Why was Concubine Zhuang not buried in Zhaoling?
Originally, an independent "Mausoleum of Concubine Zhuang" should be built within Zhaoling. If that were the case, today's Zhaoling Tomb would be even larger and more magnificent. However, this "Zhuang Fei Mausoleum" was not built in Shenyang, but was built thousands of miles away from Shenyang in Malanyu, Zunhua, Hebei (i.e. Zhaoxi Mausoleum). The reason for this is still a mystery.
Concubine Zhuang is also known as "Queen Xiaozhuangwen". She is a girl from the Mongolian grassland, her surname is Borjigit, her name is Bumbutai, also known as Benbutai (meaning "noble person from heaven"), she was born in the 41st year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty ( On the eighth day of February (1613), her father was the chief of the Horqin tribe in Mongolia, named Zaisai, and he was a descendant of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. After Emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty founded the Later Jin Kingdom, he attached great importance to relations with various Mongolian tribes out of political needs. Concubine Zhuang's hometown Horqin is close to the territory of the Later Jin Dynasty, and its military strength is relatively weak. She has been repeatedly abused by the powerful Chahar tribe, so she also tried her best to get closer to the Later Jin Dynasty and was willing to have good relations with it. Manchu and Mongolian customs emphasize the importance of gifting marriages to each other, and even forming several levels of relatives. This is considered to be the most sincere and trustworthy way of friendship. Therefore, the Horqin tribe married their daughters many times to Nurhaci and Huang Taiji and his son. Huang Taiji alone married three Horqin noble women. In addition to Concubine Zhuang herself, these three princesses also include her aunt and sister. Her aunt is Empress Xiaoduanwen Zhezhe, and her sister is Concubine Hailanzhu of Guanju Palace. Two generations of a family, three girls serving one husband, were the first remnant of the original group marriage system, and were common in the early Qing Dynasty. In February of the tenth year of Tianming (1625), accompanied by her brother Wu Keshan Taiji, Concubine Zhuang came from the Mongolian grassland to Liaoyang Gongjing, the capital of the Later Jin Dynasty, and married Huang Taiji, who was then known as the "Four Belles". At this time she was only a thirteen-year-old girl. The year after Benbutai married Huang Taiji, Taizu died. Huang Taiji inherited the throne of the Later Jin Dynasty and changed his reign name to Tiancong. Concubine Zhuang became the side blessing of the Later Jin Dynasty Khan. In the first year of Chongde, Huang Taiji received Yuan Chuanguo and Shan Jianguo became the emperor of Chongde. He was canonized as the concubine of the fifth palace. Benbutai was named Zhuang Concubine and settled in Yongfu Official, also known as the Concubine of Side West Palace. On the 30th day of the first lunar month of the third year of Chongde, Concubine Zhuang gave birth to the emperor's ninth son, Fulin. At that time, Huang Taiji was immersed in the anguish of the death of the "Crown Prince" born to Concubine Chen of Guanju Palace. In the sixth year of De, Huang Taiji's most beloved concubine Hai Lanzhu of Guanju Palace died of illness. Huang Taiji was heartbroken and fell seriously ill. In order to maintain feudal ethics, the Qing Dynasty did not encourage concubines to interfere in politics. But in real life, as the master of the harem, the queen cannot help but have an impact on the emperor's words and deeds and even government affairs. The same is true for Concubine Zhuang. According to "Records of the Qing Dynasty" and "Notes on Kangxi Daily Life" when evaluating Concubine Zhuang, they said that she "sponsored" Taizong. "Zhaozhao Pi Ji". Although these words are procedural "official documents". But it will never be a record of historians just looking at the wind and fluttering shadows out of thin air.
In August of the eighth year of Chongde, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty passed away. Six-year-old Fulin inherited the throne. The reign name was changed to Shunzhi. Because Emperor Shunzhi was young, his uncle Dorgon, the ninth king, and Prince Zheng Jierhalang were regents. Empress Zhezhe was honored as the Empress Dowager from then on, while Concubine Zhuang did not have the title of Empress Dowager. Soon, Dorgon and Ming general Wu Sangui defeated the peasant army led by Li Zicheng and occupied Beijing. In September of the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing Dynasty's ruling center moved from Shengjing to Beijing. Concubine Zhuang and Fulin bid farewell to the Shengjing Palace. According to legend, the regent Dorgon believed that he was the legitimate son of Taizu and had outstanding military exploits and was instrumental in founding the country. His ambitions grew and he attempted to usurp the throne. After arriving in Yanjing, Concubine Zhuang saw that Dorgon was domineering and was very worried. In order to control and win over Dorgon and consolidate Fulin's throne, Concubine Zhuang married Dorgon. This stabilizes the possible split situation. Of course, the story of the second marriage is just an anecdote and cannot be trusted. Whether it is true or false remains to be verified by historians.
