(1) The earliest collection of poems in China-The Book of Songs
There are 35 poems, so it is also called "Poetry 3", including the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (from the 11th century to the 6th century), with a history of about 5 years. The complete works are divided into wind, elegance and ode, in which wind includes the 15th National Style, elegance is divided into elegance and elegance, and ode is divided into Zhou Song, Lu Song and Shang Song. The expressions are Fu, Bi and Xing. "Confucius said," Poetry "is 3. In a word, Confucius said," Thinking is innocent. " For example, "Guan Sui" is a folk love song, which is written in a lively artistic way. "Guan Guan's dove, in the river continent, is a gentle and graceful lady and a good gentleman." Write about young men who miss girls with sincere and bold feelings. Because this poem is strong in thought and artistry, and it is the first one in the Book of Songs, it has always been valued.
(2) Qu Yuan's Li Sao
Li Sao is the greatest lyric poem in Qu Yuan's works and has a unique position in the history of Chinese poetry. According to Ban Gu in Han Dynasty, the meaning of the title of Li Sao is as follows: to leave is still to suffer; Sao, worry also, Ming has been worried about as a speech also. The whole poem ***373 sentences, 249 words. More than two thousand years ago, there was such a great masterpiece, which was indeed the pride in the history of Chinese poetry. Besides, Qu Yuan's representative works include Nine Songs and Tian Wen.
2. Poetry in Qin and Han Dynasties. When Chinese poetry developed between Han and Wei Dynasties, a new situation emerged, mainly Yuefu poems, folk songs and literati five-character poems.
(1) Yuefu: Yuefu was originally a musical organ set up in the Qin Dynasty, which was later enriched and revised by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Its task was to formulate music scores and collect songs and lyrics. In the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, Yuefu refers to a poetic style with musicality, which gradually changed into a new poetic style. Yuefu in the Tang Dynasty is another kind of lively and simple poetry style compared with modern poetry and general five-seven-character ancient poetry, which has a realistic tradition. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, all kinds of music, such as Ci and Sanqu, can be called "Yuefu".
(2) Poems of Yuefu in Han Dynasty: It mainly includes four kinds of works: 1. Poems of suburban temples; 2. Xianghe songs; 3. Advocating songs; 4, miscellaneous songs. Yuefu folk songs are developed on the basis of The Book of Songs, and they have * * * similarities with The Book of Songs. It can be said that The Book of Songs has moved forward again.
3. Poems in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties The period of Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties was the heyday of the development of five-character poems, and poetry styles of different periods and styles began to form, mainly including Jian 'an style, Zhengshi style, Yongjia style, Tao style, Xie style and Yongming style. Without going into details here, let's briefly talk about Tao Yuanming.
Tao Yuanming (365-427), a famous poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was famous for his bright characters, his private life, and he sought for Yang, wood and mulberry. The content of his poems is particularly rich. By singing about rural pastoral life, he shows all kinds of experiences of ploughing fields and adhering to the spirit of struggle of lofty ideals, and protests against the dark rule of feudal society.
He initiated China's pastoral poems, regarded the countryside as a pure land of pure feelings, praised the pastoral life and showed its natural beauty. Tao Yuanming has a keen understanding, living in an environment with a small distance from nature, enjoying rural life in a different way, singing praises to it, and even returning to nature. For example, his "Returning to the Garden", "Warming a faraway village and smoking in Yiyi Market", shows a far-reaching situation.
The poetic forms of the Northern and Southern Dynasties inherited from the Han and Wei Dynasties and started from the Tang and Song Dynasties. On the basis of folk songs, through the efforts of many poets, they gradually formed various poetic styles and became an important transitional period of poetic styles.
fourth, the poetry of the Tang dynasty is the golden age in the history of Chinese poetry, and all kinds of poems are fully mature. In the past 3 years, there have been many talented poets, many works, a wide range of themes, various forms and different styles; Poetry is full of colors and flowers are blooming.
(1) The representative writers in the early Tang Dynasty-the preparatory period are the "four outstanding writers in the early Tang Dynasty"-Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin and Luo Binwang; In addition, there is Chen Ziang.
