China is a country of poetry and music, with the concept of "harmony between heaven and earth". In China people's mind, the progress of civilization and the change of dynasties are the manifestations of cosmic rhythm. As a cultural activity of human society, it is also a rhythmic movement. China's book of songs, Chu Ci, Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and even Ming and Qing literature and art all express the beauty of a rhythm in the cultural history of China. China's book of songs, Chu Ci, Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and even Ming and Qing literature and art are all related to music in a broad sense, and they all pursue a rhythm suitable for chanting or singing with words. The content reflects the rhythm of heaven and earth and the rhythm of people's hearts. China, from the Book of Songs, Chu Ci, Han Fu to Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and even Ming and Qing literature and art, has both inheritance and independence in content and form, forming a beautiful movement of China culture, among which "Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and Ming and Qing novels" are the most beautiful notes. Light, sharp, new artistic conception aesthetics and lingering life emotion in Song Ci: the cosmic image of Long Corridor in Yuan Dynasty and the romantic feelings of prodigal son: the colorful world scenes in Ming and Qing literature and art constitute the beautiful melody in China's cultural history.
The history of the Tang Dynasty opened the most glorious chapter in ancient China. The Tang Dynasty was politically enlightened, economically prosperous, militarily powerful, culturally free, with frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries and strong national strength, showing a prosperous and brilliant situation. From Taizu's founding and Emperor Taizong's accession to the throne to Xuanzong 100, the implementation of enlightened politics kept Li Tang's society stable for a long time and its economy developed continuously, which laid the foundation for the development of cultural undertakings. It promoted the all-round prosperity of culture and art in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system of selecting scholars by poems and books was implemented. A very important content of the Jinshi exam is to test poetry creation, so the quality of poetry creation is directly related to a person's political future. Choosing scholars by poetry, from feudal emperors to stranded literati, from dignitaries to people who drive cars and sell pulp, has promoted the atmosphere of advocating poetry in the whole society. Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Tang Dezong and other Tang emperors were all lovers of poetry. They not only often write their own poems, but also often encourage others to write poems, and vigorously promote those who can write poems, which greatly promotes the popularization and improvement of poetry. Poetry is a huge monument to the peak in the cultural history of the Tang Dynasty. Poetry in the Tang Dynasty is unprecedentedly prosperous, reaching a perfect artistic realm and becoming a cultural symbol of the Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907) was the heyday of China's classical poetry and the peak of China's classical poetry. Tang poetry is one of China's outstanding literary heritages and a bright pearl in the treasure house of world literature. In the history of more than 300 years in the Tang Dynasty, poetry was particularly prosperous. It has various genres and styles, and their works are numerous, with a wide range of subjects, rich contents and skillful skills. There are more than 48,900 poems handed down to later generations. The prosperity of Tang poetry has produced many great poets, especially many poets in the Tang Dynasty. Some of them were labeled by later generations, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Shi Fo Wang Wei and Li He. Tang poetry has a wide range of themes, some of which depict the beauty and beauty of the motherland. Some praise the just war and express patriotic thoughts; Some express their personal ambitions and experiences, expressing the joys and sorrows of life; Some of them reflected the class status and class contradictions of the society at that time and exposed the darkness of feudal society. In short, natural phenomena, political dynamics, working life, social customs and personal feelings can't escape the poet's keen eyes and become the subject matter of their writing. In terms of creative methods, there are both realistic schools and romantic schools. It has formed an excellent tradition of China's classical poetry. There are five words and seven words, quatrains and metrical poems in form. The Tang Dynasty also created modern poems with a particularly beautiful and neat style, which pushed the artistic features of China's ancient poems to an unprecedented height and found a most typical form for ancient lyric poems.
Tang poetry is beautiful, and its greatest feature is its vitality, brilliant weather and colorful scenery. Just like spring, it presents a thriving atmosphere, which is the vitality of the Tang Dynasty. Tang poetry is the spark of vigorous vitality of Tang poetry. Walking in is like walking into the forest in spring. Birds and flowers are fragrant and refreshing. Tang poetry is famous for its rich expressions and rhymes, and its poems are full of youthful enthusiasm and imagination. Freedom and joy are shining. Tang poetry has a vigorous rhythm, and there is a thriving artistic conception in the lingering melody. Even poems lamenting the loneliness of life and describing the frontier battles are fluent, graceful and brisk. The peak of Tang poetry is Li Bai, who combined the elegance of Zhuangzi with the magnificence of Qu Yuan with his genius imagination, and played the strongest sound of Tang poetry art, reaching the peak of ancient romantic literature in China. Tang poetry is still very popular with people. Today, it is still popular in China that "300 Tang poems can be read well without writing", which shows that China people love Tang poems.