In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, Fulin held a banquet and succeeded to the throne with his youngest son Xuan Ye, who became Emperor Kangxi. Respect Concubine Zhuang as the Empress Dowager. Xuan Ye lost his mother very early and was raised by his grandmother, Concubine Zhuang. Grandfather and grandson have a deep relationship. Kangxi himself was outspoken about this. Kangxi once said: "Recalling that I have been young since I was young, I have underestimated my trust early. I have inherited the teachings of my grandmother for more than 30 years, and I have achieved success. Without my grandmother, the empress dowager would never have been possible. Established today." Because of this, Kangxi was extremely filial to his grandmother. History books record several things about him: Whenever Emperor Kangxi's retinue went out on a tour with his grandmother and encountered a hilly road, Kangxi would always dismount his horse and walk to his grandmother's chariot and help her personally; when Kangxi visited Shengjing in the east, he also The fish he caught by himself was soaked in mutton fat to keep it fresh, and he ordered Yi Chuan to deliver it to the Empress Dowager as quickly as possible. Kangxi also said in the letter that he would be satisfied as long as his grandmother "looked down and smiled" when she saw these objects. When the Empress Dowager was in danger, Emperor Kangxi often guarded her bedside to show his filial piety. Kangxi also made a wish before the gods, wishing to give his grandmother his life in the hope of prolonging her life. He also donated silver coins in various temples to pray to the gods. Buddha bless. In short, Concubine Zhuang assisted Shizu and Shengzu throughout her life. She was one of the most outstanding concubines in the early Qing Dynasty.
According to the mausoleum system of the Qing Dynasty, if a queen dies before the emperor, she must be buried with him when the emperor dies. If she dies after the emperor, a separate mausoleum for the queen must be built next to the emperor's mausoleum. Thirty years after Concubine Zhuang died of Emperor Taizong, the mausoleum of Empress Xiaozhuangwen should be built in Zhaoling. It is said that the reason why Concubine Zhuang was not buried in Zhaoling was as follows: First, Concubine Zhuang had left a will during her lifetime. The general effect of her will was that Taizong had been buried in Shengjing for a long time. Please do not open the underground palace for me to bury him together. Well, just bury yourself next to the Xiaoling Mausoleum (Shunzhi Mausoleum), because I miss you father and son (referring to Shunzhi and Kangxi) and don’t want to stay away. Therefore, Kangxi followed his grandmother's instructions and built another mausoleum of Zhuang Fei next to Xiaoling, named "Zhaoxiling".
Another theory is that Concubine Zhuang has married the ninth king Dorgon, and her marriage to Taizong has ended, and she cannot be buried in Taizong's mausoleum. However, it has not yet been determined whether Concubine Zhuang's marriage is indeed true. The third theory is that the cremation system was prevalent in the early Qing Dynasty. For example, Taizu, Taizong and other concubines were cremated. The cremation system was abolished by Concubine Zhuang in her later years, but if she was buried in Zhaoling, she had to be cremated according to the old system. Concubine Zhuang was afraid that she would be cremated, so she proposed to be buried in the pass. The truth of the matter needs to be confirmed by new historical data.
