Archaeological evidence proves that the biblical Exodus is true
Chinesemahan
The story of the ancient Israelites in Egypt and Moses leading the Israelite nation out of Egypt, is it a myth? Or history, there has always been a lot of controversy. However, the discovery of more and more archaeological data has prompted people to rethink the authenticity of biblical records.
Regarding the history of the ancient Israelites in Egypt and their exodus from Egypt, the evidence discovered by archaeologists includes the following:
(1) Foreigners moved to Egypt in 1,800 BC
According to the mural records in Egyptian tombs 3,900 years ago, it was found that a large number of Semites (the same people as Abraham) moved to Egypt at that time. Later, they replaced the original residents of Egypt and became the only dynasty in Egyptian history that did not have an Egyptian as the king (Pharaoh) of Egypt. This era was called the Hyksos era. Not only is the migration of Semites to Egypt consistent with biblical records, but the Hyksor era in Egyptian history is exactly the era when Joseph became the prime minister of Egypt in the Bible. This can explain why Joseph, a foreigner, could become the prime minister of Egypt. Such a high position in the Egyptian dynasty. Moreover, archaeological discoveries during this period, such as official titles, prison system, records of famine and reserves (Genesis Chapters 40 and 41), all coincide with biblical records.
A reporter named Jacobovici (Investigative Journalist), in the documentary, they presented a lot of extremely strong evidence to prove that the Israelis did live in Egypt. Moreover, the events of the Exodus actually happened and were very similar to those recorded in the Bible, which is enough to prove that the attacks on the authenticity of the Exodus story by unbelieving scholars over the years may be dead wrong. Jacobovici believes that the Exodus story took place around 1500 BC. This documentary short film was broadcast by Canada's "Discovery Channel" and directed by the great director James Cameron, called The Exodus Decoded.
(2) Joseph served as prime minister in Egypt
Bietak, a professor of archeology at the University of Vienna in Austria, discovered a place in ancient Egypt called Avaris ( Avaris, many scholars believe that this place was the capital of Egypt during the period when the shepherd dynasty Hyksos ruled Egypt. In this ancient capital, from its discovery until now, the Egyptian authorities have not approved foreign film crews to film, and it also happens every year After the archaeological work was carried out, it was covered with replanting. Therefore, this data is very unfamiliar to many archaeologists. In the ruins of this ancient capital, archaeologists discovered nine royal rings with the inscription YAKOV on them. The name, YAKOV's name, is the name of Joseph's father "Jacob" in Hebrew. It is believed to mean "son of Jacob". It is a method used by ancient people to honor their father. These rings They are all rings used by Joseph's servants to do things on behalf of Joseph. This is also the first example of royal rings with Hebrew names found in Egyptian archeology. Archaeologists believe that these rings are strong evidence that Joseph once ruled Egypt.
However, there is great disagreement about the time when the Israelites settled in Egypt.
Archaeologists discovered a particularly large and well-architected tomb in the city of Ramsay built by the ancient Egyptian pharaohs. The tomb seemed to be slightly earlier than other small tombs. There is a rather large "burial stone chamber" inside the tomb. On the "robbery tunnel" leading to the stone chamber (the Egyptians were good at digging "roads" to rob tombs), there is a stone statue that has been beaten to a height of one and a half times as high as the real person. Judging from the yellow paint on his face and the mushroom-shaped red hair, he was a high-ranking Semitic official. The Egyptians traditionally used this color and hairstyle to represent the Semitic people from Canaan. Archaeologist Rohl believes this must be Joseph's tomb. When Joseph retired from office and returned home, he probably moved from the palace to live with Ramsay and his family in Goshen. Of course Joseph's coffin was empty. We all know that his mummy had been brought back to Canaan by Moses during the exodus from Egypt (Genesis 59:26; Exodus 13:19). On the upper level of this simple village, which is more recent, more complex palace buildings were excavated. Its layout is both Egyptian and Canaanite. From the ruins, you can still see the glory of that time. The residents must be high-ranking officials engaged in trade. According to archaeologists' speculation, this is probably a building from the early days of Hyksor's rule. The arrival of the Hyksos not only disrupted the peaceful life of Jacob's sons, He Le, but their original status would also gradually decline due to the hostility of the Egyptians towards the Hyksos. If this speculation is correct, then there are two possibilities for the vandals of Joseph’s tomb at the lower level of the mound: One possibility is that they were deliberately damaged by these sudden Hyksos. They deliberately wanted to destroy the property of the Egyptian officials; another possibility is that the new Pharaoh Amos who drove away the Hyksos, because of his hatred of the Hyksos, framed the blame for the son of Jacob who also came from Canaan. them. As a result, Joseph and the Israelites suffered the same fate as the fish in the pond!