Ci, also known as near-body Yuefu and Qinqu, is also called poetry and short sentences. These names show the close relationship between words and music, and have certain internal relations with Han Yuefu and Tang poetry. Song ci is the lyrics sung to match new music, which is filled according to the score of a certain musical tune. It is called "Bodhisattva Man", "Butterfly Lovers" and "Niannujiao". Equivalent to the lyrics of modern songs. Ci is developed on the basis of Han Yuefu and Tang poetry. It uses five or seven words with irregular sentence patterns and changeable rules to express the artistic conception of lightness, novelty, boldness and boldness, as well as the lingering feelings for life. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, Ci concentrated on reflecting the mentality of ancient China literati, and became a singing method dominated by strings. The singing method of Song Ci has long been lost. Now it has become a "dumb language" without "sound and emotion". But readers can still feel the beauty of music rhythm between the lines, either lingering, elegant and distant, impassioned, or depressed and frustrated. Poets in the Song Dynasty created a wonderful artistic realm of separation and swing, at arm's length, and blending scenes, which was very touching and infectious.
The development of Song Ci mainly experienced two stages: the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, which formed two main artistic styles, graceful and unconstrained, and produced many works that were well-known and passed down through the ages.
Since the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the sharp ethnic contradictions, patriotic songs have always echoed in the ci world, raising the bold and unconstrained ci style to a new height with a tragic and generous tone. Zhang, Xiang Ziyin, Yue Fei, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Lu You, Xin Qiji, Cat, Liu Guo, Liu Kezhuang, Janice, Liu Chenweng, Wen Tianxiang, etc. , such as overlapping peaks. The style is majestic, elegant, warm and generous, but also chic and charming. During the Southern Song Dynasty, many outstanding poets further explored the style of graceful words, just like a cluster of wonderful flowers, and it is impossible to summarize them all with the style of graceful words. Wei Xiao's "Empty City Strategy" and "coquettish elegance", Shi Dazu's "Miaoya", Wang's "The Seven Treasures Statue Tower".
Graceful and unconstrained are two artistic styles of Song Ci, which can also be said to be the perfect aesthetic theory of Song Ci. "Wan" is gentle and graceful, while "Yue" is refined, ethereal and subtle. The name "graceful and restrained" can well summarize the characteristics of a large class of words. Its content mainly describes the love between men and women, emotional parting, sad and touching scenes in the Spring and Autumn Period. Most of its forms are elegant, soft, implicit, affectionate and harmonious. It has the characteristics of "simple language with charm", "simple language with style", "light and sharp" and "full gestures". The main representatives are Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao. Liu Yong is an important representative of the development of Ci. He has been in the Jianghu for a long time, because his ci can reflect the life, thoughts and feelings of some urban citizens, and he can use folk songs and proverbs. He wrote a lot of slow words. Liu Ciwan is reserved and beautiful. When he sings happily in a low voice, his feelings are refreshing. Liu Ci has a broad social foundation and formed a new trend of Song Ci. His famous sentences include Rain Bell and Wu Fengqi. Rain bell: "it's cold and sad. Changting is late and the shower is over." Who knows where I am when I am awake tonight? "Yang Liuan, the wind and the moon. After the New Year, it should be a good time and a good scene. Who can I tell even if the customs are strange? " Use Cold Cicada, Shower, Smoke Wave, Twilight, Yang Liuan, Breeze, and Canyue to write gloomy and sad space and feelings. The scenery is full of emotion and melts into the scene. It is still dry to write scenes that are inseparable from one's lover and say goodbye, mainly describing the scenes, but the lines are full of emotions; I imagined the imaginary life scene after I left, which led to the expression of emotion. "Where did you wake up today? Liu Yong's famous phrase "Moonlight in Yang Liuan" has always been well known. The question is clear and clear, and the answer is implicit and vivid. It seems that the answer is not the answer, and it has infinite charm. "Yang Liuan", "Xiaofeng" and "Moonlight" are very harmonious, forming a distinct, quiet and open artistic conception, which is fascinating. Write the real scene clearly, secretly write out the feelings of the other party and enjoy the scenery. Liu Yong's Wu Fengqi said, "It's all right to lean on a dangerous building. Looking forward to the spring sorrow, the sky is dark. The grass is full of smoke and light. No one will lean against a post and not talk. I plan to get drunk and sing a song about wine, which is strong and tasteless. My clothes are getting wider and wider, and I will never regret it, which will make people haggard for Iraq. "Call it the second realm of learning, which shows the high level of Liu Ci. Li Qingzhao is a representative poet of graceful and restrained school, who is unique in the field of ci in Song Dynasty and has great influence on later generations. Li Qingzhao's ci is full of true feelings, emphasizing melody and being concise. She can use plain language to create a vivid and perfect artistic image. Her words are as clear as words, but concise. The later period is full of confusion in life and the feeling of the rise and fall of the country. Do you know Li Qingzhao's Dream? "Last night, there was a shower, and a deep sleep did not eliminate the residual wine. I asked the curtain person, Haitang is still there? "You know what? It should be green and fat, red and thin. " The author expressed a kind of sadness of missing spring scenery and saying goodbye by expressing his mind