The Phantom of the Divine Stele
There is a very strange phenomenon on the back of the "Stele of Divine Merits and Holy Virtues": whenever it is cloudy and rainy, a vague human shape will appear on it. She looks like a "beautiful girl" with a slim figure, a tall policeman on her head, a pretty face, wearing a loose coat and a long robe, flowing like a fairy. The closer you look at it, the clearer the figure becomes. Therefore, it has aroused the interest of many literati, dignitaries and dignitaries throughout the ages, leading to many rumors. It was even "deified" as one of the "Ten Scenes of Liudu (Shenyang)" in the Qing Dynasty, and was exaggerated as a scene in Shengjing, called "Phantom of the Divine Monument". There is also a poem in "Peidu Jilue" that praises this scene: "The ancient stone is formed with auspiciousness. It is better than the paintings carved by skillful hands. There are statues of gods behind the two tombs (Zhaoling and Fuling), which can be included in the story of Peidu Zhilue." (Liu Shiying) : "A Brief History of Accompanying the Capital") In the ninth year of Daoguang, a minister named He Rulin accompanied Emperor Xuanzong on an eastward tour of Zhaoling to worship his ancestors. He also heard that this stele was strange, so he came here to view it during his spare time during the mausoleum worship. According to his speculations, he said that it was like this. The human form resembles "Avalokitesvara" (Tathagata Buddha). He Rulin praised its realistic image, even "all the clothes and fingers", and that it was truly a divine object and "created in heaven and earth" ("He's Shenyang Chronicle"). "Shenyang County Chronicle" also calls this stele the "sacred stele"; Jin Liang calls this stele the "Beauty Stone" and "Guanyin Stone" in his book "Fengtian Historical Site Research". However, some people think that the human form on the stele is not a female body. For example, "Shen Gu" says that the human form and hair of the stele are very similar to Zhuge Liang, the "Hou Tinghou of the Han Dynasty"; others say that its image is very similar to Emperor Guan. In short, these are all speculations, and benevolent people have different opinions and wisdom.
This phenomenon of visible stele is not only seen in the stele of divine merits and virtues in Zhaoling, but also in other stelae. According to historical records, another stone stele in the Zhaoling Mausoleum, the holy name stele on the Daming Tower, also has a human figure on the back. Some people speculate that it resembles the legendary "Magu". During the Republic of China, when the warlord Feng Dezuo served as the guardian of the Fengtian Mountain Mausoleum, he specially sent a painter to depict the "Ma Gu" according to the texture on the stele, and painted it with various colors to create a "Ma Gu's longevity picture", which was neither fish nor fowl. It's ridiculous. Although the paint was later painted over and the stone tablet was burned due to thunder and fire. However, some traces can still be seen from it today. For another example, "Shen Gu" records that there is a stone tablet in Yaozhou Temple in southern Liaoning, and this tablet can reveal a "Wei Tuo Statue".
"Xinmin Evening News" reported on May 22, 1992 that there are two invisible steles at the Tang cultural ruins in Heilongtan Scenic Area, Renshou County, Sichuan Province. At first glance, the steles appear smooth and traceless. However, After splashing water on it, on the right side of the stele, a line of "regular script" appeared immediately, with a vigorous style; on the left side of the stele, a powerful ink bamboo picture appeared, with elegant charm. The words and paintings on the stele disappeared as the water vapor disappeared. It is said that the calligraphy and painting on these two tablets were written by Wen Tong, the cousin of Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Song Dynasty. Wen Tong, named Yu Ke, was a famous calligrapher, painter and essayist at that time. According to the "Renshou County Chronicle": "The two walls are covered with mosaic rocks, and there is a faint light, and there are strange graphite bamboos here. There are no ink marks or carving marks. The stone is washed with water. The stippling is still fresh. "Beijing Daily" also reported that there is a stone tablet in Banbidian Forest Park in Beijing. A "bear" will appear on the stone tablet every rainy day. The diameter of the stone tablet is about two meters. It is irregular in shape and about 0.5 meters thick. The stone is from Quyang, Hebei Province. The white marble stone is produced. On the front of the stone tablet is the inscription: "Banbidian Forest Park". There are many similar examples. So, why do these stone tablets show various patterns when exposed to moisture? However, according to the author's speculation, it may be because the texture of these stele stones is composed of a dry turquoise material with low density and good at absorbing moisture. Humidity makes the texture of the stele aggravate due to moisture, and the texture appears prominent. For example, a large magnetic vat used in northern rural areas has a low density and loose texture. Whenever the air is humid, its lower half will appear "skirted." Some people take this phenomenon as a sign of rain, so the ancients also said that "the moon is haloed and the wind is moist, and the base is moist and rainy." This is the reason why the stone tablets appear when they are damp. Of course, this is just speculation. What the actual phenomenon is, let's leave it to scientists to explain it correctly.