As for the time of Joseph in Egypt, biblical archaeologists and Egyptologists hold two opinions, depending on their estimation of the time of the Israelites' exodus from Egypt.
As for the time of the Exodus from Egypt, there are also different algorithms: it is divided into two types: "Early Exodus Date" (High Exodus Date) and "Late Exodus Date" (Low Exodus Date). The former is based on the Bible (1 Kings 6:1), which estimates that the Israelites should have left Egypt in the fifteenth century BC (around 1446 BC). In addition, Jacob's sons have been slaves in Egypt for about 400 years. The time when Joseph was the prime minister of Egypt should be in the 19th century BC, when Pharaoh Throstis II of the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom The period from Sesostris II (1897-1878 BC) to Sesostris III (1878-1843 BC). The latter believes that Ramses II (1304-1237 BC) should be the pharaoh at the time of the Exodus. One of the reasons is that moving forward more than four hundred years in Rameses time coincides with the time when the Egyptians were under the rule of the Hyksos. As a Canaanite, Hickso might have been better equipped to appoint the Semitic Joseph as prime minister. Both opinions are different, and each has its own subjective and objective reasons.
Christian evangelical scholars prefer the theory of "early exodus from Egypt". In addition to being loyal to the above-mentioned hints in 1 Kings and Exodus, the reason (Judges 11:26) also records that the Israelites had been living in the land of Canaan for more than 300 years at that time. It would be difficult to add more than four hundred years of the conquest of Canaan and the period of judges between Pharaoh Rameses and the beginning of the Kingdom of Israel (1000 BC).
People do not know whether Joseph was the first Semitic prime minister of Egypt, but at least they know that he was not the last. According to documents unearthed from the Temple of Karnack in Egypt, there were many Semitic people who held high-ranking positions during the New Dynasty. Recently, archaeologist Alain Zivic reported in 1990 that their archaeological team unearthed the tomb paintings of another Semitic vizier somewhere during the New Dynasty era after Egypt restored historical records. The name of this Semitic prime minister was Aper-el, and his wife was an Egyptian. His deeds were written in great detail on the reed papyrus files (Note 5).
(3) Kamose stele The stele of the Egyptian king 1,600 BC (British Museum)
This is an Egyptian stele 3,500 years ago, owned by the Egyptian king Kamose. It records the original history of Egypt. The residents finally drove away the foreigners who had invaded for many years, ended the Hyksos era of the foreigners, and re-established the Egyptian dynasty ruled by the original residents of Egypt. The Egyptian autocracy began again. This is the historical context of the first chapter of Exodus.
(4) The city of Rameses in Egypt
The 19th Dynasty of Egypt moved its capital to the north of the Nile River, carried out large-scale construction projects, and employed a large number of foreigners as slaves, as shown in the Bible Exodus Description (Exodus 1:8-11).
The Egyptians sent taskmasters to control them and increase their suffering. They built two storage cities for Pharaoh, Bidom and Rameses. (Exodus 1:8-11)
In recent years, the Australian archaeological team, led by archaeologist Manfred Bietak, has conducted research in the eastern part of the Nile Delta (Tell dl Daba Khatana-quntir), namely The biblical city of Rameses. In 1996, the Bita team discovered a village house belonging to the Canaanites during the Twelfth Dynasty in the city of Ramsay. These homes were not fortified, with only simple walls to keep out animals. The house is made of mud bricks, but the "four-room" design inside the house is a typical Canaanite house pattern. The most exciting thing is the many broken pottery excavated inside and outside the house. Pottery is one of the sharp tools used by archaeologists to identify dates. First, because pottery is heavy and difficult to carry, it is often discarded in the place of origin when residents migrate. Second, the material, shape, glaze, and carvings of pottery directly reflect the culture, customs, and economic background of the era of production. The pottery unearthed in Ramese has been identified as Canaanite products from the Middle Bronze Period. This may be the first time in archaeological history that direct evidence of Israelites living in Egypt has been found.
