200 years ago, Pushkin (1799 ~ 1837) was born in a noble family in Moscow and grew up in a strong literary atmosphere. 18 1 1 year, Pushkin entered Huangcun Middle School, a school for aristocratic children, and began his literary creation career at the age of 12. 18 15. In the senior high school entrance examination, he recited his own Memories of Huangcun, which showed his outstanding poetry writing ability, especially the beauty and exquisiteness of his poems. In his early poems, he imitated the romantic poets Bachu Skov and Zhukovsky, and learned the styles of French poets Andrei Che Nier 17 to 18. During this period, he was deeply influenced by the December Party members and their ideas of democracy and freedom. After graduation, he wrote many poems against serfdom and eulogized freedom, which angered czar Alexander I and was exiled to southern Russia in 1820.
Pushkin's writing after graduating from high school was called "transitional period" by the outstanding literary critic belinsky (181-1849). Belinsky thinks that Pushkin's poems in this period are more beautiful than those of his teachers, although he still shows that he is a student of his predecessors, such as Bachu Skov. "Generally speaking, a deeper tenacity has become his characteristic." His unique "melancholy that dominates these poems ... is by no means the sweet sorrow of a tender and fragile heart, but always the melancholy of a strong heart; He has a charm for readers, which reverberates deeply and powerfully in readers' hearts and shakes his heartstrings harmoniously. But Pushkin "never indulges in melancholy emotions" ... Sometimes, after a burst of melancholy, he will suddenly swing like a mane, like driving away a melancholy cloud. "
1820, Pushkin published the romantic poem ruslan and lyudmila. The story is based on Russian folklore, and describes that ruslan, a knight, overcomes difficulties and obstacles and finally finds his bride, lyudmila. Pushkin's poetry uses vivid folk language, which is different from classical poetry in content and form. Belinsky said that this work opened a new era in the history of Russian literature.
During his exile in South Russia, Pushkin wrote many lyric poems and romantic narrative poems, such as Captive of Caucasus (1822), Brother of Robber, Tears of Bahce's Sarah, Bronze Knight (1833) and so on. From this period on, the influence of the early poets in Pushkin's poems gradually disappeared, completely showing his unique style. Belinsky wrote: "He brought poetry to Russia as an art, not a beautiful language to express emotions." He even thought that the so-called Russian poetry before Pushkin was only "a gorgeous expression of beautiful feelings and lofty thoughts, and did not constitute the soul of poetry." Pushkin's "poetic thought ... is not a dogma, not a proverb, but a living passion, a' true feeling'". At this time, Pushkin has been recognized as the first-rate Russian poet at that time, and he was the romantic and freedom-loving leader of Russia 19 in the 1920s.
1824- 1825, Pushkin was exiled to Mikhailovsk village, the territory of his parents in Pskov. During this period, he wrote nearly 100 poems, and completed the long poem "Shigang" and the historical tragedy "Boris Godunov". The latter describes the battle for the throne between Tsar Boris Godunov and monk Gligorij, with Gligorij appearing as the Crown Prince. In the end, Gligorij season won, the nobles grabbed the fruits of the people's victory, and the people only silently resisted. Gorky believes that "Boris Godunov" is the best historical drama in Russia and the victory of realism in Pushkin's creation. "
1826, Pushkin was allowed to return to Moscow, but he was still under the secret surveillance of the czar police. Pushkin's creation reached its peak from 1829 to 1836, during which almost every work had a lofty position in the history of Russian literature. Belinsky exclaimed, "What a poetic poem it is! On the one hand, it is the rigor and simplicity of ancient sculpture, on the other hand, it is the wonderful and intricate rhyme of romantic poetry, which are all integrated in his poetic rhyme. The beauty of its timbre and the power of Russian are amazing; It is as soft and beautiful as the quiver of sea waves, as thick as turpentine, as bright as lightning, as transparent and clean as crystal, as fragrant as spring, as strong and powerful as the sword in the hands of warriors. It has a charming beauty and elegance that can't be described in words, a dazzling brilliance and gentle moisture; It has rich harmony in music, language and phonology; It is full of tenderness, creative imagination and poetic expression. "
1830, Pushkin completed the poetic novel yevgeny? Onegin. This is one of Pushkin's most important works, the first model of Russian realistic literature, and the first work that Pushkin turned from romanticism to realism. Onegin, the hero, represents the contemporary aristocratic progressive intellectuals: he hates the emptiness and boredom of the upper class and is unwilling to go with the flow, but he can't get rid of prejudice and find a new life, and can only cope with all kinds of complicated emotions; If you want to do something, but stay away from the people, you will eventually achieve nothing in life and career. In this work, Pushkin shows the Russian society at that time in a panoramic way and depicts the psychology of people from all walks of life; The typical image of onegin reflects the mental state of Russian aristocratic intellectuals before the The Decemberists Uprising. Belinsky called this novel "the encyclopedia of Russian life and the most popular work", which occupies an extremely important position in the history of Russian literature.
Pushkin's short life is rich in creation, with more than 800 lyric poems and long narrative poems, as well as novels such as Belgin's Novel (183 1) and Captain's Daughter (1836). Dramas and other literary works. Pushkin loves life, and his poems are full of vitality and optimism. His poems also vividly describe the nature of Russia. In his view, "nature is a vivid painting, full of unspeakable but silent beauty." This beauty lies in many short poems such as The Road to Winter and the long poem Eugene? There are many exhibitions in onegin. The poet's description of nature also changed from early romanticism to later realism.
Pushkin married a young Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova, who is a well-known beauty and famous in the upper class. It is said that Tsar Nicholas I coveted her beauty and encouraged the captain of the French gendarmerie, Dantè s, to desecrate Natalia, which led to the duel between Pushkin and Dantè s in 1837. The duel finally killed the young Pushkin. After his death, Russian progressive literati once lamented: "The sun of Russian poetry has set", so Pushkin is known as "the sun of poetry".
The poet's short life of 38 years left a rich and irreplaceable legacy for Russian literature and world literature. Turgenev called him "the founder of our poetic language and our literary language", Gorky called him "the greatest artist in the world" and belinsky considered him "the first Russian poet and artist".
Pushkin's genius masterpiece inspired the creative passion and inspiration of many Russian musicians. Opera "yevgeny? Onegin ","Boris? Godunov (1825), The Queen of Spades, Ruslan and lyudmila, Majepa and Zokan are all great music works. Pushkin's lyric poems have been set to music and become popular art songs; Pushkin's poems have also been adapted into ballet, and people can appreciate the infinite charm of poetry through the dancer's body language; Pushkin's poems have even become an indispensable highlight of young men and women's love letters. ...
Pushkin's works have exerted great influence in the world with their lofty ideology and perfect artistry. His works have been translated into all the major languages in the world. Pushkin's love for freedom and life in his works, his firm belief that light will overcome darkness and reason will overcome prejudice, and his lofty mission and lofty ambition of "illuminating people with words" have deeply touched generations.
In memory of Pushkin, people renamed Huangcun, where he was born, Pushkin (1the place where Emperor Catherine died in 796). Now it has become a famous tourist attraction, and the famous BoJiangjin Village is also nearby.