Red Cliff Ode
Song Dynasty: Su Shi
In the autumn of Renxu, in the seventh month, Su Zi and his guests were boating under Red Cliff. The breeze comes slowly and the water waves are calm. Lifting wine to the guests, reciting poems about the bright moon, and singing graceful chapters. After a while, the moon rose above the east mountain, wandering among the bullfights. White dew flows across the river, and the water reaches the sky. Even though a reed is like this, thousands of hectares are at a loss. The vastness is as if Feng Xu is riding the wind without knowing where it is going; the flutteringness is as if he is left alone in the world, becoming an immortal and ascending to immortality. (Feng Tong: Ping)
So he drank and enjoyed himself very much, buckling down the side and singing. The song goes: "The orchid oars are hanging on the osmanthus, and the light is shining in the sky. I feel the mist in my heart, and I look forward to the beauty in the sky." There is a guest who plays the cave flute, and he sings along with it. His voice is whining, like resentment, admiration, weeping, and complaining; the lingering sound is lingering, like a wisp. The lurking dragon dances in the secluded ravine, and the concubine weeps in the lonely boat.
Su Zi was stunned. He sat upright and asked the guest: "Why is it so?" The guest said: "'The moon and stars are sparse, and the black magpie flies south.' Is this not a poem by Cao Mengde? Looking west Xiakou, looking east to Wuchang, the mountains and rivers are close to each other, and the sky is green. Isn't this what Meng De was trapped in Zhou Lang? Drinking by the river, writing poems across the river, I have been a hero for a lifetime. How can I live now? . Send the mayfly to the sky, a drop in the vast sea. I feel sorry for my life, and I admire the infiniteness of the Yangtze River. I carry the flying fairy to fly, and I know it is unexpected, and it is left in the sad wind." p>
Su Zi said: "Do guests also know that water and the moon are like this? Those who have passed away are like this, but they have not yet passed away; those who are full and empty are like that, but their soldiers are not waxing and waning. Observe the changes in Gaijiang, Then the heaven and the earth cannot last for a moment; from the perspective of being unchanging, things and I are endless, so why envy me! Between the heaven and the earth, everything has its own owner, not even a single bit of it belongs to me. Take. Only the cool breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains can be picked up by the ears and become sounds, and the eyes can see them and form colors. They can be taken without restraint and can be used inexhaustibly. This is what I and my son have created. "Suitable." (One of Suitable: Suitable Food)
The guest smiled with joy and drank even more after washing his cup. The core of the food is gone, and the cups and plates are in a mess. The couple and their pillows were spread out in the boat, unaware of the whiteness of the east.
Translation and Notes
Translation
In the autumn of the Renxu year, on the 16th day of the seventh month, my friends and I went boating under Red Cliff. The breeze blows in waves, and the water surface becomes calm. He raised his wine glass to persuade his companions to drink, and recited the chapter "Young and Graceful" in "The Bright Moon". After a while, the bright moon rose from behind the east mountain and moved back and forth between the constellations Dipper and Ox. The white water vapor stretches across the river, and the water light reaches the sky. Let the boat float like a reed leaf at will, crossing the vast and boundless river. The vast waves seem to be traveling in the sky on the wind, not knowing where they will stop. They are fluttering and swaying as if they are about to leave the world and fly away, transforming into immortals and entering the fairyland.
At this time, I was very happy drinking, knocking on the side of the boat and singing songs. The song goes like this: "The osmanthus wooden boat oars and the pandan oars beat the clear waves under the moonlight, and swim upstream on the moonlit water. My feelings are far away and boundless, and I look at the beauty, but they are on the other side of the sky. One side." There are guests who can play the dongxiao, and they accompany the singing with the rhythm. The sound of the dongxiao is whimpering: like sorrow and longing, like sobbing and talking, the lingering sound echoes on the river, as continuous as a thin thread. It can make the dragons in the deep valley dance for it, and the widow on the lonely boat weep.
