(1) exposes the militancy of the rulers, and this kind of poem is represented by Chedian.
(2) Revealed the arrogance and extravagance of the rulers and their oppression of the people.
(3) Expose the harm of An Shi Rebellion to the people, represented by "three officials" and "three points".
The new topic Yuefu refers to a large number of poets criticizing current events, revealing the social contradictions that existed at that time from various aspects and putting forward extremely sharp social problems.
"New Yuefu" means "Yuefu with a new title". Compared with ancient Yuefu, it refers to Yuefu poems that write current events with new titles, and no longer take whether they are enjoyable as the standard. The new Yuefu poems originated from Du Fu, and were later inherited by Yuan Jie and Gu Kuang. Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen strongly advocated it. During Tang Chaoyuan and his reign (806 ~ 820), there was a poetic movement to write current events and social life in the popular Yuefu style. The authors of Yuefu poems are mainly Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Li Shen, Zhang Ji and Jincon. It was advocated by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty to create new music themes. They are all new songs of the Tang Dynasty. It is called new Yuefu because of its rhetoric, but it has never been heard. (Yuefu Poetry) Hu Zhenheng in Ming Dynasty said: Yuefu has different topics. The topic is the ancient Yuefu topic below the Han and Wei Dynasties, which was written in the Tang Dynasty. The new topic was not found in ancient Yuefu, but that the new system of the Tang Dynasty belonged to the Western Han Dynasty. It is easy to understand, reflects reality and can enjoy music. Later, scholars copied Yuefu poems, and in the Tang Dynasty, Yuefu poems before the Southern and Northern Dynasties were collectively called Ancient Yuefu. "Bai Yuan" refers to Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi, poets in the middle Tang Dynasty. They are all advocates of the new Yuefu movement. Bai Yuan is also said to be popular in the era when Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi lived. Bai Juyi prefaces Liu Yu. Talented people are cloudy "Bai Yuan" ... "and" Biography of Yuan Mo in the Old Tang Dynasty ":"She is quick-witted, became famous at a young age, made friends with Taiyuan Bai Juyi, wrote poems and found a good style of writing. At that time, poets called it' Yuan and Bai'. "The main literary activities of poets such as Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen are in Yuan Dynasty. In the name of Juyi, the world is ironic, with the title of' Yuanhe Style'. " Tang Li Zhao's Supplement to National History: "After Yuanhe, you should learn from Han Yu for writing, from Fan Zongshi for suffering, from singing, from Meng Jiao for poetry, from Bai Juyi for shallowness, and from Yuan Zhen for debauchery. They are called Bai's Changqing Collection and Yuan's County Changqing Collection respectively, so they are also called "Changqing Style". The so-called new Yuefu is relative to the ancient Yuefu. This concept was first put forward by Bai Juyi. He once compiled more than 50 "beautiful and exciting" and "taking things as the topic" poems he wrote in the left gleaning into "New Yuefu". Besides, the topic is not harmonious. Bai Juyi writes current affairs with new topics, so it is also called "New Topic Yuefu". Secondly, he writes about current events. After Jian 'an, writers have created their own topics, but most of them have nothing to do with current affairs. They write current affairs with new themes, follow the tradition of Du Fu, and stab reality with new Yuefu as a special beauty. Third, they don't take happiness as a measure. Most of the new Yuefu poems are "played in music". In content, it directly inherits the realistic spirit of Han Yuefu and is a real Yuefu. Du Fu was the forerunner of the New Yuefu Movement, followed by Yuan Jie, Gu Kuang and Wang Jianwei, Zhang Jihe. In the period of "Poetry", a whole set of theories of "writing at the right time, combining songs and poems with things" was clearly put forward. In addition, Yuan and Bai poems were the best in the world, and a large number of works came out. This great literary movement has made great achievements. "Biography of Teachers and Friends" says: "Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Zhang Ji and Wang Jianchuang are new Yuefu, but they are also their own." The new Yuefu movement and the ancient prose movement of Han and Liu made great strides in the literary world during Zhenyuan, Yuanhe and had the same social reasons.
