In addition, we should also find out the common noun terms in the test questions.
Expressions, commonly used expressions are narrative, description, discussion, lyric, explanation and so on.
Writing skills, candidates should be clear, the narrow sense of writing skills is "expression", and the broad sense refers to all writing skills, such as expression, rhetoric, suppression before promotion, symbol, straight to the point, expressing ambition and so on.
Commonly used rhetorical devices include metaphor, personification, repetition, exaggeration, parallelism, antithesis, contrast, rhetorical questions and so on.
Language features generally refer to easy-to-understand spoken language, rigorous and elegant written language, vivid image and emotional literary language. When analyzing, it is generally analyzed from rhetoric.
Feeling refers to feeling, understanding and comprehension from the heart.
Explanatory text of types, things and reasons (content perspective); Simple and vivid explanatory text (language expression angle).
Explaining methods generally include examples, classification, data list, comparison, definition, explanation, analogy, drawing charts, imitation, etc. (generally three words).
Descriptive order, chronological order (program order), spatial order, logical order. When answering questions, candidates can be more specific, such as: spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, etc. ), logical order (results first, reasons later, step by step, etc. ).
The object of explanation refers to the main person or thing explained in the article (generally there is no need to answer the characteristics of people or things).
Demonstration methods, reasonable argumentation, factual argumentation, comparative argumentation, figurative argumentation and reduction to absurdity required by middle schools.
Demonstration mode, demonstration and refutation.
Theoretical arguments, including famous sayings, proverbs, formula laws, etc.
Factual arguments, all facts, historical facts, data, etc.
Concise and concise sentences are generally limited by the number of words.
Decent, civilized, polite and humanized.
What's the role? The function or benefit of answering something in the article can be considered from three aspects. The first is the content, such as deepening the theme and emphasizing feelings; Second, the structure, such as transition and echo; Third, language, such as fascinating and lively.
Ideological nature basically refers to the central idea or theme of an article.
Thoughts and feelings, the ideological tendency shown by the author or characters in his works, such as good and evil, likes and dislikes, praise and criticism, etc.
The above-mentioned "common terms" secretly examine students' language foundation and are also the points for assigning topics. Candidates can understand it, which can cure the problem of "answering irrelevant questions" well.
Chinese writing skills
Writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques. )
Common artistic expressions include exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, suspense, reference, association, imagination, combination of cadence and cadence, combination of point and surface, combination of static and dynamic, combination of narration and discussion, blending of scene and scene, contrast by contrast, reference by foreshadowing, lyricism by holding objects, sketching in details, paving the way for suspense, combination of positive and negative, symbol, irony of the present and the present, and inheritance of symbols.
Common expressions include narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (In fact, it also belongs to artistic expression).
1, exaggeration: a description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly.
"White hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is as long as long" (Li Bai's Song of Autumn Pu)
Worry gives birth to white hair, and the poet exaggerates to write white hair as long as "three thousands of feet", which shows the depth of worry.
2. Contrast: Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing.
"Goujian king break Wu Gui, soldiers are home. Maid-in-waiting is like full spring palace, but only partridges fly today. "(Li Bai's Visit to the Ancient Vietnam)
The first three sentences describe the prosperity of the past, and the last sentence describes the coldness and desolation of today, which makes readers feel particularly profound and contains the poet's profound historical thinking.
Function: clearly highlight the xx characteristics of the main things or the main aspects of things.
3. Metaphor: Compare one thing or situation with another. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. It has the function of highlighting the characteristics of things and visualizing abstract things.
"Looking at Dongting from afar, there are green snails in the silver plate" (Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting from afar")
Poetry skillfully compares "snail" to the mountain under the bright moon Yin Hui, and compares it to a green snail in a silver plate. The colors are elegant and the mountains and rivers are integrated.
4. Analogy: It is anthropomorphic to say things as adults, or imitation to say people as crops. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid.
"The frost bird wants to see first, and the pink butterfly seems to know each other." (Lin Bu's Xiaomei in the Mountain Garden)
This couplet is personified. "Steal a glimpse first" wrote that the white crane loves plums very much. Before it could fly down, it couldn't wait to peek at the plum blossom first. The word "broken soul" describes the butterfly's love for Mei, exaggerating the butterfly's love for Mei to the extreme.
5. Duality: Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
"Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward" (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)
From the structure of the article, this poem consists of four sections and eight sentences, each sentence is a antithesis, round and natural, without the trace of an axe. "Boundless falling trees" and "endless Yangtze River" make the artistic conception of the poem appear broad and far-reaching, and the rustling leaves make people feel more colorful about the rolling water. More importantly, from here, I feel the pain that the poet's youth is fleeting and his ambition is hard to pay.