My expression also became sad. I straightened my clothes and sat up straight, and asked the guest: "Why is the flute sounding so sad?" Isn't this a poem by Cao Gong Mengde? From here, you can see Xiakou to the west and Wuchang to the east. The mountains and rivers are endless, and there is a lush green sky as far as the eye can see. Isn't this the place where Cao Mengde was besieged by Zhou Yu? When he captured Jingzhou, captured Jiangling, and sailed eastward along the Yangtze River, his warships stretched thousands of miles from end to end, with flags covering the sky. He poured wine in front of the river, held his spear across the river and recited poems. He was originally a leader of the world. You are a hero, but where are you now? Not to mention that you and I were fishing and cutting firewood on a small island in the river, with fish and shrimp as companions, and elk as friends, driving this small boat on the river, raising a cup. Toasting each other, we are like mayflies in the vast world, as small as a grain of corn in the vast sea. Alas, we lament that our life is only a short moment, and we can't help but envy the infiniteness of the Yangtze River. We want to travel around the world hand in hand with the immortals. The bright moon embraces each other and remains in the world forever. Knowing that this cannot be realized in the end, I can only turn my regrets into the sound of flutes and entrust them to the sad autumn wind."
I asked: "Do you also know this water. With the moon? The passage of time is like the water, but it has not really passed away; the time is round and the moon is not increasing or decreasing after all. It can be seen that from the changeable side of things, everything in the world is changing all the time. , does not stop even for the blink of an eye; and from the unchanging aspect of things, all things are eternal to us, what is there to envy? What's more, if everything in heaven and earth has its own master? It's not what you should have, and you can't even get a penny of it. Only the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains become sounds when you hear them, and you draw shapes when you see them. No one will stop you from getting these, feel it. There will be no worries about these. This is an endless treasure given by nature. You and I can enjoy it together."
The guest smiled happily, washed the wine glass and poured wine again. .
The dishes and fruits have all been finished, and the cups and plates are in a mess. Everyone slept on the boat with pillows on each other's backs, and before they knew it, the white dawn had appeared in the east.
Notes
Selected from Volume 1 of "Jingjin Dongpo Collection of Works" ("Sibu Congkan" version), this prose was written in the fifth year of Yuanfeng, Shenzong of the Song Dynasty (1082). Prior to this, Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou (today's Huanggang, Hubei) because of the Wutai Poetry Case (the second year of Yuanfeng). Because he later wrote an ode with the same title, this piece is called "Pre-Chibi Ode", and the one written on October 15th is called "Later Chibi Ode". Chibi: It is actually Chibiji in Huangzhou. It is not the site of the Battle of Chibi during the Three Kingdoms period. The locals also called it Chibi because of the close pronunciation. Su Shi knew this, so he made mistakes and used the scenery to express his feelings.
Renxu: In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, he was aged in Renxu.
Ji Wang: Ji, passed; Wang, the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar. "Jiwang" refers to the 16th day of the lunar calendar.
Xu: Soothingly.
Xing: rise, make.
Genus: Tong "zhǔ", greeting, here extended to the meaning of "persuading wine".
Shaoyan: a while.
Bailu: white Vast water vapor. Horizontal: covering the river.
Zongtai is like a vast expanse of water: let the boat float on the wide river. A boat as small as a reed leaf is a metaphor for a very small boat. "The Book of Songs Wei Feng He Guang" says: "Who says the river is wide? A reed hangs it." "Such as: Go, go. Ling: Cross over. Wanqing: Describes the extremely wide surface of the river. Dazed and vast.
Feng Xu Yufeng: (like growing wings) flying in the wind. Feng: Same as "by". Void: space. Control: control.
Abandon the world and exist alone.
Knock on the side of the ship. Refers to beat, side, both sides of the boat.
The paddle beats the clear water floating in the moonlight, and goes upstream. : refers to the moonlight floating on the clear river water.
The main predicate is inverted. My mind is far away, and it looks like I am in the dark. _"Mrs. Xiang" Huai, the feelings in the heart.
Beauty: This is Qu Yuan's style of writing that Su Shi used to refer to the monarch.
Yigehehe (hè): follow the rhythm and respond to it.
Like resentment, like admiration, like crying, like complaining. Like longing, like sobbing, like talking. Resentment: sadness. Mu: nostalgia.
Ending sound: Describing the sound as gentle and long.
Dance the hidden dragon in the deep valley: Youhe: This refers to the abyss. This sentence means: Make the dragon in the deep valley move to dance.