The archaeological team also found the cemetery of Israeli residents in the open space in the southeast corner of the village. Although the exterior of the tomb is an Egyptian-style building, the burial methods inside are completely in accordance with Canaanite customs. The men still wear javelins, battle axes, and short swords, just like the Israelites buried in Canaan.
Many archaeologists believe that the Pharaoh during the Exodus period was Rameses II. The main reason is because in Exodus Chapter 1, verse 11, it is said that the Israelites will build two temples for the Pharaoh. There are several cities for storing goods, one of which is Ramsay City, so they think it was built for Ramsay II. Otherwise, how could there be a city named Ramsay more than 200 years before Ramsay II?
Modern research shows that the city of Rameses had existed for many years before Rameses II, so it could not have been built by Rameses II. The reason why the Bible records the name Rameses may be There are other reasons. Archaeologist Bryant Wood believes that sometimes the Bible uses later names to describe an earlier place, "Examples: 1 Kings 6:1, Judges 11:26, 1 Chronicles 6:33-37 ”.
The city of Ramsay found today is in a place called Avaris. Recently, many archaeologists believe that before the Hyksos invaded Egypt, the city was called Rowaty. In the Hyksos era of the Fourteenth Dynasty, it was built as Rowaty. Avaris, as the capital city, was still used as one of the royal cities in the Eighteenth Dynasty. It was renamed Peru-nefer, which means "Happy Journey". Moses' name in Exodus was Lance City.
Archaeologists have discovered many relics that are deeply Palestinian in color at Pi Ramose and two locations where Bidong may be located. Excavations in 1987 showed that there were already buildings in one of the possible locations of Ramsay and Biton in the 14th century BC. So whether Exodus 1:11 refers to the construction of Israel when they were enslaved or to the construction work they were doing before their exodus from Egypt, there is evidence that there was construction work in both periods. Finally, although the surface investigation cannot find that before Israel entered Canaan, there were civilizations such as Moabites or Edomites in the area, but more in-depth excavations have discovered many locations that are consistent with this period. Researchers in this area have also recently changed their stance.
According to a program on the National Geographic Channel, archaeologists went to the Nile Delta to excavate the remains of the lost city of Pi-Ramesse.
(5) Egyptian records of the Israelites in Egypt
There is some archaeological and other external evidence to prove that these records are reliable. The Egyptian names used in Exodus are entirely correct, and the official titles mentioned are consistent with those inscribed in the Egyptian inscriptions. Archeology shows that Egypt was accustomed to allowing foreigners to live in Egypt, but they would remain separate from the foreigners. The Egyptians used the water of the Nile for bathing, and the book of Exodus records that the Pharaoh's daughter bathed there. Egyptian bricks were found to have some mixed with straw and some not. Moreover, during Egypt's heyday, sorcerers held a prominent position.
(6) Who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus
Scholars who study the Exodus event have always been divided into two camps, namely "believers" and "unbelievers" camp. Scholars who believe that the Exodus records in the Bible are true stories believe that the Israelites left Egypt around 1400 BC. The pharaoh who ruled Egypt at that time was Amenhotep II or Amenhotep II of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. It was Thutmoses III; among the unbelieving scholars, the time when the Israelites left Egypt was about 1,200 BC, and the people who ruled Egypt at that time were the Eighteenth Dynasty. Ramses II (also translated as Ramses II in Chinese).
(7) Historical evidence of the ten plagues
According to the British "Daily Telegraph" report on March 27, according to the "Bible" records, there were ten major disasters in ancient Egypt. Scientists have discovered through research that it is indeed happening and is caused by global warming and volcanic eruptions.