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On the occasion of Zhenyuan and Yuanhe in the Tang Dynasty, the majority of landlords and literati demanded political reform to revive the rule of the Tang Dynasty. Driven by this wave, poets such as Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen advocated restoring the collection system of ancient poems, carrying forward the tradition of satirizing current events in the Book of Songs and Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, and making poems play the role of "commenting on current events" and "venting human feelings". Bai Juyi wrote Yuan Zaju in nine books. What you say should be straightforward and to the point, so that those who hear it can get a warning; The narrative should be well-founded and convincing; You also need words to be fluent and rhythmic, so that you can enjoy music. It is said that you should write for the monarch, minister, people, things and things, not for writing. Poets such as Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen either "hinted at ancient themes" or imitated Du Fu's "poems about famous things", improved the popular folk songs at that time and actively engaged in new Yuefu poems. Yuan Zhen's Tian Jia Ci, Zhi Nv Ci, and Twelve Poems of Yuefu with New Topics of Li School are his representative works. Zhang Ji's 33 Yuefu poems, wild old songs, Zhucheng Ci, Jia and other poems reflect the suffering brought by the war to the people. The cruel exploitation and slavery of the people by the rulers was exposed. Wang Jian described the tragic life of porters in Shuifu ballads, while Tian Jiaxing and Ju Silkworm Ci revealed the cruelty of feudal slavery. Li Shen once wrote 20 new poems about Yuefu, but now there are none. His two poems "Compassion for Farmers" wrote: "A drop in the spring will yield ten thousand kinds in the autumn. There are no idle fields in the world. " It has become a famous poem that has been told through the ages. Pi Rixiu, Nie, Du Xunhe and other late Tang poets inherited the spirit of New Yuefu. Pi Rixiu's Ten Poems of Zheng Yuefu and Three Poems of Shame, Nie's A Journey to the Childe, Du Xunhe's Widow in the Mountain and Houhui Village Rebellion profoundly exposed the cruelty and decay of the rulers in the late Tang Dynasty and the social reality before and after the peasant war in the late Tang Dynasty. -Therefore, the new Yuefu is also known. "("Yuefu Poetry ") Hu Zhenheng of Ming Dynasty said:" Yuefu has different topics. The theme is the ancient Yuefu theme written in the Tang Dynasty, which is below the Han and Wei Dynasties and above the Chen and Sui Dynasties. No new themes were found in ancient Yuefu, and the new system of Yuefu in the Tang Dynasty was also written by poets in the early Tang Dynasty. " (Tang Yin Gui Qian). His works, such as Ice Car Shop, Two Roads, Sad Chen Tao, Mourning for the Head, etc. , are all famous articles, can't rely on ("Preface to Yuan Zhen Ancient Yuefu"). Jie Yuan, Wei, Dai Shulun, Gu Kuang and others also have new Yuefu poems. Yuan Jie also put forward the essentials of poetry creation. They can be said to be the pioneers of the new Yuefu movement and the products of a specific era during the Yuan and Yuan Dynasties. At this time, the Anshi Rebellion had passed and the Tang Dynasty was in decline. On the one hand, the warlord regime, the eunuch authoritarian, heavy taxes, the gap between the rich and the poor, barbarian invasion, war and disaster. On the other hand, some people of insight in the ruling class have a clearer understanding of the disadvantages of reality. They hoped that by improving politics and easing social contradictions, the Tang Dynasty would flourish. This situation was reflected in the literary and poetic circles at that time, and the ancient prose movement advocated by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan and the new Yuefu movement advocated by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen appeared respectively. In the fourth year of Yuanhe (809), he first wrote: Yuan Zhen thought that "elegance is the so-called and worth writing", so he wrote 12 pieces of Yuefu, a new topic of Li He's proofreading books. Later, Bai Juyi wrote 50 new Yuefu songs, and officially marked the name of the new Yuefu. Bai Juyi also wrote Qin Zhongyin. His creation is not limited to writing new Yuefu. At that time, Zhang Ji, Wang Jian, Liu Meng, Li Yu and others all embodied the direction of poetry innovation. Yuan Zhen agreed with Bai Juyi and Li Shen that "ancient Yuefu poems should not be written again". Later, when he saw Liu Meng and Li Yu's poems about the ancient Yuefu, he felt that the totally innovative words (Preface to the Ancient Yuefu by Yuan Zhen) had the same essence and function as the new Yuefu. In this way, a poetic movement with great influence at that time was formed, which was called the New Yuefu Movement in the history of literature. Bai Juyi is the author of Nine Books of Yuan Qu, Preface to New Yuefu, Sending Tang Sheng, Wounding Tang Qu and Reading. This paper expounds the theoretical proposition of the new Yuefu movement. The so-called "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written for things" (Nine Books in Yuan Dynasty) and "for the monarch, ministers, people, things and things, not for articles" (Preface to the New Yuefu Movement) clearly put forward the basic purpose of the New Yuefu Movement. The so-called "helping the people's sufferings and benefits", the so-called "only singing makes people sick" ("sending"), "only hurting the people's diseases" ("hurting Tang Qu"), "satirizing what happened at that time" ("Preface to Ancient Yuefu"), and opposing "playing with snow and gardening" ("Nine Books are the same"), advocating that poetry should have social content and reflect the sufferings of people's livelihood and social