's rich and intense colors and interesting scene descriptions, it does not lead people into a "sad" state, but can instead give people a sense of beauty.
This poem has feelings and realm. When we read this poem, a three-dimensional picture with a blend of emotions and shadows and a combination of form and spirit will naturally appear in front of us, just like sitting in a cinema watching a three-dimensional movie. No wonder this poem has been widely circulated for a long time and spread abroad. It is indeed a rare and good poem with artistic conception!
Another example: Wang Zhihuan's "Climbing the Stork Tower"
The sun sets over the mountains and the Yellow River flows into the sea.
If you want to see a thousand miles away, take it to the next level.
An important reason why this short poem of only twenty words can become an eternal masterpiece is because it creates a complete artistic conception.
The Stork Tower is located in today's Yongji County, Shanxi Province (has been washed away by the river). It has the third floor. Due to the high terrain of the building, you can climb the tower and look far away, and you can have a panoramic view of the surrounding scenery: far away Zhongtiao Mountain is everywhere, and the Yellow River is nearby. Looking far into the distance, you can vaguely see the wonders of Shanxi South and the Weihe River. Therefore, the Stork Tower became a tourist attraction in the Tang Dynasty.
In the poem "Climbing the Stork Tower", Wang Zhihuan used thick lines to outline the sunset, evening mountains, Yellow River, sea and other scenery, showing the characteristics of climbing high and overlooking the distance. At the same time, several verbs such as "depend" and "liu" are used to make the natural scenery come alive, giving the natural scenery lively life and expression. The word "Yi" is used very well, and it outlines the strange scenery of the setting sun near the mountains. The word "flow" is also used very well, as if it is an artery that flows into this picture, allowing readers to see the magnificent scene of the thousands of miles of Yellow River returning to the sea, and even making readers seem to hear the sound of the roaring Yellow River water. Coupled with the contrast of different tones such as "White Sun" and "Yellow River", the "mountains" and "rivers" in people's imagination are also dyed with different colors. The last two sentences of the poem seem to illustrate a philosophy, but in fact they show that if you want to see a broader and more beautiful scene, you have to "go to the next level." Since the first two sentences have laid a good foundation, the last two sentences are not dry at all. On the contrary, they are well connected with the previous scene. The energy is consistent and integrated, forming a novel and complete picture of climbing the stairs and overlooking the distance. The poet's subjective thoughts and feelings are also well expressed. Just from the scene of climbing high and looking into the distance, we can see that the poet's thoughts and emotions are positive and uplifting. This poem not only allows people to see an infinitely broad artistic picture of climbing up the stairs and looking into the distance, but also can effectively inspire people's ideological desire to "go to a higher level" and improve people's spiritual realm.
Another example: two poems written by Meng Haoran and Du Fu:
The level of the August Lake is mixed with the clear water.
The clouds are steaming over Mengze, and the waves are shaking Yueyang City.
If you want to help without a boat, you will live in a shameful sage.
Sitting and watching the fishermen only envy the fish.
————Meng Haoran's "Looking at Dongting Lake as a Gift to Prime Minister Zhang"
I heard about Dongting Water in the past, and now I go to Yueyang Tower.
In the southeast corner of Wu and Chu, the universe floats day and night.
There is no word about relatives and friends, and we are all alone because of old age and illness.
The soldiers and horses pass through the north of the mountain, and Pingxuan Tisi flows.
————Du Fu's "Climbing the Yueyang Tower"
Both poems are famous poems, and both achieve the blending of emotion and shadow, and the combination of form and spirit. From the perspective of "environment", both are magnificent, effectively displaying the vast momentum and majestic scene of Dongting Lake. But in terms of "meaning", the two cities are quite different. The sentiments expressed by Meng Haoran were only personal sentiments. He just thought that "there is no boat to save people" - no one recommended him if he wanted to be an official. Although the emotions Du Fu expressed were also personal, the main concern was his concern for the country. He was thinking about the "army and horses passing through Shanbei" - the war in Guanshanbei. Therefore, Meng Haoran's poems appear to have a big "situation" and a small "intention", while Du Fu's poems have a big "situation" and a big "intention".
(3) Lyrical method
All literary and artistic works need to express emotions, and poetry especially needs to express emotions. Ancient Chinese writers and critics generally recognized this point. For example, the author of "Preface to Mao's Poems" said: "The poet's ambition is in his heart, and his speech is poetry. Emotions are moved in the heart and shaped by words. When words are insufficient, they sigh, and when they lament that they are insufficient, they sing forever. Therefore, the insufficiency of eternal singing is not to know how to dance with hands and dance with feet." This is the famous proposition of "poetry expresses ambition". The "ambition" mentioned here refers to "emotion" or "emotion".
For example: Du Fu's "Prime Minister of Shu"
Du Fu admired Zhuge Liang very much, and he wrote several poems specifically praising Zhuge Liang. This poem was written by the poet when he first arrived in Chengdu in 760 AD. The first two lines of the poem seem to describe the scenery, but in fact they express the poet's longing for Zhuge Liang. The word "Xun" in the first sentence shows that the poet did not come to visit the Wuhou Temple just to visit the mountains and rivers, but with infinite longing for Zhuge Liang. The three or four sentences may appear to describe scenery, but in fact they are also lyrical. The characters "自" and "empty" are used very well, indicating that although there are green flowers and plants under the steps of the ancestral hall and orioles calling on the trees, "the building is empty when people leave", and the natural scenery will take on its own life when people are gone. , no one appreciates it anymore. Five or six sentences summarize Zhuge Liang's life and highly praise Zhuge Liang's great achievements. The last two sentences reveal the poet's extreme regret and grief for Zhuge Liang's "death before he left the army". The whole poem is deeply emotional. The "hero" who is "full of tears" at the end of the poem is first of all the poet himself. It is precisely because the poet himself admires and misses Zhuge Liang so deeply, and his feelings are so sincere, that the artistic image of the poem is full of vitality and appeal, so much so that "he died before he left the army, making the hero burst into tears." Become an eternal song.
