1. The culture of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in which a hundred schools of thought contend.
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was a period of great social change in China from slavery to feudalism. The development of productive forces and social changes marked by the use of ironware and the popularization of Niu Geng became the premise and condition for the great development of science, technology and culture in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In the fields of astronomy, physics and medicine, it has achieved advanced achievements in the world. At the same time, with the disintegration of slavery and the formation of feudalism, great changes have taken place in class relations, and the old and new forces have waged fierce struggles. It promoted the activity of academic thoughts, formed a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend", and a large number of thinkers such as Laozi, Confucius, Mozi and Han Feizi appeared. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, literature and art made brilliant achievements.
2. Unified culture of Qin and Han Dynasties
During the Qin and Han dynasties, political unity, social stability, developed feudal economy, close ties among all ethnic groups at home and active exchanges between China and foreign countries promoted cultural development. The culture of Qin and Han dynasties is extensive and profound, and it has made outstanding achievements in science and technology, thought, history, literature and art. In the field of science and technology, it has made brilliant achievements in astronomy, calendar, mathematics, medicine and papermaking. In the ideological field, Confucianism is in a dominant position, and Wang Chong's materialism is sharply opposed to it, forming two completely different philosophical views; Buddhism was introduced, Taoism was formed, and ancient religions formed a new pattern; In terms of history and literature and art, historical masterpieces such as Historical Records, Han Fu and Yuefu are magnificent and outstanding.
3. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties culture.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the country was divided and the nationalities were merged, and the cultural development showed the characteristics of connecting the preceding with the following. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, scientific and cultural achievements were remarkable, such as Pi and Qi Yao Min Shu. In the ideological field, Ge Hong reformed Taoism in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Tao Hongjing established the Taoist immortal system. Buddhism was once very popular because of social unrest, people's hardship and religious paralysis. At the same time, the anti-Buddha trend of thought appeared.
4. Prosperous Sui and Tang culture
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China had a vast territory, unified north and south, developed economy and frequent cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. On the basis of inheriting the previous culture and absorbing foreign culture, people of all ethnic groups have jointly created splendid culture. In terms of science and technology, achievements such as block printing and gunpowder invention showed that China's scientific and technological level was in the forefront of the world at that time. The main literary achievement of the Tang Dynasty was poetry, and China's classical poetry entered a golden age.
5. Highly prosperous Song and Yuan culture
The Northern Song Dynasty ended the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms regime, and the centralization was strengthened. The economy continued to develop on the basis of the "Sui and Tang Dynasties" and the center of gravity moved south, laying the foundation for cultural prosperity. During this period, national regimes coexisted, national integration was strengthened and national culture developed together. The completion and spread of the three great inventions of printing, compass and gunpowder, as well as the scientific and technological achievements of Shen Kuo and Guo Shoujing, have greatly promoted the development of world civilization.
6. Inheritance and rebirth of Ming and Qing cultures
The Ming and Qing dynasties were in the late feudal society, and the centralization of absolutism was unprecedentedly strengthened politically. Economically, commodity economy developed and capitalism sprouted. The culture of this period presents the characteristics of connecting the past with the future. In the field of science and technology, a series of scientific and technological works have come out one after another. In the ideological field, the feudal rulers' official philosophy, Neo-Confucianism and Mind Studies have successively occupied a dominant position, but the early democratic enlightenment thoughts with anti-feudal colors have also developed day by day, and progressive thinkers such as Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi have emerged, reflecting the objective requirements of the slow development of capitalism. Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties flourished and occupied an important position in the history of literature development in China and even the world.
After talking about the long history of ancient China, we hurry back to the present. Nowadays, the rapidly developing society makes people realize the benefits brought by scientific and technological progress brought by civilization, but some people will wonder whether the splendid history of ancient civilization still helps us in such a highly developed modern country. The answer is, of course, yes. No matter how perfect the social development is now or in the future, China's ancient civilization will have an immeasurable impact on society.
1. China's self-development needs ancient civilization. History and reality have proved that the revival of a nation begins with the revival of culture. Only by occupying a certain share in world culture can we become a cultural power. Only by becoming a cultural power can we become a world power. China is one of the birthplaces of human civilization, and China's four ancient inventions and other cultural achievements have made great contributions to the world. However, in recent centuries, China has gradually fallen behind. There is a serious shortage of foreign cultural exchanges. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, the situation of China's foreign cultural exchange and communication has changed day by day, but the serious deficit in cultural exchange has not been fundamentally changed. At the same time, the increasing import of foreign culture into China has made the situation even more severe. Undoubtedly, if China wants to become a powerful socialist country, it must be politically, economically and culturally powerful.
2. At present, the need of China's external development for ancient civilization, the spread of China culture to the world and its influence on the world are far from the connotation and strength of China culture itself. Most foreigners' impressions of China are not only the Great Wall, but also the giant panda and Kung Fu. As for the essence of China culture and the progress made by China in recent years, little is known. In fact, there are many top cultural products in China. However, too few are exported abroad. We have a serious deficit in book trade, audio-visual products and electronic publications, as well as in language and education "export". Therefore, promoting China's ancient civilization to the world will not only further enhance China's international status, but also enable Chinese civilization to influence the world, thus changing the world with China's own things.
In a word, China's ancient civilization is extensive and profound, and it is a rare treasure in world history. Carrying forward China's traditional culture and civilization will surely make China forge ahead in the historical trend!