Archaeologists now generally believe that the disaster occurred in Pi-Rameses, the capital of ancient Egypt during the period of Ramses II (1279 BC - 1213 BC). Nile Delta region. Pyramesses seems to have disappeared 3,000 years ago, and scientists believe this was caused by a natural disaster.
After studying the climate during the Ramses II period, climatologists found that the climate changed dramatically at the end of Ramses II, from the warm and humid past to high temperature and drought. Rising temperatures have caused the Nile to dry up, turning the once fast-flowing river into a slow-flowing, muddy channel. This triggered the first disaster recorded in the Bible: the water of the Nile turned to blood.
Berlin Leibniz Association biologist Fergamacher explained that this is caused by a toxic freshwater algae. The combination of slow water flow and nutrient-rich water can cause these toxic freshwater algae to bloom and die, turning the water blood red.
Scientists determined that toxic freshwater algae also caused the second, third, and fourth disasters, namely frogs, lice, and flies. Toxic freshwater algae will drive frogs out of the Nile and prevent them from reproducing in the water, causing their demise. Without pest-eating animals such as frogs, mosquitoes, flies and other insects would multiply out of control. This will cause the fifth and sixth disasters, namely animal diseases and human sores.
Another major natural disaster, the eruption of a volcano on the Mediterranean island of Thera 400 miles away, triggered the seventh, eighth, and ninth disasters, namely hail, locusts, and darkness covering Egypt.
Thera is part of the Santorini Islands in Greece, north of Crete, Greece. The volcanic eruption of Thera Island 3,500 years ago threw hundreds of millions of tons of volcanic ash into the sky. It was one of the largest volcanic eruptions in human history.
Brohm, a scientist from the German Association for Atmospheric Physics, has conducted experiments on how hailstorms are formed. She believes that the collision of volcanic ash with thunderstorms over Egypt produced dramatic hailstorms.
Canadian biologist Trive Sanato believes that the fall of volcanic ash will cause weather abnormalities, such as more hail and higher moisture, which will cause the emergence of locusts.
Volcanic ash can also block sunlight and cause darkness.
The last disaster, that is, the death of the eldest son of an Egyptian family was probably caused by a fungus that first contaminated the grains. The eldest son was usually eaten first, so he became the first to be sacrificed. who.
The British "Sunday Times" reported that the filmmakers of "Exodus Decoded" believe that the reason why the sea water turns red is due to chemicals released by undersea earthquakes. In 1986, a similar situation occurred in lakes in Cameroon, Africa. When the water becomes polluted, amphibians flock to the shore to seek refuge, resulting in a "frog plague" recorded in the Bible. A large number of frogs died, insects were rampant, and "locust plagues" and "lice plagues" occurred. These pests carry diseases that cause sores to humans and death to livestock. In order to avoid the locust attack, the Egyptians hoarded crops, but in the end they turned sour and moldy. Many eldest sons of Egyptian families accidentally ate rotten food and died one by one. Volcanic eruptions affect the weather and may also cause "hail disasters" and "dark disasters." Cameron said: "Scattered fragments gradually piece together into stunning patterns."
According to the United States' National Geographic Channel" program introduces archaeologists to the Nile Delta to excavate the ruins of the lost city of Pyrameses, which is the place where Moses' disaster occurred in the Bible. Their fieldwork and experimental studies provide new evidence that the disasters described in the Bible may have actually occurred in Egypt.
A program on the National Geographic Channel in the United States states that countries around the Mediterranean are in chaos - some people believe that the seventh, eighth and ninth disasters in the Bible are the consequences of this volcanic eruption. The Hebrew scholars who wrote the Old Testament may have only recorded the memory of Santorini's natural disaster that was passed down from generation to generation among the people. However, there is still a lot of controversy over when exactly Santorini's disaster occurred.
Some data believe that in the ten plagues of Exodus, Egyptian gods such as the Nile God, the Frog God, and the Sun God were attacked and humiliated by the local Egyptians, thereby proving that Jehovah transcends all gods. His deeds will not be included in the annals of national history.
(8) The time of ancient volcanic eruptions
Some people believe that the ten plagues in "Exodus" are related to ancient volcanic eruptions.