Another example: Wang Wei's "Weicheng Song" that we have learned
This is also a masterpiece that has been praised by people. The first two lines of the poem describe the place and scenery where he bid farewell to his friend, and the last two lines advise his friend to "drink even more wine" before breaking up, because he will no longer be able to see his "old friend" after breaking up. The language of these two sentences is simple, but it not only expresses the poet's deep affection for his friends brilliantly, but also expresses a common mood when people say goodbye. No wonder this poem was composed into the Yuefu at that time and became the famous "Yangguan Three Pieces". It was widely sung everywhere, and it aroused countless people's screams in later generations.
The ways of expressing emotions include:
1. Borrowing scenes or objects to express emotions.
When the author feels something about a scene or an objective thing, he places his feelings and thoughts on the scene or thing. College entrance examination in the spring of 2000.
2. Embody emotions in scenery (objects) and blend scenes.
This method integrates emotions into specific natural scenery or life scenes, and expresses emotions through the description of natural scenery or scenes.
3. Express emotion directly.
Also known as speaking your mind directly. The vast majority of ancient poetry is indirect lyricism. 2001 Question 8 (4) Image
The image in poetry refers to both the characters created in narrative poems and the lyrical protagonists in lyric poems. More often, it refers to the scenes described in poems. or things.
(5) Contrast
There are many ways to shape the image in poetry. The image can be described directly or indirectly. It can be drawn in thick lines or in thick colors. It can be used to foreshadow, set off, or You can use imagination and association to create images.
Foil is divided into reverse foil and positive foil. Positive lining is also called foil.
(6) Allusions (also a method of expression)
The ancients often used allusions in their works to express their feelings either clearly and strongly, or implicitly and tortuously, enhancing the expressiveness and appeal of the works. force. To grasp the idea of ??allusions, you need to understand the author's life experience and be familiar with the origins of allusions. For example, Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Le · Nostalgia for the Ancients at Beigu Pavilion, Jingkou" uses five allusions (Sun Quan, Liu Yu, Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty, Fo Li, and Lian Po). Because these allusions are all historical anecdotes of Jingkou, the thoughts of the allusions are closely related to the thoughts and feelings of this poem. Therefore, when Xin Qiji came to Beigu Pavilion, it was easy for him to think of these allusions and use them to express his thoughts and feelings. .
(7) Expression methods
The image and lyricism of poetry must be expressed by various artistic techniques.
Understanding some common artistic techniques, such as contrast, virtuality and reality (what is true is true, what is absent is false; evidence is true, pretense is false; objective is true, subjective is false...), allusions, etc., will help to explain The text is affectionate.
Other techniques such as "bixing", "personification", "exaggeration", "parallelism" and "repetition" should be understood so that they can be handy in appreciation.
(8) Style genre
"Style" refers to the author's unique style in creation due to his different life experience, emotional temperament, artistic quality, etc. , style and interest, which form the different styles of the works. For example, Li Bai's poems are fresh and elegant, Du Fu's poems are melancholy, Tao Yuanming's poems are dilute and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems have paintings in them, Su Shi and Xin Qiji's poems are heroic and unrestrained, and Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao's poems are graceful and subtle. Understanding the poet's style is helpful to grasp the thoughts and feelings they want to express in their poems. Also writing about friendship, Li Bai said: "I send my sorrowful heart to the bright moon, and follow the wind to the west of the night." But Du Fu said: "It is better to shed two tears with brocade water than to pile up the water in Qutang." To appreciate the poems of the two people, you must Read them over and over again to appreciate the differences in their styles.
Idyllic poetry, frontier poetry; graceful style, bold style
(9) Language characteristics
(1) Freshness. Its characteristic is that the language is novel and unconventional.
(2) Plain, also called plain. Its characteristic is that it uses precise words to state directly, or uses white line drawings without modification, making it appear real, profound and approachable.
(3) Gorgeous. It is characterized by rich vocabulary, brilliant literary talent and fantastic emotions.
(4) Bright. Its characteristic is that it is decisive and clear in one sentence.
(5) Implicit. Its characteristic is that the meaning is hidden behind the words, often not directly stated, but told in twists and turns, saying this but not speaking, or letting the reader feel it.
(6) Simplicity. Just be clean and concise.
When appreciating poetry, you should pay attention to the author's word and sentence refining, the interaction between movement and stillness, sound and silence, emotion and reason in the description of objects, the rhetorical color of inverted word order, etc. . Poetry is the art of language. A detailed and in-depth exploration of the language expression of the work will help accurately grasp the concept and ideological and emotional tendencies of the work, and enter the beautiful artistic conception of the work. Another example is the wonderful use of verbs such as zhao, liu, gui, and xia in Wang Weizhi's poem "Mountain Dwelling in the Dark." The long or short duration of these verbs makes us seem to feel the endless pouring of moonlight and the endless flow of clear springs. , Huannu's from far to near, Lianzhou's from near to far.