6. Metonymy: Borrowing related things to replace the things to be expressed. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.
"Know, know? It should be green and fat and red and thin "(Li Qingzhao's Dream")
In the poem, "green" and "red" are used to replace leaves and flowers respectively, and to describe lush leaves and withered flowers respectively.
7. Parallelism: Say several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone.
"Dead vines and old trees faint crows, small bridges and flowing water, thin horses in the west wind at sunset" (Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha")
The combination of pure nouns constitutes a typical environment.
8. Ask questions: ask questions first, and then express your opinions. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable.
"Ask the world who is a hero? There is wine on the river, which is fair to Cao. " (Yuan Xiao Qu's "Spirit", by Aruvi)
Start with a question, point out the topic, and lead to the following hierarchical description of the heroic achievements of the Three Kingdoms.
9. rhetorical question: express definite meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.
"Although the disciples of Jiangdong are here today, are they willing to make a comeback for you?" (Wang Anshi's Overlapping Wujiang Pavilion)
The rhetorical question uses a cold tone, emphasizing the inevitability of history.
10, rising: rising means saying something else to cause words to be sung first.
"I want to know why my Jinse has fifty strings, and each string has a youthful interval" (Jinse by Li Shangyin)
The first couplet was inspired by this instrument, and the idea of "New Year" came into being.
1 1. Symbol: Lyrics are expressed by chanting things, and the author's feelings are often expressed euphemistically and tortuous with the help of certain characteristics of certain plants, animals and objects.
"Castle Peak seems to be inhabited and surrounded by county towns" (Li Deyu's "Climbing Cliff Town") describes that Castle Peak is surrounded by mountains, and the county town where it is located is tightly blocked and heavily blocked. It symbolizes the persecution of political opponents and the sorrow of writing.
Function: First of all, it shows abstract things as concrete and perceptible images. Secondly, you can make the article more subtle and give it profound meaning with what is in front of you.
12, foil: or foil, refers to the use of ethidium to make the characteristics or traits of nails more prominent. There are two kinds: front lining and back lining. Contrast is a large-scale contrast.
"The river of no return, waves scouring, eternal romantic figures. On the west side of the base, humanity is the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms. " (Su Shi, "Nian Nujiao? "Red Cliff Nostalgia" "In Fuzhou, far away, she is watching the moonlight, watching it alone from the window of her room. For our boys and girls, poor little baby, too young to know where the capital is. Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? . (Du Fu's Moonlit Night)
Zhou Yu is the character to be portrayed in this poem, but from the beginning of "the romantic figure of the ages", how many heroes are drawn from Battle of Red Cliffs, and finally concentrated on Zhou Yu, which highlights Zhou Yu's dominant position in the author's mind. Couplets and necklaces describe the beauty of his wife, reflecting the poet's melancholy and painful mood.
13, rendering: describing the environment and scenery in many ways, highlighting the image and strengthening the artistic effect.
"The sky is high and the wind is urgent, apes crow and birds crow, and the blue lake and white sand return" (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)
What I saw and heard in the first pitch, six close-ups appeared one after another, rendering the characteristics of the scenery of Qiujiang River.
14, suspense:
15, note:
16, correlation: linking one thing with another related thing, or linking similar features in things to form a model.
"Jasper makeup into a tree high, hanging green silk sash in ten thousand. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " (He Zhangzhi's Liu Yong)
The poet linked the graceful willow branches with the green ribbon, and used clever metaphors to create a novel image with unique romantic color, which changed the symbolic meaning of willow leaves.
Function: enrich the content of the article, make the characters fuller, the personality more distinct and prominent, and the plot more vivid and touching.
17. Imagination: On the basis of existing materials and ideas, people create new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis.
"The lake is full of moonlight, and there is no windless mirror on the pool surface. Look at the Dongting landscape, there are green snails in the silver plate. " (Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting")
This poem chooses the perspective of looking at the moonlit night, and skillfully reproduces the lakes and mountains of Dongting on paper through extremely imaginative description.
Function: Serve for shaping image and expressing theme. Make readers accept the influence of beauty.
18, allusions: useful things, quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings.
The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words.
"In those days, Jin Ge was an iron horse, swallowing Wan Li like a tiger" (Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia")
How to learn physics well
As a student, learning has eight links: planning → preview before class → concentrate in class → review in time → work independently → solve problems → systematically summarize → study after class. The most important thing here is: concentrate in class → review in time → work independently → solve problems → summarize systematically. In the above eight links, there are many learning methods. According to the characteristics of physics, this paper puts forward specific learning methods for the problem of "how to learn physics well".