"White Hero" Arsalan and "Little Envoy" Shang Xi
Whenever Zhaoling holds a big sacrifice. On both sides of the confession in the Long En Hall were two armed "guards" wearing court uniforms and carrying swords across their waists. Xia and Xiaoxia usually have no other duties. Their only duty is to act as "imperial bodyguards" during the grand ceremony. However, their titles are very high. Bai Daxia's official status is "hereditary first-class bodyguard and captain of light carriages". His rank is the third rank, which is equal to that of Zhaoling's highest official, the General Manager; Xiaoxia is the "hereditary first-class bodyguard and cavalry captain", and his rank is the third rank, which is half a rank higher than the Zhaoling Pass Defense Officer.
Both heroes and villains are hereditary, passed down from generation to generation. The first hero to be awarded the title was "Arsalan", and the villain's name was "Shang Xi". They were both the imperial guards of Emperor Taizong and Huang Taiji during his lifetime.
Arsalan's real name is "Mendu", and his surname is Borzigit. He is a descendant of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. "Arsalan" is the honorary title given to him by Huang Taiji. Mendu means "lion" in Chinese. Mendu has a tall body, "excellent arm strength, good at wrestling, and great strength. He is indeed as brave and powerful as a "lion".
There is no official record of how Mendu became the bodyguard of Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji, but there is such a legend among the people:
It is said that Mendu was originally an unemployed vagrant. He is extremely powerful and possesses unique skills but is not reused. So I always want to find an opportunity to show myself in front of the emperor. One day, he heard that Huang Taiji was driving through a stone bridge. There were two big lions at the head of the stone bridge. Arsalan moved a stone lion from the head of the bridge to the middle of the stone bridge to block the way. Then he hid under the bridge and waited. Not long after, Huang Taiji came down to Shiqiao in front of the civil and military ministers and the officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners. However, the large group of people could not pass. After Huang Taiji asked about the situation, he sent an order to the surrounding generals to move the lion away. However, no one could move it. Huang Taiji was very angry and said that this was the bold maniac who dared to act so recklessly and sent a decree to arrest those who stood in his way. What happened on the bridge, Arsalan heard clearly from under the bridge. So he calmly walked out of the palace, knelt down in front of the emperor, apologized, and explained the situation. Although Huang Taiji was angry, he thought in his heart that since this man could move such a heavy stone lion, he must be an extremely powerful warrior. If he is really a genius, he will definitely work for me if I take him under my control. Then he said to Arsalan, if you move the lion back to the bridge, I can forgive you. After hearing this, Arsalan kowtowed in thanks, then stood up and walked to the stone lion in the middle of the room. He tightened the belt around his waist and stretched his hands and feet. Then he opened his arms, bent down, picked up the stone lion with a cry of strength, took tiger steps, came to the end of the bridge, and gently placed the stone lion on the stone base. Arsalan's face remained unchanged and he huffed. Huang Taiji was very surprised when he saw it, and the civil and military ministers around him were also dumbfounded. Huang Taiji saw that this person was indeed a rare and strange person. So Arsalan was taken under his command as a personal bodyguard. (According to Gu Guangqing's collection: "Arsalan Shows His Skills to Seek an Official")
Although this is just a folk legend, it is indeed a historical fact that Arsalan was extremely strong and was a very brave man who was good at wrestling. . Wrestling, called "Buku" in Manchu, is a popular sports and entertainment activity among Mongolian and northern ethnic minorities. Such competitions are held every festival or other festive occasion. Arsalan (Mendu) became a bodyguard under Huang Taiji, and his fame grew. Everyone at home and abroad knows that Huang Taiji has such a strong man and "Buku" expert beside him. Huang Taiji himself was proud of having such a genius. Whenever the Mongolian kings came to Shengjing to meet with him, he always made sure everyone was present. At that time, there were also two good wrestlers in various Mongolian tribes, one was Tebendehe of the Alu tribe, and the other was Durma of the Sizi tribe. They have heard about each other for a long time, and they always want to find opportunities to compete with him. To test the reality. In the early years of Tiancong, Taizong and various Mongolian tribes jointly attacked Chahar Lindan Khan in the "Sanwa League". Temudehe and Durma followed the Mongolian prince to Sanwa to meet Huang Taiji. At the grand welcome banquet, Huang Taiji held a grand welcome