The jumping mentioned here refers to the jumping from one image to another, from one sentence to another, even between images, without transition. For example, Du Mu's "Farewell": "Down and out in the south of the Yangtze River with restaurants, the waist is thin and the palm is light." I dreamed of Yangzhou for ten years and got a good reputation as a brothel. ".There is a strong leap between sentences. If you use ordinary language, its literal meaning is probably like this: "In those days, I wandered around Jiangnan and Yangzhou, unrestrained, and often traveled and drank for fun. I am also addicted to beauty, and I appreciate beautiful women with thin waist and light body, and beautiful women who can sing and dance well. It took me ten years to wake up. This is really a dream. I have lost my reputation all my life, and all I got was the title of unlucky girl from a brothel. It's really sad. "But if you write like this, it won't be called poetry. Poems that jump sentence by sentence like this are everywhere in classical poetry. There are quite a few jumps between words due to the omission of related words, such as "Peach, plum, spring breeze, a glass of wine, ten years of rain at night, Yi Deng", "Snow on a boat in Guazhou at night, autumn wind scattered on an iron horse", "Chicken crows in Maodian, frost on the bridge is deserted" and "Lonely boat on an old sick month".
Du fu's "two quatrains" is another poem, "The sun sets, the spring breeze and flowers are fragrant, so beautiful." Swallows fly in the mud and Yuanyang sleeps in the sand. "It is also a combination of such images. Just 20 words, one image after another, one picture after another, just like a montage in a movie. The gap between the shots allows our readers to supplement and improve according to the logic of life, the accumulation of experience and their own cultivation. The combination of images is not arbitrary, only images with certain internal relations can be combined together, thus creating a good artistic conception. The purpose of image combination is to create a touching artistic conception. So we must work hard on the image combination.
The famous poems mentioned above, such as Walking in the Morning and a night-mooring near maple bridge, are all examples of image combination. This is another example. Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha-Qiu Si": "A withered vine, an old tree is humming. Small bridges and flowing water (a piece of flat sand) The ancient road is thin in the west wind. The sun went down. Heartbroken people are at the end of the world. " This song is a model in image combination. In the first four sentences, a * * * has 10 pictures. Except the word "Xixia", they are all nouns, and there are no related words in the middle. But we feel United in a very natural way. The first and third sentences are three images. Although they are different images, they all have various properties, and they all have similar or identical properties. Once they are juxtaposed, people will only see the similarity between them and discard the others. The same nature is atrophy, desolation, hunger and cold, and fatigue. And this is the theme of this famous song-the melancholy of the journey. The image of the fourth sentence "the sun sets" further exaggerates this atmosphere. The second sentence, "Little Bridge Flowing Water", is also the juxtaposition of three images. The juxtaposition of these three images creates a warm, quiet and comfortable atmosphere. It seems that there is some disharmony, but it is this disharmony that sets off the melancholy of the wanderer from the opposite side. After the above rendering and comparison, the last sentence makes the finishing point, heartbroken people are in the end of the world, and the realm is out.
Image certainty means that images in poetry often have fixed meanings. For example, images such as pine, bamboo and plum are often used in classical poetry to express resolute and noble qualities. Here are a few examples.
Moon in China's ancient poems, it is a common brushwork to use the moon to set off feelings. Generally speaking, the moon in ancient poems is synonymous with homesickness. Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night: "The foot of the bed is bright, is there frost?" Looking up, I found that it was moonlight and sank again, and I suddenly remembered home. " How does this poem express Li Bai's feelings? Homesickness. The moon in the poem is no longer a purely objective image, but an image full of poet's feelings. Du Fu's "Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night": "He knows that the dew will frost tonight, and the moonlight at home will be bright! "Dew is always white, but tonight is whiter, because it feels like tonight; The moon is unknown everywhere, and my hometown is brighter because I miss my brother and my hometown. The poet takes fantasy as reality to highlight his nostalgia for his hometown. Wang Jian, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Looking at Du Langzhong at Fifteen Nights": "I am looking forward to the full moon tonight, and I don't know who Qiu Si will fall into." The poem points out the universal human feelings of this full moon night with euphemistic questions, and implicitly shows the poet's deep yearning for his hometown friends. In addition, there are Zhang Jiuling's poems in the Tang Dynasty, such as "When the moonlight rises in the sea, the horizon is * * *" (I want to ask the Wujiang River not to come here, and see you in my dream "(Wang Changling's" Li Changcao Zhai Night Drink "in the Tang Dynasty).
Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum can't be compared with peony or orchid, but as the flower of Ao Shuang, it has always been favored by literati. Some people praise its strong character, while others appreciate its lofty temperament. Qu Yuan's Lisao: "Drinking Mulan Dew in the morning and eating Qiuju in the evening are not beautiful." The poet symbolizes his noble character by drinking dew and eating flowers. Tang Yuan Zhen's Chrysanthemum: "Autumn shrubs are like Taoist priests, and the more they surround, the more inclined they are." It's not that chrysanthemums are preferred among flowers, but it's even more barren if all these flowers are gone. "Expressed the poet's pursuit of firmness and noble character. Other poems, such as "I'd rather hold incense on the branches and die than blow it away among the flowers" (Cold Chrysanthemum by Zheng Songxiaosi), and "Wet dew in the lonely east, according to the former gold and sediment" (Two Chrysanthemums after Chongyang by Song Fan Chengda), all use chrysanthemums to express the poet's spiritual quality, and the chrysanthemums here undoubtedly become a portrayal of the poet's personality.