directly. Her "A Cut of Plum" is "red lotus root fragrance, jade dies, clothes are light, and orchid is alone. Who sent the brocade book? The word "wild goose" returns, and the moon is full of the West Building. Flowers from Shui Piao, there are two concerns. I can't get rid of this feeling, but I frown and go to my heart. " Write the love between men and women with clever and sharp pens, leaving their feelings behind. Besides, Qin Guan and Zhou Bangyan also made great achievements in graceful and restrained style. Qin Guan's ci is profound and graceful, Zhou Bangyan's ci is rich and delicate, and Li Qingzhao's ci is fresh and ups and downs. Su Shi and Xin Qiji are representatives of bold and unconstrained ci in Song Dynasty, advocating bold, free and easy and eclectic aesthetic concepts. Su Shi's poem Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia is a "river of no return, a romantic figure through the ages". Therefore, to the west of the base, humanity is the Red Cliff in Zhou Lang, the Three Kingdoms, with rugged rocks and rolling waves, rolling up thousands of piles of snow and picturesque mountains and rivers. How many heroes there are at one time! Think back to Gong Jin, when Xiao Qiao got married for the first time, he was handsome, holding a feather fan and wearing a black silk scarf. Talking and laughing, he disappeared into the smoke. His country is wandering, and he smiles at me with enthusiasm. He was born early, and the world is like a dream. The word "a bottle is still like a moon". From the very beginning, it started in the grand realm of Wan Li in the Millennium. The individual is small and life is short, so people should put themselves in the vastness of the universe, which embodies the bold artistic style. Xin Qiji, an outstanding poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, inherited the bold style of Su Shi's ci, and his ci broke through the rules and regulations of ci to a greater extent, taking the text as the ci, answering questions like words, arguing freely and unrestrained.
China's literature and art developed to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and went to the secular completely, especially the novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties made brilliant achievements. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the golden age of China's classical novels. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions are the four most familiar novels. Literature and art in Ming and Qing Dynasties, represented by novels and operas, depicts secular human feelings and common life. It comes from rap literature. Serving the "ordinary people", attaching importance to the twists and turns of the plot and the richness of details, formed a comprehensive art of rap, performance, music and dance-Ming and Qing literature and art. Literature and art in Ming and Qing dynasties praised innocence, satirized feudal marriage and appreciated pornography and debauchery. One of the popular and prominent themes is the love between ordinary men and women. Literature and art in Ming and Qing Dynasties is a colorful picture of the world.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a novel in Ming and Qing Dynasties, is China's most successful historical novel. Its central content is to interpret various contradictions, struggles and even wars between Wei, Shu and Wu, and tell tortuous stories. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes a number of characters with distinctive personalities in popular, concise and lively language, such as Zhang Fei's heroism, Guan Yu's arrogance, Cao Cao's cunning and Kong Ming's cleverness. In the clear context, it forms a grand and rigorous structure that is rare in classical novels. The Water Margin is based on the Sung River Uprising at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. The author is Shi Naian. The main content of Water Margin is to describe 108 heroes gathered in Liangshan under the persecution of corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry, mainly Song Jiang, jy, Lin Chong, Lu and Wu Yong. As an anti-Song story, Water Margin is a milestone in China vernacular literature. With high cultural accomplishment and fluent and skilled vernacular, the author portrays characters' personalities and describes various scenes, which is extremely vivid. Especially when writing dialogues between characters, he is more familiar with their voices. The successful shaping of 10 or 20 protagonists with distinctive personalities is an important factor in this novel's brilliant artistic life. The advantage of vernacular Chinese in novel creation has been completely established, which has far-reaching significance in the whole history of China literature. The appearance of two novels, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin, marks the development of China's ancient novels to a new peak. In the whole history of China literature, it is also of epoch-making significance. The novel creation in the middle of Ming Dynasty is represented by Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West. This novel is full of fantasy and bizarre plot. It describes the process of the Monkey King, Zhu Bajie and Tang Priest. The most fascinating figure in The Journey to the West is the Monkey King, a well-connected monkey. He is withdrawn and spontaneous, representing the most free and naughty part of the human spirit, and has become the symbol and sustenance of countless people's ideals. In the Qing Dynasty, Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions reached the peak of China's classical novels with its artistic exquisiteness and perfection. A Dream of Red Mansions takes the love and marriage entanglements of Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai as the central clue, and depicts the tragic fate of many figures and a group of women in the red chamber who are centered on Jia Baoyu during the ups and downs of Jia's family, and reflects the historical fate of young men and women with a certain awakening consciousness under the bondage of feudal system and feudal family. ! ! !