banquet. After three rounds of wine and five dishes, Huang Taiji preemptively said to the Mongolian prince, "I heard that you I have two "Buku" experts. Today is a rare opportunity for them to come out and compete with my guards. Learn from each other and toast with each other. This matter was just what they wanted. The Mongolian prince and the two good wrestlers had already known this people. Later, Mendu, Temudehe and Durma came out to bow to Huang Taiji and the Mongolian prince, and then the three of them bowed to each other. Huang Taiji proposed that the game be divided into two games. The first game would be between Tebendehe and Durma, with the winner determined first. The second match pits the winner against Mendu. The three people changed their "roads" and came to the grass in front of the palace. They first did jumping movements to stretch their muscles for a while, and then the first competition began. Chimu Dehe and Sherma each tried their best, hooking me, fighting me, carrying me and asking. After more than ten rounds, Durma caught Chimu Dehe with his chest wide and turned back with a strong back straddle, knocking Chimu Dehe down. On the ground, the audience immediately burst into applause. Then comes the competition between Durma and Mendu. Although Durma won his first victory, he felt inferior in front of the famous Mendu. He was a bit shorter. In addition, his physical strength and skills were very different from Mendu. Therefore, Mendu hardly took any effort and only walked. After two or three rounds, Durma was gently pushed down. The Mongolian prince and all his entourage present were impressed by Mendu's performance and whispered to each other, "well-deserved!" Huang Taiji was even more delighted and rewarded Temudehe and Durma. After Huang Taiji returned to Shenyang, he named three Buku experts. The title given to Mendu was "Arsalan Toshetubuku" and he was rewarded with a leopard skin coat; the title given to Temudehe was "Baturubuku" and he was rewarded with a tiger skin coat and a broadsword. A handful, a piece of satin; the title given to Durma is "Janbuku" and a tiger-skin coat. Huang Taiji reiterated that from now on, they are only allowed to be called by this royal name and no longer called by their original names. Anyone who calls him by his original name will be punished.
In the first month of the eighth year of Tiancong’s reign, three Mongolian princes including Tujinong Badali, Zhasak Tudulenbuqi, and Garzhuzhaimul came to Shenyang to congratulate Huang Taiji. New Year.
They had long admired that there was a Buku wizard named Arsalan beside Huang Taiji, but they were dubious. Therefore, this time they brought the six best Buku experts in the department to prepare to meet Arsalan. Huang Taiji still held a banquet in the middle hall of the palace as usual to entertain guests from far away. At the banquet, the three princes were asked by Tai Chi. He had six Buku masters who wanted to see Arsalan and attack him. Huang Taiji saw the intentions of the three Mongolian princes, brought Arsalan in front of him, asked him to pay homage to the Mongolian princes, and then loudly warned him to be lenient during the game and not to hurt the six guests. And the Mongolian prince thought to himself, no matter how capable you Arsalan is, you will never be able to fight against a pack of wolves. Unexpectedly, Arsalan really made an extraordinary move. During the fight, some of the six wrestlers were thrown onto their backs by Arsalan, and some were thrown out of the ring by Arsalan with both hands raised. The six wrestlers were still arrogant just now. Everyone looked embarrassed and ashamed. The three Mongolian princes were a little embarrassed. They admired Arsalan from the bottom of their hearts and repeatedly said that he was really a "wonderful and brave" talent.
In the eighth year of Chongde, Huang Taiji died. Fulin succeeded to the throne and changed his reign to Shunzhi. The following year, Regent Dorqi and Ming general Wu Sangui defeated Li Zicheng's peasant uprising army and occupied Beijing. Soon, Shizu Fulin moved his capital to Beijing. Arsalan "followed the dragon" into the pass. At this time, he was old and missed the hometown where he grew up. Therefore, in the early years of Shunzhi, he wrote to Emperor Shizu, requesting to return to Shengjing to guard the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong and Huang Taiji. Emperor Shizu considered that he was Taizong's most capable attendant during his lifetime, and his deeds were recorded in "Taizong's Records", so he was very pleased with his request to guard Zhaoling for the rest of his life. This request is granted. He was promoted to a higher rank and given the title of "First Class Bodyguard Hereditary Adahahafan" (Captain of Light Vehicles). Along with Arsalan, another bodyguard named Shang Xi was approved to return to Shengjing to guard the Zhaoling Mausoleum. Shang Xi was also granted the title of Emperor Taizong. Arsalan and Shang Xi returned to Shengjing with their young family members and settled down near Zhaoling.