Plum blossoms bloom cold first, and then blossom fragrant. Therefore, plum blossoms, like chrysanthemums, are admired and praised by poets. "Plum Blossom" by Chen Liang, a poet in the Song Dynasty: "A flower changes first, and a hundred flowers blossom." The poet grasped the characteristic that plum blossoms are the first to bloom, and wrote the quality of being the first in the world and not afraid of setbacks. This is not only Yongmei, but also praising himself. Wang Anshi's plum blossom: "It's not snow in the distance, because it has a faint fragrance." The poem not only describes the reasons why plum blossoms are scattered by the wind, but also implicitly shows the purity and whiteness of plum blossoms, which has received the artistic effect of good fragrance and lewdness. Lu You's famous sentence "Yongmei" wrote: "Everything is broken into mud and ground into dust, only fragrance remains." Plum blossom is used to describe a person's unfortunate experience of being destroyed and his noble sentiment of not wanting to go with the flow. "Mo Mei" by Wang Mian in Yuan Dynasty: "Don't praise his lewdness, just leave a breath to dry Kun." It is also the plum blossom that shows that it is unwilling to go with the flow, shallow and profound.
Pine trees are a model of fighting frost and snow, and naturally they are the object of praise. Li Bai's "Book for Huang Shang": "I hope you are loose, but be careful not to be peaches and plums." Wei always flatters powerful people, and Li Bai writes poems to persuade him to be an upright person. During the Three Kingdoms period, Serina Liu wrote: "If you don't suffer from cold, pine and cypress have sex." The poet used this sentence to encourage his cousin to be as loyal as sending pines and cypresses, and to maintain noble quality under any circumstances.
Because "lotus" and "pity" are homonyms, there are many poems about lotus in ancient poetry to express love. For example, "Xizhou Qu" by Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties: "In autumn, lotus is picked in Nantang, and the lotus is over the head; Bow your head and make lotus seeds, green as water. "Lotus seed" means "Reiko Kobayakawa" and "green" means "clear". There are both real and imaginary here, which means pun. The rhetorical device of homophonic pun is used to express a woman's deep yearning for the man she loves and the purity of love. Thirty-five midnight songs in the Jin Dynasty: "Fog dew hibiscus, lotus is not clear. "The dew in the fog hides the true face of the lotus, and the lotus leaf is visible but not very clear. This is also a way of homophonic pun, writing about a woman who vaguely feels that the man loves her.
Platanus acerifolia is a symbol of desolation and sadness. For example, Wang Changling's "Autumn Long Letter Poem" says: "Jin Jing Wu Tong Huang Ye Qiu, the bead curtain does not roll frost at night." The jade pillow in the smoke cage has no color, so I can lie down and listen to the missing sound in the Nangong. It is about a girl who is deprived of youth, freedom and happiness. In a desolate and lonely palace, she lay alone, listening to the palace leak. The first sentence of the poem begins with a phoenix tree with yellow leaves by the well, which sets off a bleak and cold atmosphere. Xu Zaisi, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote "The Fairy of Double Water Diversion, Raining at Night": "A sound of Ye Qiu, a little banana and a little sorrow, is the third after a dream." Use buttonwood leaves to fall, rain to hit banana, and write down all your worries. Others, such as "One leaf makes a sound, and the empty steps drip to the light" (Tang Wen and Ting Yun's "More Leaky"), "The phoenix tree is raining even more until dusk" (Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice") and so on.
Cicadas don't live long after the cold autumn. After some autumn rains, cicadas will make a few intermittent moans, and their lives are at stake. Therefore, chilling has become synonymous with sadness. For example, the first two sentences of Dondero's "Chanting Cicadas": "Cicadas sing in the west, and visitors in the south think deeply." Singing in silence makes you deeply homesick in prison. Liu Yong, a poet in the Song Dynasty, began his poem "The Rain Rings" with the words: "Cold cicadas are sad, the pavilion is late, and the shower begins to rest." Before the direct description of parting, the feeling of "sadness" has filled the reader's heart, brewing an atmosphere that can touch parting. Poems such as "Crying on My Side" (Three Kingdoms Cao Zhi's "Wang Biao as a White Horse") also express this feeling.
Hongyan Hongyan is a large migratory bird, which moves southward every autumn, often causing homesickness and wandering sorrow. For example, Xue Daoheng, a native of Sui Dynasty, wrote: "People miss home every day." "I had the idea of going home long before the flowers bloomed; But when the geese returned to the north, people had not returned home. When the poet was an official in the Northern Dynasties, he sent an envoy to the Southern Dynasties and wrote this homesick poem in a subtle and tactful way. There are also some thoughts written by geese, such as "I smell the lovesickness of geese at night and worry about the New Year" (Ouyang Xiu's play answers Yuan Zhen), "When the stars are broken, the geese fly over the building, and the flute leans against the building" (Zhao Wei's "Looking at Autumn in Chang 'an" in the Tang Dynasty), "The stars are cold and blue, and the Hongyan is sad and red" (. There are also letters referred to by Hongyan. Everyone is familiar with the allusions of Hongyan biography, and the application of Hongyan as a messenger in poetry is also very common. For example, "The geese don't answer me when crossing the river, and the river is full of autumn water" (Du Fu's To Li Bai at the End of the Sky), "Shuo Yan handed out a book, and Xiangzan shed more tears" (Li Shangyin's Lisi).