Recently, a group of archaeologists found evidence from volcanic lava on the Santorini Islands in Greece, claiming that the Santorini volcano, more than 600 kilometers north of Egypt, erupted in 1500 BC, and lava flowed everywhere. , destroyed many villages in Egypt, Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula, killing 35,000 people. Egyptian archaeologists have also dug up lava from a Mediterranean volcanic eruption in 1500 BC that destroyed villages in Egypt, Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula. Some people infer that the eruption of the Santorini volcano caused a series of natural disasters in Egypt. These disasters were the "ten plagues" suffered by the Egyptians recorded in the Bible. At the same time, the volcanic eruption also caused the land to rise, causing the Red Sea to separate; but after all, these disasters It’s just an inference, not to mention that the Santorini volcano erupted in 1500 BC, 300 years before Moses led the Israelites to escape Egypt.
(9) Ancient Egyptian stele and the head of the eldest son of Pharaoh Ramses II
The " The "Dream Tablet" proves that Dudemosis is not the orthodox heir, and indirectly implies that the tenth plague (killing the eldest son) in Exodus did indeed occur.
Professor Kent Weeks is a world-renowned Egyptologist and director of the Thebes Archaeological Project. In 1995, he discovered the entrance to the huge lost tomb KV 5 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. caused a global sensation. He later discovered what may have been the head of the eldest son of the legendary pharaoh Ramses II, who is traditionally believed to be the pharaoh mentioned in the Bible's Book of Exodus. If this head is confirmed to be owned by Ramses' eldest son, its significance is indeed extraordinary. Perhaps this confirms the tenth plague mentioned in Exodus, where God kills all the firstborn sons of Egyptian families.
Is it possible that this head really belongs to Amenhoek Pershef, the eldest son of the legendary pharaoh Ramesses? Professor Kent Weeks replied: "When I first read the word "Amenho" on the incomplete inscription, I knew that this must be the tomb of Amenhok Peshef, the eldest son of Ramses. Only later did we know for sure that we had actually found something important, because the research team now had evidence. A few days later, under the faint torch light of Tomb No. 2, we discovered a pit containing the remains of the ancients. It was a human head, obviously very old and covered in dust. The jaw is partially missing, but the overall shape is similar to the pharaoh I've seen...so I think it's right. It is very possible that I have found the head of the eldest son of Ramesses the Great 3,000 years ago. ”
(10) The Egyptian Pharaoh used his own chariots to conquer the war
Egyptian tomb stone carvings show that the Pharaoh led chariots and chariots in his own conquests, and the Book of Exodus shows that the Pharaohs of Moses’ day also followed this tradition. However, ancient Egyptian records do not mention the Israelites' sojourn in Egypt or the disasters that occurred in Egypt at all, because archeology has discovered that every new dynasty in Egypt deletes all previous disgraceful historical records from the annals of history. They will not record humiliating defeats in history.
After diving into the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea twice, an archaeologist, Peter Elmer, claimed that he could 99.9% guarantee that I had picked up a wheel, which was covered in coral.
A 38-year-old forklift mechanic from Keynsham, England, was inspired by footage from two explorers, Ron Wyatt and Jonathan Gray, who had at least some authority on wheels dating back to the Exodus. Proving the artefact, the forklift mechanic visited the site with his brother Mark and confirmed that the wheel dates back to the time of the Exodus. He believed I was actually sitting on an ancient carriage and that the underwater waste dump must be the remains of an Egyptian army.
(11) The number of Israelites who left Egypt
According to the record in Exodus 12:37, 600,000 adult males fled Egypt. Based on this inference, the number of people who fled, including women and children, was about 2 million. But the total population of Egypt at that time was estimated at 3-6 million. The departure of such a large number of people from Egypt will seriously affect Egypt's economy and labor force. However, archeology has not found any evidence of sudden changes in the Egyptian economy during this period. Some people infer that even if there was an exodus of Hebrews from Egypt, the number of people should be far lower than what is recorded in the Book of Exodus.