(1) Sanji. Basic concepts should be clear, basic laws should be familiar, and basic methods should be skilled. Give an example about the basic concept. For example, speed represents the distance traveled by an object in a unit time: v = s/t, and for the basic law, for example, the formula for calculating the average speed is also v = s/t, which is applicable to any situation. For example, the speed of a 100-meter athlete is 65438+100-meter/s when passing half the distance, and it is 8m/s when reaching the finish line. The time for running the whole course 100m is 12.5s, and what is the average speed? According to the law of average speed, the average speed is equal to V = 100/ 12.5 = 8m/s, and then let's talk about the basic method. When learning junior high school physics problems, sometimes we should pay attention to choosing "objects". For example, when solving problems with ohm's law, it is necessary to make clear whether ohm's law applies to the whole circuit, that is, the whole circuit, or to a certain resistor, that is, a single resistor.
(2) Do the problem independently. Do some problems independently with good quality and quantity (meaning not relying on others). There must be a certain number of topics, not too few, but also a certain quality, that is to say, there must be some difficulty. Anyone who studies mathematics and physics can't learn this level well. Solving problems independently may sometimes be slow, sometimes you have to take detours, and sometimes you can't even solve them, but these are normal and the only way for any beginner to succeed.
(3) Physical process. To clarify the physical process, there must be hidden dangers in solving problems if the physical process is not clear. No matter how difficult the topic is, try to draw as much as possible, some can draw sketches, and some need to draw accurate pictures, using compasses, triangles, protractors and so on. To represent geometric relationships. Drawing can turn abstract thinking into image thinking and master physical process more accurately. With this diagram, we can make state analysis and dynamic analysis. State analysis is fixed, dead and discontinuous, while dynamic analysis is alive and continuous, especially when solving circuit problems. Without drawing a circuit diagram, it is difficult to know whether the resistors are connected in series or in parallel. In addition, don't memorize the formula, think about how the formula came from and what's the use. (This is very important. You may be surrounded by people who don't usually spend much time learning physics, but the effect of learning physics is very good. Is that their body thinking is very good. If you can be familiar with the physical process of the whole topic, physics will not be difficult for you. )
(4) attending classes. Listen carefully in class and don't think or think as little as possible. Don't be self-righteous, learn from the teacher modestly. Don't give up listening just because the teacher speaks simply. If this happens, it can be regarded as review and consolidation. Try to be consistent and synchronized with the teacher, and you can't do it yourself, otherwise it will be self-study. After getting started, with a certain foundation, you are allowed to have your own activity space, that is, you are allowed to have something of your own. The more you learn, the more things you have.
(5) notebook. Class is mainly based on listening, and there are notebooks, and some things should be written down. Knowledge structure, good problem-solving methods, good examples, places you don't understand, etc. Should be recorded. After class, you should organize your notes. On the one hand, you should "digest" and on the other hand, you should supplement your notes. Notebook is not only to remember what the teacher said in class, but also to make some reading notes. Good problems found in homework and good solutions should also be recorded in a notebook, which is what students often call a "good problem book". Hard-won notebooks should be numbered, studied later and kept for life. Of course, if you understand the third point, it is unnecessary. )
(6) learning materials. Learning materials should be well preserved, classified and marked. The classification of learning materials includes exercises, papers, experimental reports and so on. Marking refers to, for example, marking exercises. General questions are not marked. Good questions, valuable questions and error-prone questions are marked differently for future reading. Marking can save a lot of time.
(7) time. Time is precious. Without time, there is no time to do anything, so we should pay attention to making full use of time, which is a very superb art. For example, we can save time by "recalling" learning methods. Before going to bed, waiting for the bus, walking on the road, etc. We can recall the lessons of the day section by section, so that we can learn them again and again and achieve the goal of strengthening. Some physics problems are more difficult, and some problems may be solved on foot. People who study physics often have several problems in their minds that they can't do and won't forget. I don't know when they will make a breakthrough and find the answer to the question.
(8) learn from others. We should learn from others, from our classmates, from people around us and see how others learn. We should often have "academic" exchanges with them, teach each other, learn from each other and improve together. We must never be self-righteous. Cann't be conservative Tell others if you have a good method, so that others will tell you that you have a good method. You should have some good friends in your study.
(9) Knowledge structure. We should attach importance to the knowledge structure, master it systematically, and systematize scattered knowledge. From the whole knowledge structure of physics to the knowledge structure of mechanics, even to chapters.
(10) Mathematics. The calculation of physics depends on mathematics, which is too important for learning physics. When I was in high school, I didn't feel the close connection between mathematics and physics. It was only in college that I found that mathematics and physics were equally important, and physics could not be separated from mathematics as a calculation tool. To learn mathematics well, we must make good use of this powerful tool.