Although Arsalan was in his sixties at this time, his strength was still the same as before. One time a stele was erected in Zhaoling. Because the stele was too heavy, the stoneworkers were unable to place the stele into the base despite weighing thousands of pounds. When he was in trouble, Arsalan happened to come over. After looking at the monument, he said to everyone, "Don't be anxious. Let's put the monument up first. I can move it to the seat by carrying it on my back." The masons simply did not believe that the old man in front of them had such great power. But seeing that Arsalan was firm and calm, he had no choice but to give it a try. As a result, the white-haired old man actually carried the thousand-jin monument on his back, and with the support of everyone, he erected the monument firmly with the falcon in it. The masons were surprised to see Arsalan's "old strength". This anecdote is still circulating in Shenyang today.
After Arsalan died, he was buried on his own property twenty miles north of Zhaoling. After hearing the memorial, Shizu Fulin issued a decree to give him a "double lion stele", that is, the head of the stele is composed of two lions. This is a unique exception in the stele system of the Qing Dynasty. Fulin gave him this tablet because he was named "Arsalan" (lion) by his father Huang Taiji. Arsalan Cemetery is located in Baijiatun Village, Zaohua Township, Yuhong District, Shenyang City. This tomb is also called "Baijiatun". In the late Qing Dynasty, many Manchu and Mongolian families changed their surnames to Han surnames because their surname was "Borjijit". The first character of the original surname was taken from the Han surname. The homophony of "Bo" is "Bai". In the mid-Qing Dynasty, a village was gathered here, and the place was named "Baijiafen". In recent years, it was renamed "Baijia Village". What is regrettable is that the tomb of Arsalan, together with the special double lion monument in front of it, were destroyed during the "Ten Years of Troubles". It is worth mentioning that in the summer of 1983, Bai Shizhong, a descendant of Arsalan who lived in Wangniutun, Zaihua Township, Yuhong District, Shenyang, came to the author with a fragment of the Double Lion Monument that he carefully collected and asked us to think of a remedy for him. The author is outlining the historical events of Arsalan just to "make up for it", nothing more.
According to historical records, Arsalan held the title of "hereditary first-class bodyguard, second-class captain of light vehicles", with an annual salary of two hundred and thirty taels of silver, one hundred and seventeen stone and five measures of Dai rice. This official position has been passed down in his family for more than ten generations. According to Bai Shizhong, the descendants of Arsalan during the Guangxu period had three brothers named "Hu Tong'a, Hu Tongli, and Hu Tongbao". Hu Tong'a once served as the general manager of Sanling Prime Minister's Yamen, with an official rank of fourth rank. Bai Shizhong is Hu Tong'a's great-grandson. Bai Shizhong's grandfather Bai Yude, and his father's name is Bai Wenfu. His family's surname was changed to Bai from his grandfather Bai Yude at the beginning of the Republic of China. In addition to being white in nature, Arsalan's descendants also have Erzhi with the surname Ying and Ban. The surname Ying originated from a person named Bai Yingyuan, and later generations changed their surname to Ying "according to their first name and surname". Checking the "Chengde County Chronicle", it was found that during the Guangxu and Xuantong years, there was indeed a person named "Yingyuan" who succeeded Arsalan, which shows that the information provided by the old man Bai Shizhong is credible.
In addition, there are very few historical records about "Xiaoxia" Shang Xi. We only know that his surname is "Morjijijidaishi" and that he is a descendant of the Yuan Dynasty royal family. Shang Xi became Taizong Huang Taiji's bodyguard "by virtue of his military exploits". At the beginning of Shunzhi, he returned to Shengjing from Beijing with Arsalan to guard Zhaoling, and was granted the title of "Hereditary First-class Bodyguard and Cavalry Commander" by Shizu. His descendants inherited this position for "more than ten generations". His family has lived near "Xiaobeiguan" in Shenyang.
The Armored "Knocking" Case
Before introducing this anecdote. A little explanation is needed on why juice is "叩阍".