(12) The route of the Exodus from Egypt 1550-1200 BC
Chapter 33 of Numbers in the Bible records the cities the Israelites passed through when they left Egypt: "The Israelites came from Rameses They set out from Succoth and camped at Ezon in the wilderness. From Ezon, they turned to Pihahiroth and camped at Midol. Then they journeyed across the sea to the wilderness of Shur and the wilderness of Etam for three days. Then they camped at Marah and came to Elim, which has twelve branches. There were springs of water and seventy palm trees, and they camped there.” (Numbers 33:5-10)
In the past, some archaeologists believed that this was a fictitious journey and that those cities did not exist at the time of Moses. It was not until some scholars combined the stone carving records of the three Egyptian kings before and after the time of Moses that they discovered the names of the cities mentioned by Moses, proving the historical nature of the biblical records.
(13) The location of the Red Sea
Several possibilities for the location of the Red Sea:
"A Concise Historical Map of the Bible" (1998) by biblical scholar Liang Zhongshu Published by the Olive Foundation in 2009) and "Atlas of Bible and Church History" edited by Cai Jintu (published by the International Bible Society in 1999): Crossing the Red Sea means crossing Lake Menserah in the north of Egypt. "Red Sea" is a translation error and should be translated as "Reed" "Sea", and there are reeds at the bottom of Lake Menserah, so it is more reasonable to go to Mount Sinai after crossing the sea.
The MacMillian Bible Atlas written by two archaeologists, Yohanan Aharoni and Michael Avi-yonah: Midu and Baal Zephon were mentioned in Egyptian documents and were two defensive cities in the northeast of Egypt. , the nearby sea was called the "Sea of ??Reeds" by people at that time, so the Exodus from Egypt should have passed through the Mediterranean Sea to the north of the Sinai Peninsula. Other places where the Israelites passed in the desert have not been confirmed by archaeologists.
Dr. Lennart Moller hosted the Search for the Red Sea Project, published by Scandinavia Publishing House in Denmark in 2002. The Exodus Case-New Discoveries Confirm the Historical Exocus: He believed that Moses lived in Midian for forty years and met God there. , when he brought the Israelites out of Egypt, it was with the intention of going to Canaan, but first he got to Mount Horeb where he met God, which was probably a well-traveled road to the land of the Philistines, but God wouldn’t let him go in 13:17 They walked, so another possible way is to take the way he returned to Egypt, which is also a more reasonable way. 13:21 mentions that God illuminated them with a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night, so that they could walk at night. , implying that they were traveling day and night. After a few days, they should have reached the north of the Gulf of Akaba, and would soon reach Mount Horeb. However, 14:2 mentioned that God asked them to turn around and camp in the middle of the Gulf of Akaba, The model of the topography of the Gulf of Aqaba reconstructed using modern technology does show an undersea bridge that may be passed by people. There is indeed an area on the waterside that can accommodate millions of people. The topography is also consistent with the first-century Jewish historian Joseph description. Therefore, he believed that Mount Sinai was not in the Sinai Peninsula, but in the land of the Midianites, and that the Red Sea was not the Lake Menserah in the north, nor the Mediterranean Sea, but the Gulf of Akaba. After the Israelites crossed the Red Sea, they reached Mount Sinai and lived there. In about two years, there were indeed traces of millions of people living on the east side of Akaba Bay. At the bottom of the Gulf of Akaba, traces suspected to have been left by Egyptian chariots on the local sand were indeed found.
Some geologists believe that the eruption of the Santorini volcano 400 miles north of Egypt in the eastern Mediterranean in 1500 BC may have triggered a domino effect and caused a series of natural disasters . The earthquake after the volcanic eruption affected the terrain of the Nile Delta, causing the ground near the Sea of ??Reeds to rise and the sea to separate. The tidal wave swallowed up the Egyptian army chasing the Jews.
(14) Is Mount Sinai a volcano?
A scholar Humphrey used natural science to believe that Mount Sinai recorded in Exodus should be an active volcano, and Saudi A mountain (Mt. Bedr) in northwest Arabia was once a volcano. Therefore, Humphrey concluded that this was Mount Sinai. Coincidentally, some scholars also reached the same conclusion as Humphrey based on other reasons.