Weeping in the lonely boat (lí (li)). Fu: Make the widow on the boat sad and cry. 嫠: A lonely woman, here refers to a widow. : Arrange your clothes, sit upright and sit upright:
Why is it so: Why is the tune so sad?
The moon is starry and the magpies are flying south: The quote is from Cao Cao's "Dan Ge Xing".
Miao: Tong "Liao" is coiled.
Yu Hu Cang Cang: The trees are dense and lush. Lush.
舳舻 (zhú lú Zhulu): The warships are connected in front and behind.
酾(shī): Pour wine. >
Hengshu (shuò): holding a spear horizontally
Friends with fish and shrimps and elk: taking fish and shrimps as companions, and taking elk as friends. Companion: taking... as a companion. It is the meaning of the noun. Mi (mí): a kind of deer.
Bian (piān): small boat. >Emperor (fú): a kind of insect that lives by the water at the turn of summer and autumn. Its life is short, only a few hours.
A drop in the ocean: small: small. Canghai: the sea. This sentence is a metaphor for how small human beings are between heaven and earth.
Step: several times.
Remaining sound: the sound of the flute.
The deceased is like this: "The Analects of Confucius": "The Master said on the river: 'The deceased is like a man who never gives up day and night. '"Pass: to go. Si: This refers to water.
The waxing and waning is like that: refers to the waxing and waning of the moon.
Piece: the end. Growth and decline: increase or decrease. Growth: Growth
Then the world cannot grow in a blink of an eye: the modal adverb. Naturally. Endless Tibetan (zàng): Buddhist language. Refers to endless treasures.
*** Food: "*** Food" in Su Shi's "Chibi Fu", Ming Dynasty. In the future, it will be "most appropriate", which means the same meaning. >Langji: Also written as "Langji", messy appearance.
Zhensu: pillow each other.
Jibai: Already showing white (meaning the sky is bright).
Classical Chinese Phenomenon
One word has multiple meanings
1. Wang:
July Wang (noun, the fifteenth day of each month in the lunar calendar) Day)
Looking at the beauty in the sky (verb looking, looking into the distance)
2. Song:
Hold the boat and sing (sing)
p>
Song (lyrics)
Rely on the song and harmonize with it (singing)
3. For example:
Like a reed ( Go)
As vast as Feng Xu Yufeng (image)
Floating as if alone in the world (image)
4. Ran:
p>The sound is whining (like..., at the end of onomatopoeia)
Why is it so (like this)
5. Length:
Embracing the bright moon will last forever (forever)
But soldiers will not wax and wane (increase)
6. In:
Su Zi went boating with his guests Swimming under the red cliff (in)
The moon rises above Dongshan (from)
Wandering among the bullfights (in)
This is not Meng De Who is trapped in Zhou Lang (preposition, being. Adverbial postposition)
Leave a legacy in the sad wind (give)
7. It:
Ling The vast expanse of land is at a loss (particle, a marker word placed after the attributive)
Hold the boat and sing it (syllable particle)
Lean on the song and harmonize it (pronoun, substitute for "song")< /p>
Sorry for the moment of my life (auxiliary word, taken alone)
Tongjiazi
1. Lifting the wine belongs to the guest ("belong" is connected with "instruction", to pay tribute, this It is extended to "persuading people to drink") Note: {The high school textbook does not indicate that "attribute" is connected with "instruction"}
2. It is as vast as Feng Xu Yufeng ("Feng" is connected with "Ping" Cheng)
3. Mountains and rivers are intertwined with each other ("Miao" is connected with "Xiao", which means coiling, surrounding)
4. The cup and plate are in a mess (Ji means "borrow", which means messy)
5. Raise the beak to honor each other (Zun, connected with "Zun", wine cup) Note: In the People's Education Edition, it is "Zun"
6. Pull the side of the boat and sing (knock on the side of the boat, beat it)
Different meanings in ancient and modern times
1. Look at the beauty (beautiful woman) looking towards the sky
Old meaning: The person your heart yearns for. The ancients often used it as a symbol of the saint's virtuous ministers or beautiful things.
Modified meaning: beautiful person.
2. (Ling) Ten thousand hectares of confusion
The ancient meaning: to cross.