According to the Grand View of Government and Public Affairs, in ancient times, if someone was wrongly imprisoned or otherwise wronged, if he complained to the provincial government and failed to enforce the law impartially, and then complained to the Ministry of Punishment, the Ministry of Punishment could not make a fair decision according to the law. In this kind of situation, there is no ladder to heaven. With no other options available, the family members of the unjust case had no choice but to take the risk and risk their lives to complain directly to the emperor. This is called "knocking". "Knocking" is an extremely difficult thing. First of all, the listener must find out the time of the emperor's trip and the road he passed, and write a written statement. Before the emperor passed by, he had to hide in the "gutter" beside the royal road regardless of the mud and muddy water, and wait for the emperor to pass by here! On one hand, he raised a complaint of injustice. While shouting "Unjust", the guards heard the sound and took the knocker to the imperial court. The emperor may or may not read the "grievance complaint", or he may simply ask about the grievance, and the district will hand over the person who knocked to the Ministry of Punishment or the province for re-processing. However, the wronged person obtained the emperor's oral edict or imperial approval through knocking, and criminal officials at all levels generally did not dare to falsify, so unjust cases were often dealt with fairly. However, the Kowang people were convicted and punished because of the conflict. Some local officials were also implicated. The "Laws of the Qing Dynasty" stipulates: "Anyone who knocks on the ground when the imperial driver is patrolling the place shall be punished by the infantry school for six months, the infantry deputy general shall be fined for two months, and the infantrymen shall be punished with eighty lashes." It can be seen that the knocking plan must be carried out in secret and cannot be exposed, otherwise the local officers and soldiers will not let it go. The law also severely punishes those who knock on the vine, and they are usually sent to remote areas to do hard labor. However, despite this, knocking incidents still happen frequently because it can give the wronged people a way out. It is said that there is a special kind of professional knocker who relies on knocking for others to get some money to support his family's livelihood. It can be seen that the knocking phenomenon is a true manifestation of the social darkness in the feudal autocratic era.
In the eleventh year of Kangxi (1682), there was a rare case of collective knocking of the armored cavalry in Zhaoling and Fuling. There are eighty armored men in Zhaoling and Fuling, who are responsible for the protection of the mountains and tombs. They patrol the mountains and check roads every day. The tasks are too heavy and the responsibilities are too heavy, and the lunar eclipse silver is two taels. These people have been in vacancies since they became adults. As long as they do not die of illness or die in battle, they can only be armored men for the rest of their lives until they retire when they are old. There are no other opportunities for development. Therefore, the armored men in the two mausoleums were very dissatisfied with this, and wanted to take advantage of Emperor Kangxi's eastward tour to pay homage to the mausoleum, and collectively "knocked it out" with the emperor to request that they be given a chance to be promoted. In March of the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), Xuanye led a large group of troops to Shengjing. On this day, after the emperor saluted in Zhaoling and Fuling, the two mausoleums in armor took the opportunity to kneel in front of the emperor and presented to the emperor. Over eight. Perhaps because of "heavy responsibility" or Kangxi's grace, instead of punishing Tan Bing, he expressed his resignation. Kangxi said in the imperial edict: "It is extremely pitiable that these soldiers guarding the tomb have returned home and have endured for a long time without being promoted throughout their lives." He decided to break the convention and add a promotion path for them, that is, to start from the army at regular intervals. A number of "strong and handsome people" were selected from the armor, either in Fuling, Zhaoling, or in the capital to serve as Boshiku (also called leader) and Xiaoqi school members.
A year later, the armored people in Liangling found it difficult to live in their houses again. Request the Ministry of Works to build buildings. Emperor Kangxi learned that he was being cared for again, and ordered the Ministry of Household Affairs in Shengjing to contribute 14,800 taels of silver to each of the two mausoleum armored men, and to "build their own houses", and the "Qintian Supervisor" selected the houses. "The Zhaoling House chose to build forty rooms on the east side of the mausoleum and named it the East Barracks.
The collective kowtow ceremony of armored soldiers in Fuling and Zhaoling is rare in the history of the Qing Dynasty mausoleum system Official documents are very secretive about this matter, so the records are unclear, but it is not difficult to trace this important event from scattered historical materials.