(15) Sinai Pillars
In 1753, Irish Bishop Clayton studied a group of ancient stone carvings in the Valley of Writing (Wadi Mukatteb) in the Sinai Peninsula, which contained some unintelligible characters. It is believed that these words are rooted in Jewish culture. The article was published in the Journal of the Franciscans of Cairo. Later, Charles Forster published a collection of Sinai photos in 1862. He believed that these words were a combination of Jewish and Egyptian letters, and the content surprisingly recorded the Israelites crossing the Red Sea. Hosted pointed out that these words include twelve Hebrew letters and eleven Phoenician, Greek and ancient Arabic Hamyarite letters, but their expressions are influenced by Egyptian script, but they are based on Hebrew. . This characteristic seems to be the language of the Jews when they left Egypt, because it is very different from the later orthodox Hebrew. These stone carvings were recorded in the Library of History written by the historian Diodorus Siculus in 10 BC and are considered to be unknowable texts. In 518, the Byzantine historian Cosmas Indicopleustes also recorded these stone carvings, and believed that these stone carvings were unique in Hebrew and recorded the Israelites' exodus from Egypt and crossing the Red Sea.
Hosted translated the content of the Sinai Stone Inscriptions, which seems to be related to the Israelites crossing the Red Sea. In the No. 40 Stone Inscription, it says: "A strong wind blew, and the sea was divided into different parts." (verse)
p>“The Hebrews fled through the sea, and the sea became dry land.” (verse 4)
“The leaders parted the sea, and the waves roared, and the people entered and passed through it. "In the middle of the water." (verse 10)
"Their enemies wept for the dead, and the virgins wept. The sea returned and covered them, and the waters were loosened and rolled back." (verse 8) )
“Moses made the people hurry like a procession of angels shouting, and the clouds of heaven shone with light... walking in the open way.” (41)
Historian Siculus also recorded: "The Ichtheophagi tribe next to the Red Sea have ancient reports that there was a great backflow of sea water in the past, and the entire bay became dry land... It took a large tide to return to its original position. ”
In 1860, archaeologist Pierce Butler found a cave in Djevel Maghara Mountain and found a trilingual stone carving. There were two types of Egyptian and Sinaitic stone carvings, which showed that the content of these words could be traced. Being read proves that the translation is correct.
"Exodus" (called "Exodus" in the Catholic Scotch translation) mainly tells the story of how the Israelites were persecuted in Egypt and how Moses led them out of Egypt. Critical scholars believe that Moses could not have written the first five books of the Bible. They believe that the Hebrews did not have recorded writing until 800 BC. A French explorer discovered a temple library at Ras Sham in Syria that contained written records in hundreds of languages. Among them is data written in an alphabetic Middle Eastern language from the time of Moses. Mr. Flinders Petrie discovered alphabetical manuscripts dating back to the time of Moses in the Serabit El-Khadem area of ??Mount Sinai.
Conclusion
History is a fact that happened in the past, but it is impossible to preserve all aspects of history, even through historical records in documents or other tangible and intangible records; more The situation is that many historical events have no historical records, but that does not mean that these historical events that we are unaware of have never happened.
Archaeology can certainly provide partial confirmation, proving or denying certain historical records. However, archaeological data is only a partial record of historical events and does not necessarily represent all historical events.
As far as the evidence provided by biblical archeology is concerned, Yale University archaeologist Millar Burrows said: "From a general perspective, archaeological discoveries undoubtedly confirm the reliability of the Bible. Sex. Many archaeologists have greatly increased their awe of the Bible because of their excavation work in Palestine." Jewish archaeologist Nelson Glueck said: "I can say with certainty that all of them have so far. None of the archaeological discoveries contradict the biblical documents...The accuracy of the historical records in the Bible is unparalleled, especially when archaeological evidence can confirm it. "William F. Albright, a world-renowned archaeological authority, said: "During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many important historical schools doubted the reliability of the Bible, although some schools at that time still doubt the reliability of the Bible today. It appears repeatedly in the academic world, but the theories of the early skeptical schools have gradually been denied.
New archaeological discoveries have repeatedly confirmed many details in the Bible, making people re-understand that the Bible is the best material for studying human history.
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In the face of historical facts, we must learn with humility, admit the limitations of human knowledge, and calmly examine these historical evidence