Today’s meaning: to insult, to insult.
3. Ling Wanqingzhi (at a loss)
The ancient meaning: the appearance of vastness.
Ima Yi: It looks like he has no idea at all.
4. Kuang Wu and his son were fishing and woodcutting on the river bank
Old meaning: a respectful name for people, mostly referring to men.
Modern meaning: son.
5. Wandering between (Bullfighting)
Old meaning: Dou and Ox are both names of stars.
Today’s meaning: 1. A game of driving cattle to fight to determine the outcome. 2. Fighting bulls. 3. Provoke cows to fight with cows or cows with humans.
Using parts of speech
1. Song: Song of graceful movements (famous action, singing)
2. Feather: Feathering and ascending to immortality (famous work-like, like a long (like having wings)
3. Song: buckle the side and sing (the name is action, singing)
4. Kongming: hit the sky and let the bright light trace the flowing light (the name is the form, Clear waves under the moonlight)
5. Dance: dance the hidden dragon in the deep valley (make it move, make... dance)
6. Weep: weep at the maiden of the lonely boat (lí ) Fu (to move, to make...cry)
7. Zheng: Sitting upright (named to move, organize, upright)
8. South, West: The black magpie flies south... Looking west to Xiakou (famous as "Zhuang", facing south, to the south; facing west, "to the west")
9. Next: Down to Jiangling (famous as "Zuo action", to capture)
10. East ：Following the river to the east (the name is action, marching eastward)
11. Yuqiao: Kuang Wu and Zi Yuqiao were on the river (① noun as verb, fishing and cutting firewood ② can be thought of as No conjugation, fishing and woodcutting are themselves verbs)
12. Companion, friend: Companion with fish and shrimp and elk (conative, taking... as a partner and... as a friend)
13. 舳舻 (connection) Qianli: (predicate omitted)
14. Bai: I don’t know how white the east is (the shape moves, the sky turns white, and the sky breaks)
Special Sentence Patterns
It is so dim that I feel pregnant with it (subject-predicate inverted sentence)
Swimming under the red cliff (adverbial postposition)
Ling Wanqing is at a loss (Attributive postposition)
Why is this so? (Object in front)
How are you now? (object prepositioned)
Sending (like) a mayfly to the sky and the earth is as small (as) a drop in the ocean.
(predicate omitted, omitted sentence)
And how enviable! (object prepositioned)
It is the infinite treasure of the Creator (judgment sentence)
There is a guest who plays the cave flute - attributive postposition
This is not Mencius Virtue is trapped in Zhou Lang's person - adverbial postposition (passive sentence)
Knowing what is not possible is suddenly obtained - inversion
The hero of a lifetime is also marked by "ye" Judgment Sentence
Isn’t this a poem by Cao Mengde? Judgment sentences marked by "non"
(His voice) is like resentment, admiration, and weeping, like complaining. Elliptical sentences
(His voice) Dancing in the secluded valley, hiding in the dragon. Elliptical sentences< /p>
Appreciation
This poem describes what the author and his friends saw and felt when they went boating on a moonlit night in Red Cliff. It uses the author’s subjective feelings as clues and reflects the author’s experience of the moonlit night through the form of question and answer. The comfort of boating, the sadness of remembering the past and regretting the present, and the optimism of spiritual liberation. The whole Fu reflects its unique artistic conception in its layout and structural arrangement, with profound charm and penetrating ideas. It has a high literary status in Chinese literature and has had a significant influence on subsequent Fu, prose and poetry.