reality. "The quality of words is the path", "the straight words", "the substance of things", "the elegance of body" (Preface to New Yuefu) and "Not seeking the rhythm of high palace, not seeking strange words" (sent to Tang Sheng) require that the form and content of poetry should be unified, serve the content, and the expression should be direct, smooth and easy to accept. It is of progressive significance. The poetry creation of the New Yuefu Movement practiced the above theoretical proposition. The Yuefu poems of Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Zhang Ji and Jincon reflect the extremely broad social life in the middle Tang Dynasty, reveal the social contradictions existing at that time from various aspects, and put forward extremely acute social problems, such as mistakes and Bai Juyi's selling charcoal. Bai Juyi's dazzling silk, red carpet, emphasis on wealth and contempt for fat directly criticized the arrogance and extravagance of the ruling class, reflecting the disparity between the rich and the poor and class opposition. Bai Juyi's Su Zige Mountain North Village, Zhang Ji's Roaring Tiger and Wang Jian's Walking in the Feather Forest have exposed the evil forces of the privileged class who are doing evil and endangering the people. Bai Juyi's Xinfeng Brokeback Man, Yuan Zhen's Husband's Expedition, Zhang Ji's Song of Xia Sai, Wang Jian's Crossing the Liao River, etc., all reflect the sufferings of soldiers in the border areas and the tactics of opposing militarism. Bai Juyi's The Salt Merchant's Wife, Yuan Zhen's Guessing Guest Music and Jia's novel reflect the abnormal development of commodity economy at that time and the contradiction between rich businessmen and poor peasants. Bai Juyi's Shang, A Silver Bottle at the Bottom of the Well, My Concubine's Misfortune, Wang Jian's Wang Fuzhi and Qu Fu, etc. Sympathize with women's misfortune. Most of these works have strong practical significance and distinct tendencies. In art, although their achievements are different and their styles are different, most of them reflect their popularity. Straight Qing * * * also has the same characteristics. They show the achievements of the new Yuefu movement. The creation of the New Yuefu Movement not only criticizes the reality, but also criticizes the current disadvantages, which naturally offended many powerful people. Bai Juyi said that his poems once made "the dignitaries turn pale at each other", "those in power hold their wrists" and "those who hold the army gnash their teeth", even to such a degree. As far away as Jiangzhou, the new Yuefu movement with him as its main advocate suffered setbacks. In fact, the corruption of the ruling class and the darkness of real politics made it impossible for the new Yuefu movement to continue. Nevertheless, it left a glorious page in the history of China's poetry and had a far-reaching influence on the development of later poetry. In the late Tang Dynasty, Pi Rixiu wrote 65,438+00 Zheng Yuefu songs, and Nie wrote more. It is a direct inheritance of the tradition of the new Yuefu movement. During the An Shi Rebellion, Du Fu paid close attention to the development of the current situation. During this period, I wrote two articles: The Situation Map of Huazhou Guo and Five Questions about Examiners in Nianhuazhou, offering suggestions for exterminating the Anshi Rebellion and considering how to reduce the burden on the people. When the soldiers and horses of Li, the main force of the rebel army, passed through Huazhou, they wrote a poem "Two Kansai Soldiers Going to Guanzhong for Standby" to express their patriotic enthusiasm.
In April of the second year of Zhide (757), Guo Ziyi's army came to the north of Chang 'an. Du Fu ventured out of Chang 'an from Jinguangmen in the west of the city, crossed the opposing two armies, and joined forces with Su Zong in Fengxiang (now Baoji, Shaanxi). On May 16, Su Zong awarded Zuo Shiyi, so it was called "Du Shiyi". Unexpectedly, Du Fu soon angered Su Zong by saving the house and was exiled to Huazhou (now Huaxian County), where he was responsible for sacrifice, music, schools, elections, medical care and examinations. After arriving in Iowa, Du Fu was very depressed and upset. He often goes to Zhengxian Pavilion on the Xixi River (near the old viewing platform in Xinglin Town today) to relieve his worries. In his poems, such as Pavilion in Zhengxian County, Bitterness and Bitterness in Early Autumn, Independence, Skinny Horse Travel, etc., he expressed his sigh and resentment for those who were frustrated in their official career, the world was cold and treacherous. Du Fu was rescued by Prime Minister Zhang Gao and released. But "the emperor didn't pay much attention to the records", and Su Zong no longer reused Du Fu. In September this year, Chang 'an was recovered. In November, Du Fu returned to Chang 'an, where he still stayed to tidy up his bones. Although he was loyal to his duties, he was eventually implicated in the Fang Yi case and was demoted to join the army in June of the first year of Gan Yuan (758).
At the end of the first year of Gan Yuan (758), Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou to visit relatives in Luoyang and Yanshi (both in present-day Henan). In March of the following year, the battle between Tang Jun and Yecheng (now Anyang, Henan Province) broke out and Tang Jun was defeated. On his way back to Huazhou from Luoyang, Du Fu was deeply touched by the endless disasters brought by the war and the patriotic behavior of people who endured humiliation in the war. He wrote immortal epics-three officials (Xin 'an official, Shihu official, Tongguan official) and three farewell (newly married, resigned, homeless). "I am full of sadness and trouble because people travel far away." Since the Yoha era, I have been crying freely 123, I am a good soldier.