The legend of Ganoderma lucidum and dragon robes
< p>There used to be a large camphor wood box in a corner of Long'en Hall in Zhaoling. It is said that this wooden box was specially used to hold Emperor Daoguang's three dragon robes and three Ganoderma lucidum plants. There is a folk legend about this:The story happened in the ninth year of Daoguang's visit to Shengjing. The customs officer ordered all the people to clean the surrounding area, clean up the dust, pull out weeds, and clean up the debris, especially the Long'en Hall. He had to be especially careful, because this was the emperor's main place for ancestor worship, so he should be cautious. After the strong men had finished cleaning, they went to check it again and again. When they saw that no loopholes were found, they were relieved. The next day, Emperor Daoguang led the kings. Minister Baylor came to Zhaoling Long'en Hall for a grand ceremony. Just as he was on the platform in front of the hall, waiting for the usher to lead him to prostrate himself to the altar, he suddenly saw a few weeds growing in the southeast corner of the platform, and he felt very unhappy. , I thought: It is obvious that the customs officer Shangqie was so careless during the mausoleum ceremony. At this time, the people related to Zhaoling who were standing aside discovered these weeds and were very panicked. They quickly knelt down in front of Daoguang and asked Daoguang. The emperor thought again, since the mausoleum official could clean up other places, how could he ignore such an important place as Xiang Siduan? This grass must be extraordinary. Three years ago, the guards pulled it out and sent it to Daoguang for inspection. Taking a closer look in his hand, he found three "Ganoderma lucidum grasses", which were auspicious signs, so he turned from anger to joy, so he pardoned the Guanfang officer for his fault and gave the Ganoderma lucidum grass to the officer, asking him to keep this treasure. Well, please bring it out every time there is a big sacrifice, and put it on the confession. Soon, when Daoguang was about to bid farewell to his ancestor Longxing and return to the capital, he suddenly thought of the three Ganoderma lucidum plants in Zhaoling. It was a very auspicious thing he encountered during his eastward tour of Shengjing, so he ordered his ministers to keep the three dragon robes he wore and give them to the Zhaoling Pass defense officer to hide them with Ganoderma lucidum.
Whenever the Longyi Festival is held on June 6th, customs officials will take Daoguang dragon robes and Ganoderma lucidum out of the camphor wood box. Place it on the platform in front of Long'en Hall to be ventilated and dry. Please bring it out to offer sacrifices during the big ceremony. In the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu's reign, Tsarist Russian officers and soldiers invaded Shengjing, and the whereabouts of the dragon robe and Ganoderma lucidum have never been known. (Miao Wenhua: "Beiling Chronicles" page 41)
The above is a folk legend circulating near Zhaoling, but this rumor is not completely a "lie" fabricated out of thin air. , some plots are indeed based on historical facts. According to the "Black Picture File", Zhaoling indeed contains the emperor's dragon robe. However, this robe does not belong to Emperor Daoguang, but to Emperor Qianlong. What happened is this: In the forty-eighth year of Qianlong's reign, Emperor Hongli made his fourth eastward tour to Shengjing to pay homage to his ancestors' tombs. One day, after Qianlong held a grand ceremony in Zhaoling, he sent a decree to the internal minister, asking him to send his best "dragon robe with golden buttons and absolutely silk" to Zhaoling and hand it over to the customs defense officer, who asked him to "respect him." I sincerely hide it in the Long En Hall. In the future, this dragon robe will be taken out for worship whenever there is a big sacrifice. Emperor Qianlong had his own intentions for this move, because Qianlong was already seventy-two years old at this time. Shengjing is far away from the capital and the transportation is inconvenient. I feel that it is difficult to come to Shengjing again. Furthermore, in terms of the Eastern Tour System, his grandfather Emperor Kangxi only visited Shengjing four times in his life to pay respects to his ancestors (the last time was by Prince Yong). As a descendant of Kangxi, he should not surpass his grandfather. Qianlong thought about it and came up with two workarounds. He kept his best imperial robe. From now on, he would offer this imperial robe next to Taizong's shrine during every big ceremony, to express that he would always serve his ancestor. To fulfill filial piety. Therefore, the legendary Daoguang dragon robe is probably the dragon robe left by Emperor Qianlong. Of course, we do not rule out the possibility that Zhaoling has the dragon robe of Emperor Daoguang. This is because the emperors of the Qing Dynasty had an unwritten rule. For example, if the previous emperor did something, the succeeding emperor would often do the same because it was an "ancestral system" and must be followed. There are many such things. For example, the white horse among the stone elephants in Zhaoling was because after Emperor Qianlong wrote the "White Horse Song", Emperors Jiaqing and Daoguang also wrote such white horse songs when they came to Shengjing to worship their ancestors. Therefore, Emperor Qianlong left the dragon robe, and Emperor Daoguang may also imitate the ancestral system. However, this matter has not yet been recorded in the archives.