The first paragraph describes the scene of a night tour in Red Cliff. The author "boated with guests under Red Cliff", fell into the embrace of nature, and enjoyed the beauty of the breeze, white dew, mountains, flowing water, moonlight, and skylight. When he was excited, he recited "The Book of Songs·Moon" The first chapter of "Out" "The moon rises brightly, and there are outstanding people and colleagues. It is comfortable and graceful, and the hard work is quiet." The bright moon is compared to a delicate beauty, looking forward to her rising. Echoing the poem "Moonrise", "A little while ago, the moon rose above the east mountain, wandering among the bullfights." It also leads to the author's own song below: "Looking at the beauty in the sky", with consistent emotion and literary style. The word "wandering" vividly and vividly depicts the soft moonlight that seems to be extremely attached and affectionate to tourists. Under the bright moonlight, a vast white mist enveloped the river, and the skylight and water colors merged into one, as the saying goes, "Autumn water always has the same color as the sky" (Wang Bo's "Preface to Prince Teng's Pavilion"). At this time, tourists are open-minded, comfortable and unrestrained, so "as far as a reed is concerned, the vast expanse of land is at a loss", riding a small boat, drifting with the waves on the vast and boundless river where "the waves are calm" The earth is separate from the world, detached and independent. The vast river and the free and easy mind leap out of the author's writing, and the joy of boating is beyond words. This is the front part of the article describing the "boating" tour to enjoy the scenery. It uses the scenery to express emotions, blending the emotions into the scenery, and the scene is beautiful.
The second paragraph describes the joy of the author drinking and singing and the sad sound of the flute of the guests. The author was extremely happy while drinking, and sang while leaning on the boat to express his melancholy and frustration about missing the "beauty". The "beauty" mentioned here is actually the author's ideal and the embodiment of all beautiful things. The song says: "The osmanthus is on the orchid oar, and the light is shining in the sky. The light is flowing. I feel the mist in my heart, and I look forward to the beauty in the sky." These lyrics are all adapted from "Chu Ci·Shao Siming": "Looking at the beauty in the future , The meaning of "Songs of Havoc in the Wind" is embodied in the content of "Reciting the poem of the bright moon and singing the graceful chapter" above. Because he longed for the beautiful woman but could not see her, he had already expressed his frustration and sadness. In addition, the guests played the flute and sang in harmony with her. The tone of the flute was sad and resentful, "like resentment, like admiration, like crying, like complaining, and the lingering sound lingered endlessly." "Like a thread" actually caused the dragon hidden in the ravine to dance and made the widow who was alone in the boat cry. A Dongxiao song is sad and graceful, and its sad and low tone is deeply touching, causing the author's emotions to suddenly change, from joy to sadness, and the article also rises and falls due to this, and the literary spirit is lifted.
The writer's answer in the third paragraph shows a negative outlook on life and nihilistic thoughts. If human society is opposed to the universe and nature, and individual people are separated from society as a whole, then of course we cannot see the continuous performance of the majestic drama on the entire historical stage, nor can we see that although human beings are dependent on nature, they are more capable of transforming nature. Initiative and creativity are the epistemological roots of pessimistic world-weariness or negative transcendental thinking. For literati and officials in feudal society, when they were politically frustrated or encountered setbacks in life, they often fell into such depression and confusion. The same is true for Su Shi. The guest's answer is actually an aspect of Su Shi's thoughts and feelings after he was demoted to Huangzhou. Doesn't the poem "Niannujiao" also say "life is like a dream"? However, such thoughts and feelings, as an abstract understanding of social life, were expressed by Su Shi in a poetic language by combining the characteristics of the scenery and places, from history to reality, from the specific to the general, so that the readers will not feel any dullness at all. Didactic meaning. What's more important is that Su Shi also combined the characteristics of the scenery and place, and also used poetic language to criticize the guest's answer, showing another dominant aspect of Su Shi's thoughts and feelings at that time. The full text begins with "Su Zi said" And enter the fourth paragraph.
The fourth paragraph is Su Shi's statement of his own opinions on the guest's emotion about the impermanence of life, in order to relieve the other party. The guest once "envied the infinity of the Yangtze River" and wished to "hold the bright moon forever". Su Shi used rivers and bright moons as metaphors and put forward the understanding that "the dead are like this, but they have not yet passed; the ups and downs are like that, but the dead are not waxing and waning." If you look at things from the perspective of change, the existence of heaven and earth is just a blink of an eye; if you look at it from the perspective of change, then things and human beings are endless, and there is no need to envy the rivers, the bright moon, and the heaven and earth. Naturally, there is no need to "sorrow for a moment of my life".