(2) In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the economy was prosperous and the national strength was strong at its peak. When Tang poetry reached its peak, it had a wide range of themes and schools, and there were "Frontier Poetry School" and "Pastoral Poetry School". The great romantic poet Li Bai and the great realistic poet Du Fu are the most outstanding representatives of this period. Their poems are the highest in the generation. In their works, no matter the five laws and seven laws, the five unique and seven unique poems and ancient songs have achieved high artistic achievements, as Han Yu said, "Li Du's articles are there, and the flames are endless." Such as Li Bai's "tianmu Mountain Ascended in a Dream" and "Going to Sprinkle"; Du Fu's Three Officials, Three Farewells and so on.
(3) Middle Tang Dynasty and Late Tang Dynasty-Development and Maturity In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, poets made their own achievements. But the most outstanding achievement is Bai Juyi, who put forward the progressive theory that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written for things", and personally participated in leading the "New Yuefu Movement". Bai Juyi's poems are clear and easy to understand, and are deeply loved by the masses. His masterpieces include Song of Eternal Sorrow, Pipa Travel and so on. Other famous poets in the middle and late Tang Dynasty are Wei Yingwu, Liu Changqing, Han Yu, Meng Jiao, Liu Zongyuan, Li He, Li Shangyin and Du Mu.
v. Poetry in the Song Dynasty
words originated in the Tang Dynasty. Song Ci is another peak in the history of Chinese poetry. The famous ci writers in Beining are Yan Jidao, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, Wang Anshi, Liu Yong, Su Shi, Qin Guan and Zhou Bangyan.
Su Shi (Dongpo), the most famous litterateur in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote poems, words and essays well. Su Ci has a wide range of themes, various artistic accomplishments and diverse styles, but its main style is bold and unconstrained. He not only wrote about the love affair between men and women, but also used it to express patriotic passion and reflect rural life. His representative works, Shui Diao Tou, Bing Chen Huai Zi You in Mid-Autumn Festival, and Niannujiao Chibi Love the Old, show the poet's persistence and pursuit of ideals, praise and love for the beautiful rivers and mountains of the motherland, and yearning for heroes in history. His feelings are unrestrained, his associations are rich, his brushwork is heroic, and he has a positive romantic color, and he has become a hero.
The famous poets in the Southern Song Dynasty were Zhang Xiaoxiang, Xin Qiji, Li Qingzhao, Lu You and Jiang Kui.
The famous poets in Song Dynasty were Ouyang Xiu, Mei Yaochen, Su Shunqin, Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda, Lu You and Wen Tianxiang, among whom Lu You and Su Dongpo had the highest achievements.
Lu You is a prolific poet, who wrote more than 9,3 poems in his life. Many of his poems are full of patriotic pride, stirring and tragic, bold and unconstrained, and unique in the poetry circle of the Song Dynasty. His representative works, such as Guan Shanyue, A Trip to Jin Cuodao, Book Anger, Show Your Son, etc., fully express his resentment for the Southern Song Dynasty's humiliation and concern for the fate of the motherland. His poems had a far-reaching influence both at that time and later generations.
VI. Yuanqu and Zaju
The Yuan Dynasty was the era when Sanqu and Zaju flourished. Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty is a new style of poetry following poetry. Ma Zhiyuan, a master of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty, is very influential, and his works mostly describe the grief and indignation of the talented or the pain of wandering, such as "Double Tune Nocturnal Boat" (Qiu Si) and "Tianjingsha" (Qiu Si). "Old vines are crows, bridges are flowing. The ancient road is westerly and thin. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world. " ("Tianjingsha") Ma Zhiyuan is really good at taking in natural scenery, melting the feeling of wandering in the bleak and desolate scenery, and strongly setting off Qiu Si's emotion of "heartbroken people are at the end of the world". Although his emotional appeal is sentimental, his artistic technique is very high, which gives people a strong artistic appeal.
Guan Hanqing and Wang Shifu are the representative writers of Yuan Zaju, and their masterpieces are Dou E Yuan and The West Chamber.
VII. Poetry in Ming and Qing Dynasties
The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the times when operas and novels flourished. More accomplished poets such as Gao Qi, Yu Qian, Qi Jiguang, Yu Dayou, Gu Yanwu, Chen Zilong, Xia Wanchun, Wu Weiye, Wang Shizhen, Nalan Xingde, Yuan Mei and others.
the development of new poetry can not be separated from the reference of old-style poetry. The creation of new poems should comprehensively inherit and develop the fine traditions of China's classical poems in content and form for thousands of years, and strive to create and carry forward the national forms of new poems that are loved by the people. In this paper, the history of Chinese poetry is only briefly introduced, and a basic idea of context is sorted out, which needs to be continuously enriched and improved.