This reflects Su Shi's open-minded outlook on the universe and life. He favors looking at problems from multiple angles but does not agree to make them absolute. Therefore, he can maintain an open-minded, detached, optimistic and adaptable mental state even in adversity. And can be freed from the uncertainty of life and treat life rationally. Then, the author further explained that everything in heaven and earth has its own owner and individuals cannot force it. The breeze on the river has sounds, the bright moon in the mountains has color, the mountains and rivers are endless, the wind and moon last forever, the heaven and earth are selfless, the sounds and colors are entertaining, and the author can just wander around and enjoy himself. This feeling and scene are due to Li Bai's "Song of Xiangyang": "You don't need a penny to buy the cool breeze and the bright moon, and Yushan has fallen down and no one can recommend it." It is further deepened.
Because the guest once said that he "envyed the infinity of the Yangtze River" and hoped to "hold the bright moon until the end", Su Shi still picked up the things in front of him and started from the river on the ground and the moon in the sky: "The guest "Do you know that the water is like the moon?" This sentence is like a "guide" in Peking Opera, which will lead to a wonderful aria, and the interrogative tone shows that the guest cannot actually draw conclusions about ephemerality and eternity from the river water and the moon. correct understanding of this philosophical category. Regarding the river, Su Shi believed that "the dead are like this, but they have never gone away", which means that the river flows day and night. As a certain section of the river, it has indeed disappeared from here, but as the entire river, it has always flowed. , so it can be said that "it is not yet the past". Regarding the moon, Su Shi believed that "the moon is full and deficient like a cloth, but it does not wax and wane with the years." This means that the moon is sometimes full and sometimes missing, but after it is missing, it returns to its full shape. This goes around and over again without any increase or decrease. Therefore, it can be said that " Don’t let it wax and wane.” Listing rivers and the moon to illustrate the dialectical relationship between removal and retention, increase and decrease, the author then summarizes the general cognitive principles: "If you look at the changes, the heaven and the earth cannot change in an instant; if you look at the changes, Then things and I are both endless..." That is to say, change and immutability, both in the universe and in life, are relative. If we look at it from the perspective of change, not only will a hundred years of life pass by in an instant, but even the eternal life that we have always believed will never remain normal even in the blink of an eye. And if we look at it from the perspective of change, then all things in the universe will be endless. , in fact, life is also endless. Therefore, as far as life is concerned, everything in the universe, heaven, earth, and the universe, "how can I envy it?" Naturally, there is no need to "sorrow for the brief moment of my life." The predecessors said that "you don't need to buy a cool breeze and a bright moon", which just fits the scenery in front of Su Shi's eyes. The "fresh breeze on the river" has a sound, and the "bright moon in the mountains" has a color. The rivers and mountains are endless, the heaven and the earth are selfless, the wind and moon last forever, and the sounds and colors are beautiful. He You can just wander around and enjoy yourself. This brings us back to the word "乐". ?
The article contains a subject-object dialogue, expressing both positive and negative views, and finally concludes with the fifth paragraph. In the fifth paragraph, the writer was persuaded by Su Shi, and his face was filled with joy instead of sadness. "The guests are happy and smile, wash the dishes and drink more." This time it is more cheerful, and they can't help but drink happily until "the core of the food is gone and the cups and plates are in a mess." The guest solved his ideological problems, felt comfortable and had no worries, so he and Su Shi "were sleeping together in the boat, unaware of the whiteness of the east", which echoed the "boating" and "moonrise" at the beginning of the article. I woke up after a good sleep, the night passed, a trip to Red Cliff ended, and a "Red Cliff Ode" also came to an end. The readers, after experiencing a moonlit night rafting on the river and listening to a conversation about the universe and life, are still immersed in the poetic artistic conception expressed by the author's beautiful writing style for a long time.
Su Shi’s outlook on the universe and life can only be said to contain a certain degree of rationality, because the author does not agree to view issues in absolute terms and pays attention to the dialectical relationship between opposite and complementary things; but it cannot be considered scientific because the author It follows Zhuangzi's relativistic view, which denies objective standards for measuring things and obliterates the actual boundaries between things and quantities. At the same time, Su Shi's outlook on the universe and life certainly shows his contempt for political persecution and his persistence in pursuing the ideals. He remains open-minded, cheerful, optimistic, and confident in the face of adversity, but it also shows that he is adaptable and adaptable to the circumstances. a detached attitude towards life. This attitude towards life often involves helpless self-comfort, seeking spiritual sustenance from wandering around. So after the sentence "How can I envy you?", he changed his direction and wrote: "Between heaven and earth, everything has its own owner. If it's not my property, I won't take any of it. But the breeze on the river is as different as the breeze in the mountains." The bright moon can be heard by ears and can be seen by eyes. It can be taken without restraint and used inexhaustibly. It is the endless treasure of the Creator, and this is what I and my son are in harmony with." Su Shi believed that man is in harmony with nature. Not only do we not need to envy the "infinity" of all things because of "the brief moment of my life", but we must make the "infinite" natural things to be enjoyed by "my life" and derive pleasure from them.
This poem has the following characteristics in terms of artistic techniques:
The integration of "emotion, scenery, and reason". The whole text, whether lyrical or argumentative, is always inseparable from the scenery on the river and the story of Red Cliff, forming a fusion of emotion, scenery and reason. The whole story is linked by scenery, with wind and moon as the main scenery, supplemented by mountains and water. The author captures the wind and moon to describe and discuss. The article is divided into three levels to express the author's complex and contradictory inner world: firstly, he writes about rafting on the river on a moonlit night, drinking and composing poems, which makes people immersed in the beautiful scenery and forgetting the worldly happiness; secondly, he writes about the rise and fall of historical figures, and feels that life is short. It is constantly changing, so it falls into the anguish of reality; in the end, it elaborates on the philosophy of change and immutability, stating that human beings and all things exist forever, showing a broad-minded and optimistic attitude towards life. The description of scenery, lyricism and reasoning have reached a perfect harmony.
The genre form of "using literature as poetry". This article not only retains the poetic qualities and charm of the traditional fu style, but also absorbs the style and techniques of prose, breaking the constraints of the fu in terms of sentence structure, duality of rhythm, etc., and is more of a prose component. , so that the article has the deep emotional charm of poetry and the thorough concept of prose. The style and tone of the prose make the whole article gloomy and frustrating, like "a spring of ten thousand dendrobiums gushing out". Different from Fu's emphasis on duality, it is relatively freer, such as the opening paragraph "In the autumn of Renxu, in July, Su Zi and his guests went boating under Red Cliff", which are all in prose, and there are some scattered among them. Due to tidying up. From the following to the end of the article, most of it rhymes, but the rhyme changes are quick, and the rhyme change is often a paragraph of literary meaning. This makes this article particularly suitable for reading, and it is very beautiful in sound and rhyme, reflecting the strengths of rhyme.
The imagery is coherent and the structure is rigorous. The coherence of the scenery not only makes the whole text seem unified and exquisite in structure, but also communicates the emotional context and ups and downs of the whole text. The description of the scenery at the beginning reflects the author's open-minded and optimistic appearance; the "singing of the boat" was born from the "empty" and "streaming light" scenery, which is the transition from "joyful" to "stunned"; The guest expressed his sorrow to the wind and moon, and his mood turned into a low and negative mood; in the end, the bright moon and the breeze in front of him led to discussions on the mutation of all things and the philosophy of life, thus dispelling the sentimentality in his heart. The repeated interspersing of scenery does not give people the feeling of repetition and procrastination at all. Instead, it expresses the waxing and waning of the characters' sadness and joy while reproducing the changing process of the author's ambivalence, and finally achieves the perfect unity of the poetic and artistic meaning of the full text and the theoretical interest of the argument.
Creative background
"Red Cliff Ode" was written during one of the most difficult periods in Su Shi's life - when he was demoted to Huangzhou. In the second year of Yuanfeng (AD 1079), Su Shi was falsely accused of writing a poem that "slandered the imperial court." Because he wrote "Huzhou Xie Shangbiao", he was impeached by the censor and charged with slandering the imperial court. He was arrested and imprisoned. He was known in history as " "Wutai Poetry Case". "After several restorations," he was tortured. After being rescued by many parties, he was released in December of that year and demoted to the deputy envoy of Huangzhou Tuanlian, but he was "not allowed to sign official documents or go to the resettlement house without permission." This was undoubtedly a "semi-prisoner" controlled life. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng, Su Shi traveled to Red Cliff twice on July 16 and October 15, and wrote two poems on Red Cliff. Later generations called the first "Chibi Ode" and the second It is "Hou Chibi Fu".